How to improve language reading comprehension
The acquisition of personal knowledge generally comes from two sources. On the one hand there is the acquisition of a great deal of perceptual knowledge through personal practice, which then rises to rational knowledge through reflection, and these constitute a small part of the source of personal knowledge. On the other hand, it is the direct inheritance of the knowledge accumulated by mankind in long-term practice, and the transformation of social knowledge into personal knowledge, which is the main source or most of the source of knowledge of secondary school students, as Engels said, "It is no longer necessary that every body must experience it for himself; his individual experience can be replaced to a certain extent by the successive generations of his ancestors' results of experience." Of the various ways of inheriting knowledge, it can be said that reading is a major one.
In fact, while studying in school, one cannot comprehend all the knowledge by relying on classes alone. It can be said that learning in student days cannot be separated from reading even for a single day, the teacher's teaching and the student's learning have to use the book, leaving the book, leaving the reading, learning will be very difficult. You know, the teacher left after the class, but the books are always with us.
The middle school stage is the golden age of life, to cherish this carefree, energetic and valuable time. To take full advantage of this stage to read more books, more inheritance of the valuable wealth of human knowledge, for a lifetime of career to lay a strong foundation. At the same time in the reading activities in the growth of reading ability, will be for a lifetime of continuous self-learning to lay a solid foundation.
(I) To constantly improve the basic conditions of reading
What conditions are needed for reading?
(1) To master the basic knowledge of commonly used words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, and chapters
Reading is to deal with words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, and chapters to gain knowledge from them, and if you don't have this knowledge, then reading will become a "heavenly book".
Secondary school students can master 5,000 words, reading general articles will not be a problem. The reason why some students are poor reading ability, is because they do not master a sufficient number of words, words (mainly real words) and phrases to express the concept, and the concept is the "cell" of thinking. Sentence is the use of words in accordance with certain grammatical laws linked to the language unit, generally used to express judgment, to express a relatively complete thought. The understanding of the sentence not only requires mastery of the meaning of words, but also requires mastery of grammar. Without language, thinking does not exist, it can be seen that the difficulties of reading are often brought about by the illiteracy of words, can not read the meaning of the sentence. Therefore it is very important to learn the language seriously and consciously enrich your knowledge of the language in reading.
Scientists have clearly pointed out the importance of learning the language with their personal experience.
One mathematician said, "It is hard to imagine that a person who is illiterate and has a lot of typos can express the connotations of logically rigorous mathematics." Su Buqing, a famous mathematician, said, "The foundation of language that I have built up since I was a child has provided me with great convenience in learning other subjects. I also feel that learning a good language is very helpful in training one's mind to think in a more organized way. All these, later on, were of great benefit to me in learning mathematics." Su Buqing has been praised as a "mathematical poet".
(2) To master basic scientific knowledge
Without mastering the basic concepts and fundamentals of the natural and social sciences, it will bring a lot of inconvenience and even difficulty in reading. It has been said that in the 21st century, if you don't know biochemistry or ecology, you may not even be able to read the newspaper. Nowadays, "ecological balance", "ecosystem", "genetic engineering", "genes" and other special terms often appear in newspapers. Specialized terms often appear in the newspaper, many people seem to understand, because of the lack of basic knowledge of high school biology. Visible, in order to improve reading ability in a modern society, must master the basic scientific and cultural knowledge as soon as possible.
(3) to be able to use tools
Inevitably, some words in the reading do not know, but also some can not think of, then, if there is a "Xinhua Dictionary", "Modern Chinese Dictionary" and "Chinese idioms dictionary" and other tools, you can look up in a timely manner in order to remove the obstacles in reading. Of course, according to the needs of reading, prepare some corresponding reference books, ready to find at any time is also necessary.
If you have all the tools you need and are skillful in finding them, your reading will be much smoother. Of course, through the search for tools, and can make their knowledge further enriched.
(B) to have a purpose, have a plan to read
Faced with a vast sea of books, if reading without purpose and plan, will be at a loss.
Most of the time of secondary school students is spent in the classroom, and every day to complete the day's learning tasks, so the time available for reading, especially outside the classroom reading time is not much, if the reading and then no purpose and plan, will make the valuable reading time is not fully utilized.
Middle school students should read to achieve such a purpose as a starting point:
Conducive to the learning of basic knowledge, is conducive to the development of their own strengths, is conducive to make up for their weaknesses, and is conducive to the improvement of reading ability.
Arranging the reading program should pay attention to:
Read some relevant extracurricular books around the textbook. For example, read some of the history of science and technology related to the study of the class, biography, which will help to improve the interest of the study of the class, enrich the content of the study of the class, so that the thinking is more active.
On their own hobbies or characteristics to read some of the relevant extracurricular books, a hobby of science students, you can regularly go to the reading room to read the relevant newspapers and magazines, a student who likes arts, you can regularly go to read a variety of literary journals, you can also take advantage of the holidays to read the literary masterpieces.
As for the choice of extracurricular books, you can ask the teacher, ask the senior excellent students or classmates, you can also ask parents. Learning from their good experience is really a good way to save time, and by choosing a good book, you can get a bigger gain in less time.
Books selected, and then the time allocation of reading, not only can improve the efficiency of reading, but also not to impact the learning in the classroom. Long-term persistence, learning weaknesses can be made up for, personal strengths can be developed, both to promote learning in the classroom, but also to enrich the spiritual life outside the classroom.
Quite a few students reading lack of purpose and planning, one-dimensional from the interest, often read some detective novels, martial arts novels, to the point of love, in order to read these books and drive at night, do not complete the homework, the results of serious interference and impact on learning in the classroom, which is a bad tendency to read.
(C) to deal with the relationship between exposition and intensive reading
Expansion is a wide range of books, the purpose is to make a general understanding of the content of the book, in order to find the essence of the book part and the urgent need for knowledge. As Lu Xun said, "If you read only one person's work, the result is not good, you will not get the advantages of many aspects. Must be like bees, picking many flowers to make honey, if stung in one place, the gain is very limited, boring."
Expansion is to read a large number of books in a short period of time to create the conditions for intensive reading. The method is: look at the table of contents, from the table of contents to find useful content, and then flip through the relevant parts of the bookstore to choose the book is to use this approach; look at the content of the tips, look at the book's opening paragraphs and the closing paragraphs, in order to grasp the book's approximate content; can also be used to read quickly, that is, with a faster speed read through, to understand the general content.
On the basis of the exposition, in the same kind of book to select the best for intensive reading. After the intensive reading, you can read other books of the same kind. When you read carefully, you should "chew slowly", use your brain, read over and over again, and take notes.
Mathematician Zhang Guanghou said when talking about learning a mathematical pamphlet: "This paper a **** more than 20 sides, I read over and over again for more than half a year, because of the old hand touching the pages, the edge of the white book, leaving a clear black line. This repeated study, a great promotion of our research work, my lover said: 'Which is called reading ah! It's almost like eating a book.'"
The books that have been intensively read are to be: one to understand, that is, to reach a level of understanding of the basic contents of the book; two to remember, that is, to memorize the contents of what is understood; three to know, that is, to apply this understood knowledge; four to be familiar with, that is, to be able to skillfully express the knowledge learned from within the book or to use it to analyze and solve problems.
Secondary school is basic education, the stage of laying the foundation, so the goal of intensive reading should be directed to textbooks and major reference books.
(D) to think hard
Einstein said, "Find out in the books you read what can draw you into the depths, and throw away everything else, that is, throw away everything that overloads the mind and will lure you away from the requirements." That is, read to capture the essence of the book and realize the transformation from shallow to deep.
British poet Coleridge once divided readers into four categories: the first category is like the hourglass hourglass leakage of sand, injected into the leak out, in the end, there is no trace left; the second category seems to be like a sponge, what is absorbed, squeeze, out of the flow of the original things, and even dirty; the third category is like filtering soya bean milk bag, soya bean milk flowed, leaving behind only the dregs of soya beans; the fourth category is like the digging of gems of the toilers, to throw aside the slag, as long as pure and clean, to make sure that you can read the book. The fourth category is like the laborer who digs up precious stones, flinging aside the dregs and leaving behind only the pure gems. The meaning of this passage is that when reading, one should take the essence and remove the dross.
Hua Luogeng said: "high school level comrades can think back to the past learned elementary school arithmetic, junior high school algebra in the brain and so much? Not so much. Because we understand, will be applied, which means that the book has become thinner." The meaning of this passage is that the transformation from more and more to less and more is realized when reading.
In summary, when reading, we should do our best to "leave gems", "lead to the depths" and "make the book thin", and to do so, we should think hard.
Specifically, we should do the following:
(1) Strive to understand
Reading should be read while thinking, and strive to understand, understand the central idea of the book and the basic principles, reading, should be reading a paragraph on each think about the reasoning; in the full text after reading, and then strung together to look at, think about, and find the link between the paragraphs, in order to understand the overall situation. an article, a text or a chapter.
(2) Sorting out thoughts
The famous educator Ye Shengtao said, "There are thoughts in an article, and to follow the road to realize the truth." The meaning is that each article reflects the author's thoughts, follow this line of thought reading, in order to understand the essence of the article. It can be seen how important it is to clear thinking on reading.
When reading natural science works, the principles, laws, laws, and formulas put forward in the book, not only to understand the conclusions, but especially to clarify the thoughts of the article, to see how these conclusions are deduced. Dr. Li Zhengdao said, "When a paragraph has been read, one should close the book and walk through the ideas oneself, and if one can't walk through them, go back to the book and think why one can't walk through them, and why others have walked through them." Thinking skills are difficult to improve in reading when you only memorize ready-made conclusions without considering how they were reached.
(3) to be able to ask questions
There are generally two types of problems found in reading: one type is based on the knowledge they have, that some of the insights in the book is incorrect, incomplete, and put forward dissenting views or additions; one type is because of their own knowledge is not enough, and therefore there is a problem of not understanding. Secondary school students with the level of knowledge and ability to improve, reading found that the first type of questions will gradually increase, while the second type of questions will slowly decrease.
Once a problem is identified, then read the book in depth and think y about it, the gain will be greater, and it is possible to discover new knowledge and gain new insights.
(4) To recall independently, learn to express accurately
After reading, check the effect of reading again by recalling. Be good at expressing what you have understood in concise language, and write it down in your reading notes for future reference. Qian Weichang said: "Read a book, as long as it is clear that the synopsis, to understand its main spirit and the main issues, the first to learn the most important things to hand, and then look back to see what they solve some of the problems, and what has not been solved? For the problems that cannot be solved at the moment, it is better to record them in a small notebook so that they can be solved later."
(V) To take notes on your reading
William Liebknecht, in his article "Remembering Marx," said, "Whenever there was the slightest possibility of doing so, he always worked at all times. Even when he went for a walk, he had to carry a note-book with him and write something in it from time to time." To write Das Kapital, between August 1850 and June 1853 alone, Marx excerpted the writings of 70 different authors and wrote 24 notebooks on political economy. In the course of writing Capital, he excerpted from more than 1,500 books and wrote at least 100 notebooks.
Marx wrote on the covers of his notes the time and place where he made them, cataloged the notes with serial numbers and in some cases with titles ......Each note was numbered with a page number, and for ease of future reference many of the notes had a table of contents and an executive summary.
Hegel reading and learning, also has a unique habit, is to read the book, according to linguistics, aesthetics, geometry, psychology, etc. classification, put them into a labeled folder. This way, when any material was needed, it was always available. It was a habit that he stuck to for the rest of his life.
Lu Xun wrote "A Brief History of the Chinese Novel" with 5,000 cards of excerpts alone.
(1) Deepen Understanding and Consolidate Memory
The process of taking notes is a process of deepening understanding and strengthening memory. Some people say, "It is better to see a thousand times than to copy once by hand." Is to do the simplest excerpts, but also need to use their brains to excerpt the most wonderful place, as for writing experience, it is more to use their brains. Therefore, with the desire to take notes, you will be motivated to concentrate on reading. In addition, compared with books, notes are naturally much more concise, profound and generalized, not only for understanding, but also for memorization.
(2) help accumulate information, so that the knowledge of "external storage"
After a long period of reading, you can accumulate a large amount of information to meet their needs through the notes, to make up for the lack of memory. Because the mind to memorize, often not accurate and long-lasting, inevitably forget, remember the wrong or remember to mix. If the information is divided into categories to keep good, it can be a long time for the study and later engaged in the work, as long as not lost, there is no "forget" problem, as long as the use of the previous look, these "external storage" information can be transferred to the "internal storage". "Internal storage" of memory, so that the use of knowledge can be easily. Paul Lafargue recalled Marx, said: "He had the habit of rereading his notes and the marked places in his books at regular intervals to consolidate his very strong and precise memory."
Many high school students are so gullible and lazy when it comes to reading that when they need to use what they've read to analyze a problem and solve it, they forget all about it and regret it.
There are also a lot of notes taken by students, but they do not know how to classify and organize them on a regular basis, and they do not know how to keep them properly, so when they need to use them, they are too messy and difficult to find, so that the notes become a "dead material".
Generally read the book, available notebooks to make notes, while the book, available flipchart paper to make notes, and then regularly classified, organized.
If in the middle school years, learn to make reading notes, learn to accumulate and organize the information, then, over time, not only can promote learning in the classroom, but also help students learn a set of reading methods, improve the ability to read, which will certainly bring great benefits to the self-study after embarking on the workplace.
Related Topics and Answers:
Orchid Grass Reading Comprehension
Read the following article and complete questions 1-9.
Orchid grass
①When I was a child, I often met some girls who used the word "orchid" as their names. I was curious and asked my father. My father said, orchid is a kind of grass, the flowers are very fragrant, orchid grass seems to be weak, but the vitality is very strong, and it is very attractive, therefore, people love to use "orchid" as the name of the girl, and they hope that they will be as skillful and gentle as orchid grass, and they will grow up in good health with good appearance and dignity. My father's words seemed to me to understand, but the desire to see orchids arose.
②But there is no orchid grass in my hometown. Later, I went to junior high school and high school, and came to the county, and there was no orchid grass there either.
③In the middle of September last year, we were ordered to come to the disaster area of Xiaohekou Town, which was flooded by the mouth of the steak, to provide disaster relief. The high part of the flooding area had been exposed to the water. A small number of returning people have set up temporary shelters on the remnants of the embankment, waiting to rebuild their homes. In order to welcome the primary and secondary school students in the flood zone back to school, we were eager to learn about the damage to the school. This is a school I am very familiar with: majestic teaching buildings, neat teachers' dormitories. Especially the beautification of the campus, the city famous. Seasonal flowers, verdant, full of color. But now in front of us in this school, in addition to the scarred teaching building, still stubbornly standing, the entire campus covered in thick silt. Exposed to the mud surface of the cypress, magnolia, chaste tree, covered with mud, into a rotten wood withered branches; as for those famous flowers, have long been missing. A swamp, full of desolation, can not see signs of life. I feel heavy in my heart.
④When I was cursing the flood, I suddenly realized that on the pile of silt in the distance, it looked like someone had scattered very tender onion seedlings in the four seasons. From a distance, they are graceful and delicate, emerald moist like jade. There couldn't possibly be any seasonal onion seedlings in this hundred miles of mire! In spite of everything, I waded through the knee-deep mud, and when I got closer, there were two or three small white flowers. When I went up to them, a faint fragrance refreshed my heart! I shouted up: here are the heroes of the flood! Fellow school principal told us, this pile of silt is a large round flower bed, around the planting is a circle of orchids. Before the flooding of these orchids leaf length of no more than five inches. Unexpectedly, it will be more than two months under the torrential flood, constantly from the increasing silt in the body, breaking through the more than half a meter deep silt blockade. After the flood receded, the group of flowers are few and far between, the campus a dead silence. Only this orchid grass, orchids, with fatigue and tired color after fighting with the flood, although reducing some of the strong green and fragrance, but looks fresher, more tender, more bright. I can't help but respect this orchid with superb vitality. a In the gentle and comfortable garden, the orchid abides by its name, is skilful and quiet, and quietly devotes itself to enriching the fragrance and beauty of the earth, and never makes a show of it: b In the deserted mountains and secluded valleys, the orchid is still vibrant, and strives to be upward, exudes a wisp of fresh fragrance, and does not give itself up for falling into the mountains; c In the desperate situation of the sea and the flooding of the sky, the orchid
⑤ I Lifting up my head, I looked far away and saw the folks waiting on the remnants of the embankment, and my heart rose and fell, and my thoughts were difficult to calm down. In the body of the folks, I saw the nature of orchid grass 〖秉（bíng）性：性格〗; in the body of orchid grass, I saw the hope of the folks.
1. Explain the meaning of the following words.
①Curse: ____________________________________
②Increasing with each passing day: ________________________________
2. This article writes about orchids and focuses on showing their ____________________ characteristics. Two words in the article express the author's thoughts and feelings about orchids at different times, which are: (when I was a child)__________; (when I saw the orchids during the disaster relief)__________.
3. The underlined part of paragraph ③ writes about trees and famous flowers, what role does this play in showing the orchid grass?
Answer: ______________________________
4. The word "even" in the phrase "to look closer, there were two or three white flowers" reveals how the author felt when he found the orchid. What kind of emotion did the author feel when he found the orchid?
Answer: _______________________________
5. In paragraph 4, the word "tenacity" is used in the sentence with the wave line, and this paragraph can specifically express this spirit of the statements are __________________________________.
6. Paragraph 4 has two levels. Fill in one appropriate word in each of the horizontal lines in the following question to summarize the meaning of the layers.
Answer: ① The second level: _________________________ orchid grass.
② Layer 2: _________________________________ orchids.
7. There are three clauses a, b and c in the undrawn part of paragraph ④. According to the content of this paragraph, please fill in the gap in clause c with 2 - 4 phrases, which form a row with clauses a and b.
Answer: in the desperate situation of the sea and the flood, the orchid grass ______________
___________________________________________________
8. "In the father and mother of the people, I saw the nature of the orchid grass; in the orchid grass, I saw the hope of the folks." What role does this sentence play in the expression of the whole content? How do you understand the meaning of this sentence?
Answer: __________________________________________
______________________________________________
9. Which sentence in the text do you like or dislike? Please give reasons.
Answer: ________________________________________
____________________________________________
Reference Answer:
1. ① (curse); ② as the the passage of time it grows.
2, with superb vitality (extremely vital, tenacious, or other expressions with the same meaning); to see (orchids); to stand in awe.
3, counterpoint or foil (or contrast).
4. surprise, admiration.
5, constantly wrenching itself out of the silt that was growing with each passing day, breaking through the blockade of silt more than half a meter deep.
6, ① describe or depict, draw; ② praise (beauty, ode, etc.).
7, the difficulty of this question, scoring should be from the incentive to start, do not have to be demanding whether to constitute a platitude, as long as the written phrases and appropriate, a sentence to give 1 point, to give a full 2 points until. If there is a creative phrase can be high to full marks. (Original sentence: Orchid grass is mighty and unyielding, struggling for more than, fought for its own survival and gained a head start in development. For reference only.)
8, reveal (performance, highlight, etc.) the main idea (center, theme, etc.); meaning to understand the main points: ① both have the same superb vitality, or the spirit of tenacity; ② victory over disasters (difficulties), rebuild the home (a better life).
9, this question encourages students to express their views, regardless of whether the choice of sentence is appropriate, as long as the rationale should be given points.
"Come to Taipei in Winter to See the Rain" Reading Comprehension
Read the following article and answer questions 1-7.
Coming to Taipei in Winter to See the Rain
①When I came here, I had heard that Taipei is a rainy city, especially in winter, when the rain falls in an extraordinary way, unmatched by many cities in the world. I didn't come to Taipei specifically to see the rain, I came from my hometown, I speak my hometown language, I sing my hometown opera, I bring my hometown love to see my hometown people. For the cultural exchange between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait, we, a group of 20 people, were invited by Ms. Liu Haiyan, a famous Taiwanese actress, to perform Henan Yu opera in Taiwan.
②The performance was unprecedented. Some of our audience drove more than 200 kilometers to come, some were pushed into the theater with a wheelchair. Some of them came to make a "volunteer", paste the theater newspaper, water, sweeping, carrying props, see what work are rushing to do. "The old folks see the old folks, two tears", a time, a piece of country accent, its deep feelings, its meaning, the scene is very touching.
③To the Henan hometowns in Taipei, they came to see their hometown theater, mainly to find their hometown feelings. An old man named Jia Wenbin, in the first day of the theater, tightly grasp my hand for a long time not to let go, he trembled and said: "I heard this clapper knocking, Panhu ringing want to go home ......" 80-year-old said the old man cried like a child. An old Mr. Ma said to us, "I have eaten dozens of fruits in Taiwan, the world nearly a hundred kinds of fruits, which one is not as tasty as the hometown of elm money and persimmons, decades do not taste, want ah!" Lawyer Qiao of the Taipei Henan Fellowship Association said, "I grew up drinking Yellow River water, born a Henan man, died a Henan ghost. ......" When they talked to us about this, that gloomy look, that resounding voice, isn't it just the revealing of deep homesickness? The source of their life in the hometown, where there are born and raised their old ancestors, where there is their roots which!
④On the stage, a play "sell Miao Lang", a few lines of the "search for children" will make the old folks watching the play off-stage cry a few times. It is remembering the parents in their hometown who still haven't been found? Is it remembering the young hand in hand on the mulberry picking of the married wife? Or remembered that year, waved "eighteen send off" scene? After decades of being on different sides of the world, how can they not be sad and cry bitterly when the play evokes the deepest memories of their life encounters?
⑤The rain outside the house is still falling endlessly, and the rainy weather brings melancholy. Rain is like a messenger, conveying a sentiment and creating an atmosphere of pathos and sadness. When we returned, the old folks rushed to see off in the rain. The car opened, through the rain curtain, I only saw the hand waving vigorously, but could not see their face flow is rain or tears ...... I call to the old folks in my heart: go home to see it! In the spring, a string of fat elm money, the younger generation will pick down to let you taste fresh; after the fall, in front of the house, the slope on the side of the road, persimmons yellow red thrown a piece of the younger generation will be picked to send you to the hand. And then listen to a few times the authentic hometown theater it, the original soup original water original flavor ......
6 rain, the rain in Taipei, non-stop, down, down ......
1. the title is "winter to Taipei to see the rain ", and the text also writes about rain many times, on this, the incorrect opinion is
a. Taipei does have a lot of rain in winter.
b. There is a similarity between the dense rain and the lingering feeling of nostalgia.
c. The melting of feelings into the scene, the melting of strong feelings of countryside into the description of rain, graphically expresses the center of the essay.
d. This is the writing style of the object, which is the same as the writing style of the lesson "Lychee Honey".
Answer: ( )
2. This article uses expressions such as ____________, ____________ and ____________.
3. The meaning of "盛" is the same as (1) and (2) respectively
(1) to invite ( )
(2) to be in full bloom ( )
a. to take part in the event b. to be in full bloom c. to be dressed in full bloom d. to be in full bloom
4. In the paragraph (3) The words "tightly", "grasping", "for a long time" and "trembling" show how the old man Jia Wenbin's the feelings of the old man?
Answer: _________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
5. Paragraph ⑤ The underlined sentence in the paragraph echoes which sentence in the preceding text? Find out and write it below.
Answer: _________________________________________________
6. In the text, phrases such as "the old folks see the old folks, two tears in their eyes" and "the fat " and other phrases in the text are very popular, colloquial and rich in local characteristics. Find another example from the text and write it below.
Answer: _________________________________________________
7. What would "I" say after listening to old man Jia Wenbin, old Mr. Ma and lawyer Qiao? Contact the center of the article, play imagination, write what "I" said below. (Extra points for creativity)
Answer: _________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
1. d.
2. narration 9 recounting), description (writing scenery), lyricism, argument.
3. b, a
4. Looking forward to the arrival of a loved one, the heart is very excited and joyful.
5, Which is not as flavorful as the elm money and persimmons back home.
6, yellow and red throw. (or: the original soup original water original juice original flavor)
7, this question is an open question, as long as the center of the article, speech, language can be given points. Content or expression of particularly prominent plus 1-2 points.
The answer is finished, have a good day!
References: popularize.com