Du Fu and Li Bai are known as "Li Du". The core of his thought is the Confucian idea of benevolent government. He had the grandiose ambition of "to make the king Yao and Shun, and then to make the customs simple". He loved life, loved the people, and loved the beautiful mountains and rivers of the motherland. He was as cynical as he was vengeful, criticizing and exposing the corruption of the imperial court and the darkness of social life. He sympathized with the people, and even imagined that he would be willing to make self-sacrifice for the relief of the people's suffering.
Du Fu was a great realist poet who wrote more than 1,400 poems in his life. His experience and poetic creation can be divided into four periods.
One, the period of study and wandering (before the age of thirty-five)
This period had traveled to Wu, Yue (present-day Jiangsu and Zhejiang) and Qi and Zhao (present-day northern Shandong and southern Hebei), during which he went to Luoyang to apply for the examination, but did not pass. Later, he met Li Bai in Luoyang and formed a deep friendship with him, and then he met Gao Shi, and the three of them traveled together to Liang and Song (present-day Kaifeng and Shangqiu). Later, Li Du traveled to Qi Zhou, and after parting ways, he met again in Donglu, and once again, he had no chance to meet again.
Two: The Period of Living in Chang'an (Age 35-44)
Du Fu first took the examination in Chang'an and failed. Later, he offered gifts to the emperor and noblemen, and lived a life of "with rich children's doors in the morning and fat horses' dust in the evening, with leftover cups and cold roasts, and sorrow everywhere," before finally getting the small post of Counselor of the Right Guardian's Office and Caojun of the House of Guards. During this period, he wrote poems criticizing the current political situation and satirizing the rich and powerful, such as "The Walk of the Soldiers" and "The Walk of the Lillies". The poem <
Third, the period of trapping thieves and serving as an official (forty-five to forty-eight years old).
When the Anshi Rebellion broke out and the Tongguan Pass was lost, Du Fu settled his family in Shanshan Prefecture and went to join Emperor Suzong on his own, but he was captured by the Anshi rebels in the middle of the journey and taken to Chang'an. He was captured by the Anshi rebels and taken to Chang'an. Confronted with the chaos of Chang'an and hearing the news of the repeated defeats of the official army, he wrote poems such as Moonlit Night, Spring Hope, Mourning at the Head of the River, and Sorrowful Chen Tao. Later, he absconded to Fengxiang Xingzhi and worked as a left picker. He was relegated to the rank of Sigong Senator of Huazhou because of his loyal words and direct admonition, and his petition for Chancellor Fang Guan. Afterwards, he used the form of poems to record what he had seen and heard, which became his immortal works, i.e. "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells".
Fourth, southwest drifting period (forty-eight to fifty-eight years old).
With the defeat of the Nine Sectors' army in Xiangzhou and the famine in Guanfu, Du Fu abandoned his post and fled with his family and his people, passing through Qinzhou and Tonggu to Chengdu, where he lived a relatively stable life. When Yan Wu entered the dynasty and the warlords in Shu rebelled, he drifted to Zizhou and Langzhou. He later returned to Chengdu. After the death of Yan Wu, he drifted again and lived in Kui Zhou for two years, then drifted to Hubei and Hunan, and died of illness on the Xiangjiang River. During this period, his works include "The Water Threshold", "Spring Night Joyful Rain", "Thatched Cottage Broken by Autumn Wind", "Sick Tangerine", "Ascending a Building", "The Phase of Shu", "Hearing the Official Army Collecting Henan and Hebei", "Presenting Wu Lang", "Ascending to a High Plateau", "Autumn Flowering", "Three Extraordinary Verse", and "Yearning for the Ancestral Day", etc. He was also the first to be published in the United States.
To summarize, Du Fu's life thought is "poor years worry about Li Yuan", "to the king Yao Shun on", so his poetry creation, always through the main line of worry about the country and the people, which shows Du Fu's greatness. His poems are rich in social content, strong colors of the times and distinctive political tendencies, which truly and profoundly reflect the political and current affairs of a historical era before and after the Anshi Rebellion and the broad picture of social life, and thus are called the "history of poetry" of his generation. The style of Du's poetry is basically "somber and staccato", while the language and chapter structure are full of changes, emphasizing the refinement of words and phrases. At the same time, Du's poems were written in a variety of styles; in addition to the Five Ancient Poems, Seven Ancient Poems, Five Rhymes, and Seven Rhymes, he also wrote a lot of rhyming and arguing styles. His artistic techniques are also varied, and he is the master of Tang poetry in thought and art. Du Fu also inherited the spirit of the Han and Wei dynasties, which was "to feel the sorrow and happiness, and to be inspired by events", and got rid of the ancient theme of music, and created a lot of new themes of music, such as the famous "Three Officials", "Three Sacrifices", "Three Sacrifices" and "Three Sacrifices". He created a lot of new music compositions, such as the famous "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells". After his death, he was vigorously praised by Fan Huang, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen, Bai Juyi and others. Du's poems had a profound influence on the literary ideas of Yuan Bai's "New Lefu Movement" and Li Shangyin's recent satirical poems on current affairs. However, it was after the Song Dynasty that Du poetry was widely recognized. Wang Yu, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, and Lu You held Du Fu in high esteem, while Wen Tianxiang regarded Du poetry as a spiritual force to uphold national integrity. The influence of Du Poetry, from ancient to modern times, has long exceeded the scope of literature and art. For details of Du's life, see The Old Book of Tang, Volume 190. There is a collection of Du Gongbu (杜工部集).
Du Fu's Annals
712 Nonzi Ruizong taiji yi (Xuanzong xiantian yi), Du Fu was born in Gongxian County, Henan Province.
717 dingsi xuanzong kaiyuan five, dufu six years old. Tried to the placebo, watching Gongsun Daniang dance "sword weapon" and "Hunde".
718 ewu Xuanzong Kaiyuan six, Du Fu was seven years old. He began to write poems and essays.
720 Gengshen Xuanzong Kaiyuan 8, Du Fu was nine years old. He began to study calligraphy.
725 b chou Xuanzong Kaiyuan 1-3, Du Fu was fourteen years old. Strong travel poem said: "Xi fourteen five years old, out of the Han ink field, Sifen Cui Wei from, to me like Ban Yang. Original Note: Cui Zhengzhou Shang, Wei Yuzhou Qixin.
726 c c xuanzong kaiyuan one four, dufu fifteen years old. The hundred sorrows set line said: "remember the past years fifteen heart still child, healthy as yellow calf walk again. Pears and jujubes were ripe in August in front of the garden, and he was able to climb up the tree a thousand times in a day.
730 Gengwu Xuanzong Kaiyuan 18, Du Fu was nineteen years old. He traveled to Jin, and went to Jinxiao (present-day Yishi County, Shanxi Province), where he traveled from Wei Zhijin and Kou Xie.
731 Xinwei Xuanzong Kaiyuan 19, Du Fu was 20 years old. He traveled to Wu and Yue.
732 non Shen Xuanzong Kaiyuan 20, Du Fu was 21 years old. He traveled to Wuyue.
733 Dec You, Emperor Xuanzong's second leap month of the year 21, Du Fu was twenty-two years old. He traveled to Wuyue.
734 A Xu Xuanzong Kai Yuan Er Er Er, Du Fu was 23 years old. He traveled to Wuyue.
735 Bhai Xuanzong Kaiyuan 2-3 leap November, Du Fu was twenty-four years old. He returned to Dongdu from Wuyue and took the examination for jinshi, but failed.
736 bizi xuanzong kaiyuan two four, du fu twenty-five years old. Traveled to Qi and Zhao. He was a member of the Chinese Academy of Arts and Letters.
737 Dingchou Xuanzong Kaiyuan 25, Du Fu was 26 years old. He traveled to Qi Zhao.
738 Wuyin, Emperor Xuanzong Kaiyuan 2.6, Du Fu was 27 years old. He traveled to Qi and Zhao.
739 d Xuanzong Kaiyuan 27, Du Fu was 28 years old. He traveled to Qi and Zhao.
740 Gengchen Xuanzong Kaiyuan 28, Du Fu was 29 years old. He was twenty-nine years old when he traveled to Qi and Zhao.
741 Xin Si Xuan Zong Kai Yuan 29, Du Fu 30 years old. Returned to the eastern capital. He built Lu Hun Zhuang, and on the day of the cold eclipse, he offered sacrifices to his distant ancestor, Dang Yang Jun.
742 nonwoo xuanzong tianbao one, dufu thirty-one years old. In Dongdu. Aunt Wannian County gentleman died in Tokyo Renfengli. June, returned to the funeral in Henan County, Gong made a tombstone.
743 dibi xuanzong tianbao two, dufu thirty-two years old. In Dongdu.
744 A Shen Xuanzong Tianbao three, Du Fu thirty-three years old. In Dongdu. On the fifth day, his grandmother Fanyang Taijun died in Chenliu's private home. In August, returned to the burial of Yanshi, Gong made tombstone. In the summer of that year, he met Li Bai in Dongdu. In the fall, traveled to Liang, Song, and Li Bai, Gao Shi climbed blowing platform, qintai. Tried to cross the river to visit the Wangwu Mountain, visit the Taoist Huagai Jun, and its people have died.
745 yiyou xuanzong tianbao four, dufu thirty-four years old. And then traveled to Qi and Lu. At that time, Li Zhifang was the Secretary of Department of Qi. Summer, Li Yong from the Beihai County to Qi Zhou, public tasted from the tour, accompanied by banquet Rixia Pavilion and Heshan Lake Pavilion. He accompanied them to the Lixia Pavilion and the Heshan Lake Pavilion. He then went to Linyi (Qi Zhou) for a short while. In the fall, he went to Yanzhou, when Li Bai returned to Donglu. When Li Bai returned to Yanzhou in the fall, he traveled with him and became more and more intimate with him. He gave Bai the poem "I am also a guest of Dongmeng, and I pity you like a brother. Drunken sleep in the fall **** was, hand in hand with the day peer" is also. And then the work will go west, white also have the tour of Jiangdong, east of the city of Shimen a goodbye so no longer see each other day carry on.
746 cxu xuanzong tianbao five leap October, dufu thirty-five years old. He returned to Chang'an from Qi and Lu. Last night he traveled from Ruyang Wang last night, and Zheng Qianyao, the emperor's extra horse harnessed by the side of a team of harnessed by the emperor's side.
747Dinghai Xuanzong Tianbao six, Du Fu was thirty-six years old. In Chang'an.
748 Wuzi Xuanzong Tianbao 7, Du Fu was thirty-seven years old. In Chang'an. Du Fu was in Chang'an. He repeatedly wrote poems to Wei Ji, seeking to be attracted to the city. He made a friendship with the scribe Gu Zhuanxu (顾诫奢), around this time.
749 jichou xuanzong tianbao eight, du fu thirty-eight years old. In Chang'an. In the winter, he returned to Dongdu, visited the temple of Emperor Xuan Yuan, and viewed the wall painted by Wu Daozi.
750 gengyin Xuanzong Tianbao nine, Du Fu thirty-nine years old. He came to Chang'an. He met Zheng Zi for the first time.
751 Xinmao Xuanzong Tianbao 10, Du Fu was forty years old. In Chang'an. He entered the Three Great Rites of Fugue. Emperor Xuanzong was surprised and ordered Du Fu to stay at the Jixian Yuan. In the fall, malaria. A friend Wei Jun visited him in the rain, so he wrote a description of the fall. After the disease, Wang Yi, Wang paid with wine and food, grateful for the song. In this year, he was at the residence of Du Bit to observe the New Year.
752 noncheng xuanzong tianbao one, dufu forty-one years old. In Chang'an. Summoned to test articles, sent to the Secretary to participate in the selection of the order. Late spring, temporarily returned to the east. In winter, Gao Shi with the song Shu Han into the court, and the public temporarily set, Russia, and then go, the public has a poem to send off.
753 Dec. Xuanzong Tianbao one two, Du Fu forty-two years old. In Chang'an. The first summer, with Zheng Zi traveled to the mountains of General He. Second son Zongwu was born in the fall of this year.
754 A Wu Xuanzong Tian Bao 13 leap November, Du Fu was forty-three years old. In Chang'an. Advancement of Xiyue Fu. From Dongdu moved home to Chang'an, living under the South City Ducheng. Because of Tian Liangqiu cast poetry Hexi Festival Minister Geshu Han. In the middle of the year, Zhang? Called back from Lu Xi, and then moved to the Secretary of the Taishang, the public again on the poem for help. And then into the carving fugue, table words more mournful. After the fall, the rain was harmful to the crops, and the prices of goods were so expensive that it was hard for him to make a living, so he took his family to Fengxian and stayed in the light house.
755Biwei Xuanzong Tianbao, An Lushan's rebellion. Du Fu was forty-four years old. He was in Chang'an. In the middle of the year, he traveled to Baishui County to visit his uncle Cui XIX Weng. In September, with Cui to Fengxian. In October, he returned to Chang'an and was awarded the title of Heshi Lieutenant (the former city of Heshi County is in present-day Heshi County, Yunnan), but he did not pay any tribute to him, and he changed his title to Counselor of the Right Guardianship House. In November, and went to Fengxian to visit his wife, made from Beijing to Fengxian Wing 500 words. In the end of the year, the loss of a young son.
756 chen suzong to de one (xuanzong tianbao one five) in July to change the yuan, an lushan called the great yan emperor. Emperor Xuanzong runs to Shu. Kills Wang Guozhong and Yang Guifei. Du Fu is forty-five years old. At the beginning of the year, he was in Chang'an. In May, he traveled to Fengxian and brought his family to Baishui, where he stayed at his uncle's house, Cui Shaofu Gaozhai. In June, he traveled from Baishui to Huayuan and went to Shanshan (present-day Shanshan County, Shaanxi Province). When he arrived at Tongjiawa in Sanchuan County, he stayed at the home of his late friend Sun Zai. When he heard that Emperor Suzong was going to Lingwu, he left his wife in Sanchuan and ran from Luziguan to his home. On the way, he was captured by thieves and went to Chang'an. In September, in Chang'an road corner met the royal family children, begged to give up their bodies as slaves, mournful for the mourning of the king's grandchildren.
757 Ding You Su Zong Zhide two leap August, An Qingxu kill Lushan. Zhang patrol, Xu Yuan died in battle. Guo Ziyi resumed Tokyo. Shi Siming and others surrender. Du Fu forty-six years old. In the spring, he is caught in the midst of thieves. When he was in Chang'an, he traveled from Zhan Gong Su Duan. In April, he left Jinguangmen and returned to Fengxiang. May 16th, worship left pickup. In this month, the house management offense, the public resistance to the rescue. Suzong anger, the imperial edict of the three Secretaries of State, Zhang Hao, Wei Jiaozhi, etc. to save, still put on the list. in June, with Pei recommended four people recommended Cen Sen. Leap August, ink system put back to Shaanxi Province home. So he went out of Fengxiang on foot, to the Duke, and then borrowed a horse from Li Jiye. He returned home and was sick for several days. In November, he traveled from Shanshan to Dinzhou. In November, he traveled from Shanshan to the capital.
758 wuxu suzong qianyuan yi (to de three) in February, changed the yuan, and again in the year of the year, Shi Siming anti-. Du Fu was forty-seven years old. Appointed left pickup. spring, jia ji, wang wei, cen sen are in the province of admonition, when **** reward song. Bi Yao was also in the capital, living in the public's neighborhood. in April, xuanzong personally enjoy the nine temples, the public to accompany the sacrifice. In June, Fang Guan was slandered by Helan Jinming, and was demoted to the position of assassin of the Duke State. In June, Fang Guan was demoted to the post of assassin of the Duke State because of the slander of Helan Jinming. In the fall, he visited Cui Xingzong and Wang Wei in Lantian County. At the end of winter, he returned to Luhunzhuang in Dongdu, and met Meng Yunqing in the east of Hucheng County.
759 Hei Su Zong Gan Yuan two, Shi Siming claimed the title of King of Yan. Du Fu was forty-eight years old. In the spring, he returned to Huazhou (Huaxian County, Shaanxi Province) from the eastern capital and composed six poems on the way, including "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells. At that time, there was famine in Guanfu. In July, he abandoned his official post and left for the west. In July, he abandoned his official post and left for the west. He then went to Long and went to Qinzhou (Tianshui, Gansu). At that time, he dreamed of Li Bai in two songs, and at the end of the day, he remembered Li Bai and sent Li Bai twenty rhymes. He also sent poems to Gao Shi, Cen Sen, Jia Zhi, Yan Wu, Zheng Zi, Bi Yao, Xue Zhao and Zhang Biao. At that time, Mr. Zhan was also banished to Qinzhou, and he had spoken highly of the victory of Xizhi Village for Mr. Zhan, so he made a plan to live in the village. Set grass, not yet, will be with the Valley Zai book said with the Valley can live, so in October, to go to the Valley. Passing through Chigu, Tietang Gorge, Yanjing, Hanxia, Fajing Temple, Qingyang Gorge, Longmen Town, Shichang, Jicao Ridge, Naikong Mountain, Phoenix Terrace, all of which have poems. He went to the same valley and lived in Chestnut Pavilion. He was so poor that he picked up acorns and chestnuts and dug up Huangdu to feed himself. He lived there for less than a month, and then went to Chengdu. On December 1, he traveled to Chengdu, passing through Mupiling, Baishadu, Feixiange, Shikaige, Kustomabadu, Jianmen, and Lutoushan. At the end of the year, he arrived in Chengdu and stayed at the Wunhuaxi Temple. At that time, Gao Shi was assassinating Pengzhou, and when he arrived in Chengdu, he sent a poem to inquire about him.
760 Gengzi Su Zong Shang Yuan Yi (Gan Yuan three years) in the leap month of April, Du Fu was forty-nine years old. In Chengdu. Spring, dividing Xiguo Wunhua Li. Cousin Wang fifteen Secretary for the cost of building, Xu Qing (suspected that know), Xiao Shi, He Yong, Wei Ban (nephews should be material) three Ming Fu for fruit and wood planting, the beginning of the year to start things, completed in the spring. When Wei Yan living in Shu, tasted for the public painting wall. In early fall, temporarily traveled to Xinjin, met with Pei Di. Autumn evening to Shuzhou, met with Gao Shi. Winter, resumed in Chengdu.
761 Xinchou Suzong Shangyuan two, Shi Chaoyi killed Shi Siming. Du Fu is fifty years old. He resided in Cao Tang. In the first year, he went to Xinjin. In February, he returned to Chengdu. In the fall, he went to Qingcheng. In the fall, he traveled to Qingcheng and returned to Chengdu. At that time, he was very sick and his livelihood was difficult. He began to think of moving to Wu and Chu. In the winter, Gao Shi went to Chengdu and had a drink with Wang Whirlwind at the Caodang.
762 non yin suzong bao ying a month in April to change the dollar, the emperor and xuanzong collapse, prince yu and place. The poet Li Bai dies (701-762). Du Fu fifty-one years old. From spring to summer, he resided in the Cao Tang Hall. He sang and sang closely with Yan Wu. He was often given gifts by Yan Wu. In July, he sent Yan Wu back to the imperial court. He traveled to Mianzhou by boat and landed at Fengji stage, so he parted ways and returned. Xu knew that the road was blocked, and he entered Zizhou. At the end of the fall, back to Chengdu to welcome home to Zi, but quite a trip to the East. In November, to Shehong County, to Jinhua Mountain Yujing Guan, looking for Chen Zi'ang reading hall remains. Also visited the county north of Dongwushan Zi Ang's former residence. The spinning back to the south of the Tongquan County, visited Guo Yuanzhen's former residence, in the Qingshan Temple to see Xue Jik calligraphy and painting wall. And in the county office behind the wall to see JI painted cranes.
763 dui mao dai zong guangde one (bao ying two) in the seventh month of the leap month, Li Huai Xian killed Shi Chaoyi. Du Fu fifty-two years old. In the first month, in Zizhou, heard the official army to collect Henan and Hebei, will want to return to the capital, and then thought of going east to Wu and Chu. In the meantime, he visited Langzhou (Langzhong, Sichuan) and traveled to the temples of Niutou, Doutu and Huiyi. Both return to Zi, but also to send Xin outside, to Mianzhou. Since Mian returned to Zi. And to Hanzhou. Summer, return to Zizhou. Early fall, again, go to Lang. In September, he sacrificed himself to Fang Guan. End of fall, got a letter from home, know that women are sick, because of the urgent return to Zi. in November, will be out of the gorges for the Wu Chu tour, then ordered brother Jim return to Chengdu to check the school Cao Tang.
764 jia chen dai zong guangde two, du fu fifty-three years old. The first of spring, from zizhou jiejia east malva out of the gorge, first to langzhou. The court will be called to fill in the Beijing Zhaosheng Gongcao Counselor, to trip established, not to go to the call. In February, he left Langzhou to the east, but when he heard that Yan Wu was going to town Shu again, he was so happy that he changed his plan and went to Chengdu. In March, he returned to Chengdu. In June, Yan Wu table for the section of the Counselor, check school Ministry of Public Works, give scarlet fish bag. In the fall, living in the curtain, quite unhappy, because of the poem Yan Wu described his feelings. So he was able to beg leave to return to the Cao Tang. At that time, Cao Ba in Chengdu, Gong made a Danqing citation to present. His younger brother Ying went to Qi Zhou. At the end of the year, he sent a poem to Jia Zhi. He was the closest to Yan Wu in this year.
765 yisi dai zong yongtai a leap October, Du Fu fifty-four years old. On the third day of the first month, he resigned from his post and returned to Raccoon River. Feedback from the spring and summer, living in the Cao Tang. In May, with his family away from the Cao Tang south. He traveled to Jiazhou (Leshan, Sichuan). June, to Rongzhou (Sichuan Yibin). From Rongzhou to Yuzhou (Chongqing). Waiting for the six Squire Yan, not, first down the gorge. into the fall, to Zhongzhou (Zhongxian, Sichuan), living in Longxing Temple. In September, to Yun'an County (four wear Baidi City). Due to illness, so stay in Yunan, pavilion in Yan Mingfu of the water pavilion.
766 bingwu dai zong dali a (yongtai two years) in November, Du Fu fifty-five years old. In the spring, in Yunan. At that time, Cen Sen was the assassin of Jiazhou, and sent poems to him. In the late spring, he moved to Kui Zhou. In the beginning, he lived in a guest house in the mountains. In the fall, he moved to the West Pavilion. After the fall, Bo Maolin became the governor of Kui Prefecture, and he received a lot of financial support. In this year, many reminiscences of old travels.
767 Dingwei Daizong Dali two, Du Fu was fifty-six years old. In kui state. Spring, from the West Pavilion moved to Chijia. In March, moved to dewy west grass house. Attached to the house has forty acres of orchards, vegetable beds acres, and a number of hectares of rice paddies, in the north of the river in the east of Tuen Mun. Di Guan came from the capital. In the fall, because of the rice temporarily live in Dongtun. Suitable for the Wu justice from Zhongzhou, sound to dewy West Cao Tang borrowed Wu live. At that time, the intention to travel east to Jingxiang. October 19th, in Kui State, Yuan Zhi House to see Li XII Niang dance "sword". In the winter of this year, he was still sick. In the fall, the left ear began to deafen.
768 wushen dazong dali three leap June, Du Fu fifty-seven years old. In the middle of the first month, to go to Kui out of the gorge. Before leaving, to dewy west orchard to Nanqing brother. March, to Jiangling. In the summer, he went to Jiangling for a while. He stayed in Jiangling for a few months, but was quite unhappy. At the end of the fall, moved to public security county. Met Gu Zhanshe, Li Jinsu (father of He) and monk Taiyi, stayed in public security for a few months. In the end of the year, he went to Yuezhou.
769 jiyou dai zong dali four, du fu fifty-eight years old. In the first month, from Yuezhou to Nanyue, traveled to the two temples, view Song Zhiqian inscription wall. He stayed at Qingcao Lake, and also stayed at Baisha Stage. He passed through Xiangyin and visited the 'Lady Xiang's Ancestral Hall'. More upstream, to the beginning of February to the chiseled stone Pu, stayed. Passed through Jinkou again, and went to the bank of Kongling. Lodging Huashi Xu, the next evening Zhou (in Xiangtan). in March, to Tanzhou (Changsha, Hunan). Tanzhou, the second Baimatan, into the Qiaokou. To tongguanzhu, blocking the wind. Tongguan, stayed at the mouth of Xinkang River. Shuangfengpu, and then arrived in Henzhou (Hengyang, Hunan). Summer, fear of heat, back to Tanzhou. When Su Lax living on the side of the river, suddenly one day, visited the public in the boat, the public please lax recite poetry, great appreciation of the different, so engaged in friendship. He was a good friend of mine, and he was in Tanzhou for the rest of his life.
770 Gengxu Daizong Dali five, Du Fu died (712-770). Du Fu was fifty-nine years old. In the spring, in Tanzhou. On the twenty-first day of the first month, he examined his old book and found a poem sent by Gao Shi on the day of the second year of the reign of Shangyuan, which he remunerated him for, and sent to Wang Yu and Jing Chaoxian in Hanzhong. In late spring, he met Li Guinian. In April, he entered Hengzhou to avoid the chaos. He wanted to go to Chenzhou to rely on his uncle Cui Wei, so he went to Leiyang, where the river was rising, and he was not allowed to eat for half a decade. Nie made a book for the ox roasted with white wine. In the summer, back to rowing, autumn to Tanzhou, a small rest, so all goodbye friends and relatives, back to Hunan and down, will be out of Shin-E, from Xiangyang to Luoyang meandering back to Chang'an. In the winter, even to die in the apartment between the Tan Yue, travel funeral Yueyang.
Bai Juyi (772--846), the word Lotte, the name of Xiangshan Jushi. His ancestral home was Taiyuan [now Shanxi]. He lived in the city of Xiangui (下邽)(音guī)(今陕西渭南北) by the time of his great-grandfather. Bai Juyi's grandfather, Bai Huangshi, was the magistrate of Gongxian [Gongyi, Henan Province], and was a close friend of the magistrate of Xinzheng [Henan Province] at that time. Seeing the beautiful mountains and rivers of Xinzheng and the simplicity of its people, Bai Huangyi loved it so much that he moved his family to Dongguozhu Village (now Dongguo Temple), west of Xinzheng City. Tang Dynasty Emperor Dali seven years (February 28, 772 AD) on the 20th day of the first month, Bai Juyi was born in Dong Guo House. Bai Juyi died in Luoyang [in Henan province] in August of the sixth year of Huichang (846) of the reign of Emperor Wuzong, at the age of 75. He was the author of the seventy-one volumes of Bai's Changqing ji (The Collection of Bai's Changqing).
In his later years, he served as a junior minister of the crown prince, and his posthumous name was "Wen", and he was known as Bai Fu and Bai Wen Gong. In literature, he actively advocated the new music movement, advocating that articles should be written for the times and poems should be composed for the events, and wrote many poems lamenting the times and reflecting the people's hardships, which were quite influential to the later generations. He was a poet of considerable importance in the history of Chinese literature.
Life at the age of 44 was deported to Jiangzhou Sima as the boundary, can be divided into before and after two periods. The first is the period of helping the world, and the second is the period of being alone. Bai Juyi in the twenty-sixth year of Zheng Yuan (800), at the age of 29 years old, he was awarded a bachelor's degree, and successively served as the secretary of the province of the school, Shaanxi to the lieutenant, the Hanlin scholar, and during the Yuan and years of the left pickup, wrote a large number of satirical poems, representative of the "Qinzhongyin" ten and the "New Lefu" fifty poems, which make the powerful and wealthy cut teeth, strangle wrists, and change color. In the sixth year of Yuanhe's reign, Bai Juyi's mother died in Chang'an due to a nervous disorder. According to the rules of the time, Bai Juyi went back to his hometown to observe his filial piety for three years, and when he returned to Chang'an after his mourning period, the emperor arranged for him to be the left zanzhan dafu. In June of Yuanhe ten years, when Bai Juyi was 44 years old, the prime minister Wu Yuanheng and the royal historian Peidu were assassinated, Wu Yuanheng died on the spot, and Peidu was seriously injured. For such a big event, the eunuch group and the old bureaucratic group in power at that time actually kept calm and did not rush to deal with it. Bai Juyi was very angry, so he submitted a petition to urge the murderer to be searched strictly, in order to clean up the law and discipline. However, those in power, instead of praising him for his zeal for national affairs, said he was an official of the East Palace, before the admonition of the government is a kind of unauthorized behavior; also said that his mother was to see the flowers fell into a well and died, and he wrote poems about flowers and poems about the well, it is hurtful to filial piety, so such people are not worthy of being the left zanzhan dafu to accompany the crown prince to study, and should be expelled from the capital. So he was relegated to the position of Secretary of Jiangzhou. In fact, the reason he was offended was still those satirical poems.
Deportation to Jiangzhou dealt a heavy blow to Bai Juyi, who said he was "extinguishing the colors of sorrow and joy on his face, and eliminating the heart of right and wrong in his chest," and that his early Buddhist and Taoist thoughts were growing. Three years later he was promoted to the post of assassin of Zhongzhou. In the fifteenth year of Yuanhe, Emperor Xianzong of Tang died violently in Chang'an, and Emperor Muzong of Tang succeeded to the throne. Muzong loved his talent and recalled him to Chang'an, where he successively worked as a secretary of the department, a master of the house, a systematic enjoiner, and a minister of the middle school. But at that time, the dynasty was very chaotic, the ministers compete for power and profit, fighting in secret; Mu Zong political desertion, do not listen to advice. So he strongly requested to be expatriated, and in the second year of Mu Zong's Changqing period, he became the assassin of Hangzhou, and after Hangzhou was completed, he became the assassin of Suzhou. In his later years, he served as a guest of the crown prince in the eastern capital of China. At the age of seventy, he was dismissed from his post. Compared with the early period, he was much more negative, but after all, he was a poet who had made some achievements and actively petitioned for the people, and some of his poems at this time still revealed his concern for the country and the people. He was still diligent in politics, did a lot of good things, such as he had dredged six wells cut by Li Yu, to solve the people's drinking water problem; he built a long dike on the West Lake, water storage irrigation, and wrote an easy-to-understand "Qiantang Lake Rock Records", carved in stone, telling people how to store and drain the water, that as long as "the dike as the law, storage and drainage in time," you will not suffer from the drought, you will not suffer from drought. It was believed that as long as "the embankment is in place and the water is stored and drained in time", people would not suffer from drought. This is the famous "White Causeway".
Bai Juyi's grandfather, Bai Huangshi, his father, Bai Jigeng, and his grandfather were all poets, and in this family background, Bai Juyi studied very hard and eventually became a poet. But Bai Juyi, like Li Bai and Du Fu, was also addicted to alcohol. Zhang Wen potential "Campsis Fish Hidden Series of Words" said: Although Tao Yuanming love to drink, but because of the family's poverty, can not often drink wine, and he drank with him are firewood, fishing, plowing the countryside, the location of the woods and fields, and Bai Juyi home brewing wine, every time you drink there must be a silk and bamboo accompaniment, the boys and prostitutes to serve. Those who drank with him were famous people in the society, such as Pei Du and Liu Yuxi.
When he was 67 years old, he wrote a biography of Mr. Drunken Yin. This Mr. Drunken Yin was himself. In his Biography, he said that there was a Mr. Drunken Yin, whose name, place of origin, and official position were not known, but only that he had been an official for 30 years and retired to the city of Luo. His residence had a pond, bamboo poles, trees, platforms and bridges. He loved to drink, recite poems and play the qin, and had fun with his drunken disciples, poetic ujia and qin lovers. The fact is also true, inside and outside the city of Luoyang, temples, hills, springs and rocks, Bai Juyi have gone to roam.
Whenever the good time and beautiful scenery, or snow, he invited guests to his home, the first whisking wine altar, the second open poetry suitcase, after holding the silk bamboo. He would drink wine, recite poetry, and play the zither. Next to the houseboys playing "Nei Shang Yu Yi", the little prostitute song "Yang Liu Zhi", really a lot of fun. Until everyone was drunk before stopping. Bai Juyi sometimes take the pleasure to play in the field, the car put a piano a pillow, the car on both sides of the bamboo poles hanging two wine pots, hold the piano to lead the drink, and return to the end of the Xing.
According to the "Poor Pantheon Records" records, Bai Juyi's home has a pond, can be canoeing. He invited guests, sometimes on the boat, he ordered the boat hanging more than a hundred empty sacs, filled with wine and food, traveling with the boat, to eat and drink, pull up, eat and drink one and then pull up one, until the end of eating and drinking.
Said so, and Tao Yuanming's bitter situation, of course, different.
Fang Spoon said on the volume of "Parking House": Bai Le Tian's poems of many joys, out of 2,800 poems, there were 800 poems of drinkers. This is not a small number.
When he drank, he sometimes drank alone. For example, when he was an assassin in Suzhou, he was so busy with his official duties that he used wine to get rid of them, and he was relieved of nine days of hard work by getting drunk on wine for one day. He said, "Don't belittle one day's drunkenness, it is to eliminate nine days' fatigue. Without nine days of fatigue, how could the people of the state be cured. Without one day's drunkenness, how can one entertain the body and mind. He was using wine for a combination of labor and rest.
More often than not, he drank with friends. In his poem "Drunken Memories of Yuan Jiu with Li XI", he said that he was drunk with his friends at the time of the flowers to break the spring sorrows, and drunkenly folded the flower branches as wine chips. In the poem "Gift to Yuan Zhen", he said: "Traveling under the flowers and horses, drinking in the snow". In the poem "Drinking with Mengde", it says: *** Put ten thousand to a bucket, and look at each other seventy years in arrears. In the poem "Drunken Memories of Yuanjiu with Li XI", it says: "New grains of green ants and wine, and a small fireplace of red mud". The evening sky wants to snow, can drink a cup of no? So on and so forth, to name a few.
Bai Juyi died at the age of 75. He was buried in Longmen Mountain. After his death, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty wrote a poem to commemorate him, saying: "Sixty years, who taught the medieval road as a poet? The name Juyi is not tied to the floating clouds, and the word Lotte is not used in the creation of the world. The children can sing the song of "Long Hate", and the children can sing the song of "Pipa". The article has filled the ears of pedestrians. I've been thinking about you for a long time."
Henan Yin Lu Zhen carved Mr. Drunken Yin biography on the stone, standing on the side of the tomb. Legend has it that the people of Luoyang and the four sides of the tourists, know that Bai Juyi was addicted to wine, so come to pay homage to the tomb, all with a cup of wine to pay homage to, in front of the tomb of the square zhang wide on the land is often wet, no dry time.
Bai Juyi is a great poet in the Middle Tang Dynasty, his poetic ideas and poetic creation, with its outstanding emphasis on popularity, realism and full performance, occupies an important position in the history of Chinese poetry. In "The Book with Yuanjiu", he explicitly said, "My servant's ambition is to be conciliatory, and his behavior is to be unique. If you follow and always follow it, it is Taoism; if you speak and invent it, it is poetry. It is called satirical poetry, the will to help; it is called leisure poetry, the righteousness of the only good." From this, we can see that, among the four types of poems that Bai Juyi himself divided into satirical, leisurely, sentimental, and miscellaneous poems, the first two types reflect his "always and always" of the way of conciliatory and uniqueness, and therefore the most valued. The first two categories are the most valued because they reflect his "always-consecrated" way of doing good things.
Early in the Yuan and early made in the "Cailin", Bai Juyi on the heavy realism, still popular, emphasizing the tendency of satirical: "now praise and blame of the text without verification, then the way of punishment and persuasion is missing; beauty and stabbing the poem does not audit the government, then the complementary investigation of the abolition of the righteousness of the car. ...... make the rhetoric and fugitives with Jiong precepts and satirical oracles, although the quality of the wild, and the award." (Sixty-eight "discuss article") the function of poetry is to punish evil and advise the good, complementary inspection of the government, the means of poetry is the beauty of the prick praise and blame, jing戒讽谕, so he advocated: "set up a collection of poems of the officer, open the way of satire, check the loss of the government, through the up and down the feelings." (69) He was against the simple pursuit of "high palace law" and "strange words" without content, and even more against the gaudy poetic style of "mocking the wind and the moon and playing with flowers and plants" since Qi and Liang. In the Preface of New Music, he clearly pointed out that the standard of poetry is: "Its words are qualitative and direct, and those who want to see them are easy to understand; its words are direct and tangential, and those who want to hear them are y admonished; its matter is nuclear and real, and those who pick it can convey the message; and its body is smooth and unbridled, and it can be sown in the music and songs." Here, "quality and path", "straight and cut", "nuclear and real", "smooth and wanton" emphasize that language The language must be simple and commonplace, the argument must be straightforward and obvious, the writing must be absolutely false and pure, and the form must be fluent and smooth, with the color of songs. In other words, poetry must be written in a truthful and believable, but also easy to understand, and also easy to sing into the music, to be considered to have reached the ultimate.
Bai Juyi put forward the above requirements for poetry, the whole purpose is only one, that is, to make up for the current political. That is why he said immediately afterward, "In a word, it is composed for the king, for the subjects, for the people, for things, for events, and not for literature." (Preface to the New Music) In the Book with Yuanjiu, he recalled his early years of creation, saying, "Since I came to the court, I have grown older and have read more and more, and every time I speak with others, I ask more about current affairs; every time I read history, I seek more reasoning, and I have come to realize that essays are written for the times, and songs and poems are composed for the things." The most important thing is to write for the king. He also said, "But I hurt the people's illnesses and pains, and I do not know the time taboo" ("Hurting Tang Qu, Two Songs," two of them), and created a large number of satirical poems reflecting the people's hardships, but the overall direction is "only songs of the people's illnesses, wishing to be known by the Son of Heaven" ("Sending Tang Sheng"). Because only when the people's feelings are conveyed to heaven, and the emperor opens the congestion and reaches out to the people, the politics will tend to be bright.
Piper's Row and The Song of Eternal Hatred are the most successful works written by Bai Juyi, and their artistic performance is characterized by the intensification of the lyrical element. Compared with previous narrative poems, these two works also use narrative, description to show the event, but the event is simple to no longer simple, only a central event and two or three main characters to structure the whole piece, such as the dramatic incident of Mawei, the author of a few strokes is to be brought over, and in the most lyrical character psychological description and rendering of the environmental atmosphere, it is splashing ink like rain, and seek to be full of, even if the "Pipa Xing Even in "The Line of the Pipa", a work which has more ink on the imitation of musical sound and the narration of character encounters, the sound and the event are tightly linked together with emotion, the sound follows the emotion, and the emotion follows the event, so that the process of the poem is always accompanied by moving emotional power. Besides, the lyricism of these two works is also manifested in the use of selected imagery to create the right atmosphere and emphasize the mood of the poem. For example, in The Song of Everlasting Hatred, "The moon is a sad color when I see it in the palace, and the sound of the bell breaks my heart when I hear it in the night rain," and in Pipa Xing, "The maple leaves and dirigible flowers of autumn are serene," "The river drenched in the moon at the time of parting is bewildering," and so on. The poignant moonlight, the drizzling rain, and the broken hearted ringing bells are combined into a soul-stirring scene, or the maple leaves, the dirigible flowers, and the bewildering river and moon constitute a sad and lonely picture, which reveals the bleak, sentimental, and disappointing moods that color the characters and events in the poem, and makes the readers' minds sway and not be able to be themselves in the face of such a mood and atmosphere.
Leisurely and satirical poems are two types of poems that Bai Juyi particularly valued, both of which are characterized by the fact that they are still practical, popular, and pragmatic, but they are very different in terms of content and mood. The satirical poems aim to be "conciliatory" and are closely related to the social and political aspects of society, and are mostly written with a strong sense of excitement, while the leisurely poems are meant to be "alone in goodness" and "know enough to keep the peace and play with one's temperament" (The Book of the Yuanjiu), thus showing a light-hearted and calm demeanor.
Paik's poems are characterized by a sense of calmness, idleness, and relaxation.
Bai Juyi's poems of idleness had a great influence in the later generations, and his shallow and easy language style and indifferent and leisurely mood have been praised time and again, but in contrast, the kind of "idleness" thought of avoiding politics, being contented and keeping peace as well as the attitude of returning to Buddhism and following Tao Yuanming's example are more in line with the mentality of the later literati. The "leisure" thought and the attitude of returning to Buddhism and following Tao Yuanming's example, which were expressed in the poems, had a far-reaching influence because they were more in line with the mentality of the literati in later times. For example, Bai Juyi's poems, "What do we fight for in a snail's horn, we get from a cow's hair" (Seven Songs on Drinking Wine) and "What do we fight for in a snail's horn, we send our bodies in the light of stone and fire" (Five Songs on Drinking Wine, No. 2), and the poem, "Afterward, I will make a snail's horn" (Five Songs on Drinking Wine). Things to learn" (Wu Zeng "can change the Zhai Comic Records" Volume VIII). In terms of the names taken by Song people, "the names of Drunken Master, Pedant, and Dongpo are all derived from Bai Letian's poems" (Gong Yizheng, "Mustard Hidden Notes"). Song Zhou Bidai pointed out: "Su Wenzhong Gong in this dynasty does not light license, only respect and love Lotte, often form poetry. Covering his articles are the main rhetoric up to, and loyal and generous, just straight to say, and people have feelings, in the object without attachment, roughly similar. When he was banished to Huangzhou, he was called Dongpo, and his original work must have started from Lotte's Zhongzhou." (Erlaotang Poetry) All of this demonstrates the trajectory of the influence of Bai Juyi and his poems.
Bai Juyi was a major proponent of the New Music Movement in the Middle Tang, advocating that "essays should be written for the times, and songs and poems should be composed for the events." He put this idea into practice in his own poetry. His early political poems extensively and profoundly reflected the social contradictions of the time, and expressed his deep sympathy for the suffering of the people. He used sharp words and had a clear theme. His masterpieces are Ten Songs of Qinzhongyin and Five Songs of New Lefu? /ca>