Dance , generally accompanied by music, is an art form in which rhythmic movement is the main means of expression. In ancient times, the courtiers made specific dance postures when they paid homage to the emperor, which was a kind of etiquette. Rhythmic movement as the main means of expression of the art form, generally accompanied by music. So what was the situation during the Zhou Dynasty? Below I have organized the knowledge related to the ancient dance history of the Zhou Dynasty, I hope it will be useful to you.
Zhou Dynasty ancient dance history
Zhou Dynasty's supreme ruling group like the Shang Dynasty's rulers pay attention to music and dance rituals, not only pay attention to play music and dance? The role of music and dance was also emphasized. The role of the music and dance to give full play to the social function of the music and dance.
Legend: When King Wu of Zhou invaded the Zhou Dynasty, the army camped in Shangqiu. The soldiers? The soldiers sang and danced all night long. Legend has it that when King Wu fought against Zhou, he was supported by the Ba people. The Ba people used songs and dances to deter the enemy, which was later known as the Bayu Dance in the Han Dynasty.
After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, in order to consolidate the results of the victory and strengthen the control of the feudal lords, from politics to culture, a set of rules and regulations.
The history books say?
The history books say that the Duke of Zhou made the rites and the music. The story goes that under the auspices of the Duke of Zhou, a clear? The first is that the Duke of Zhou made the rites and songs. The combination of the patriarchal system and the hierarchical system formed a complete and strict system of etiquette for the ruler and his subjects, superior and subordinate, father and son, brothers, affinity, honor and inferiority, nobility and inferiority, and so on. In order to reflect and consolidate the etiquette system, the Duke of Zhou also presided over the development of a set of music and dance system for the expedition, alliance, banquet, marriage, funeral services.
From Duke Zhou? The music and dance have been used as a means to carry the Tao. and played a political role. Dance was incorporated into the Yaluo system, and became a part of the Rites of Passage The dance was incorporated into the system of elegant music, which became the rule of rites and rituals, and the rule of The rule of music. The system of elegant music became a tool for the rule of rites and the rule of music. Rulers used music and dance to commemorate merits and virtues, to sacrifice to deities, to educate and to help people. The dances were used to symbolize the merits and virtues of the people. The dance is the image of merit, the dance is the image of virtue, and the dance is the image of the gods. Dance to symbolize virtue? The purpose of the Yalu is to make the dance a symbol of merit and virtue, and to make the dance a symbol of virtue.
In the early years of the Zhou Dynasty, on the basis of absorbing the cultural ideas of the Shang Dynasty, they centralized and organized the legacy of music and dance of the previous generation, namely Yunmen, Dazhang, Dashao, Daxia, and Daho Suh, and created Dawu, which is collectively known as the "Dance of the Sixth Generation".
The Six Generations Dance, also known as the Six Great Dances, is a music and dance that celebrates the achievements and virtues of the Yellow Emperor. The "Dazhang" celebrates Yao's great virtues in the world, the "Dashao" celebrates Shun's governance of the country by virtue, the "Daxia" celebrates Yu's water-control work, the "Do Ho Suh" celebrates Tang's destruction of the Xia Jie to save the people, and the "Dawu" celebrates the great achievements of King Wu in defeating the Zhou Zhou and destroying the Shang Dynasty. Each of these music and dances has a clear theme, and all of them honor the merits of a particular saintly predecessor.
The dances of these six sets of musical dances can be divided into two categories. The first four are literary dances and the last two are martial dances. In the cultural dance, the dancer holds a musical instrument in his hand. The firecracker? (xiaojiao) and bird feathers? Zhai. When the martial arts dance, the dancers are holding the dry (shield) Chi (axe).
The so-called ? Wen? It means to set the world by literary virtue,? The first is the "Battle of the Bulge", which is the first of its kind. The dancers' hands are holding the props, and the dancers' hands are holding the props.
The Six Dynasties Dance is the Zhou Dynasty? Ya music? The sound played, the gods sacrificed, are customized: dance "Cloud Gate" when playing the yellow bell, song Dali, sacrificed to the gods of the sky; dance "Dazhang" when playing too much tu, song should be bell, sacrificed to the earth; dance "Dashao" when playing the Gushu, song Nanlv, sacrificed to the four hopes; dance "Daxia" when playing the lewisite [rui strings] bin, song letter bell, sacrificed to the mountains and rivers; dance "Dai □" when playing the yi ze, song XiaoLu, enjoy the late mother [bi bi than]; dance "Dawu" when When dancing "Dawu", they played Wujun and sang Jiaozhong to enjoy their ancestors.
Five of the six dances are music dances of the previous generation, and only the Dawu is a creation of the Zhou people. This is a music and dance with a clear political tendency. According to Lüshi Chunqiu, the author of Dawu is the Duke of Zhou. This music and dance expresses the great achievements of King Wu in overcoming the Shang Dynasty. During the performance, the rumbling drums sounded and the dance team stood in full armor. Singing a majestic song, the dance begins in the form of a battle formation. The dance is divided into six sections: the first section of the performance of the army, the second section of the performance of the destruction of the Shang Dynasty, the third section of the depiction of the advance to the south, the fourth section of the performance of the pacification of the southern border, the fifth section of the praise of the Duke of Zhou and Duke of Zhaogong's achievements, and the sixth section of the dance team in formation and stood in front of, to express the high respect for King Wu of Zhou. The difference between the six sections of the dance, in addition to action, mainly changes in formation. The lyrics sung during the dance are partly preserved in the Book of Songs. Zhou Song.
In addition to the six dances mentioned above, there were also six small dances in the elegant music of the Zhou Dynasty, which were the Objects Dance, the Feather Dance, the Imperial Dance, the Banner Dance, the Gan Dance, and the Human Dance.
The Six Little Dances are also ritual dances.
The Dance of Objects was used to worship the gods of earth and grain, and the dancers danced with feathers or colorful fabrics.
The Feather Dance is used to worship the temple, and the dancers dance with scattered feathers of various colors. It is said that it is used to sacrifice to the four directions.
The Imperial Dance, also called "? The dancers have bird feathers on their heads, and their tops are decorated with emerald feathers, and they hold colorful bird feathers in their hands.
"Banner Dance" is used to worship Piyong, dancers holding yak tails, some say that "Banner Dance" is "Li".
The Gan Dance is used to sacrifice mountains and rivers, and the dancers hold shields.
The Human Dance was dedicated to the temple and the stars, and people danced with their bare hands.
In addition, the Zhou Dynasty had an important martial arts dance, the Elephant Dance, also known as the Elephant Arrow [shuo shuo]. The arrow is a bamboo pole. One theory is that the Yin people were able to drive elephants into battle, and the Duke of Zhou defeated the Yin people and took their dance of taming elephants to proclaim his martial prowess.
All such elegant music was highly valued by the rulers of the Zhou dynasty. There were strict hierarchical boundaries for the number of people in the dance teams during performances. At that time, the ranks of music and dance were called ? rows of dancers were called rows of dancers [yi yi]? , each row of eight people. The son of heaven's music dance with eight rows of dancers, that is, with 64 people composed of the dance team. The vassal six rows of dancers, four rows of dancers, and two rows of dancers. This kind of regulation reflects the etiquette system, absolutely sloppy. The slightest carelessness, the loss of etiquette, is a great political error, and even become the drums and attacked the crime.
The Zhou dynasty stipulated that those who participated in these dance performances were the sons of the royal family, and made these dances as the sons of the nobility (the so-called ? The state son?) Of course, as a commoner, the? The savages were also required to learn the rituals and music. were also required to learn the rites and music. In terms of the importance of music and dance, the Zhou dynasty surpassed its predecessors.
The children of the royal family had to start learning at the age of 13, and the children of the royal family had to start learning at the age of 13. The big dances are the most important of all. and various rituals. After learning all these music and dances, one can go to work for a variety of officials. The Zhou Dynasty also set up a special music and dance organization called? Da Si Le?
The reason why the Zhou dynasty paid so much attention to music and dance and music and dance education was purely for cultural control. The rulers of the Zhou dynasty firmly believed that ? music? could be used in conjunction with? Rites? complement each other. In the early years of the Zhou Dynasty The basic spirit of making rites and music According to Confucius, the basic spirit of the rituals and music of the early Zhou Dynasty was to promote the concept of ? benevolence. That is to say, by means of music. to keep human feelings under control. Rites. Within the scope of the ritual, music and dance are used to emphasize the identity of the nation and the clan. Through the popularization of music and dance education, cultural identity can also be realized. Therefore, Confucius praised both the Six Generations Dance and the Six Little Dances. When Confucius watched the "Great Shao" in Qi, he thought it was so beautiful that he was so happy that he did not know the taste of meat for three months. The great educator Confucius believed that in order to make the youth successful and a perfect person, the education of music and dance must be carried out. Confucius said: ? The rise in poetry, the establishment of rites and ceremonies, and the success in music.? (The Analects of Confucius? Tai Bo") That is to say, in order to become a gentleman with a perfect personality, one must first learn poetry and then rituals, and the finalization of moral cultivation must depend on music and dance. From the Analects of Confucius, the Book of Rites? Le Ji", Xunzi "music theory" and other discussions on music and dance, we know that the pre-Qin Confucianism attaches great importance to the function of music and dance to cultivate the body and cultivate the character. They believe that through the cultivation of music and dance, people's spiritual outlook, sentiments and aspirations will change, can become upright and gentle, generous and serious, become open-minded, high-minded and strong. People with the "Ya", "Ode" melody and rhythm, in the regular rhythm and posture, in the organized formation changes, can remove the vulgarity of the demeanor, to remove the loose behavior, to achieve consistency of pace, poise, to become? The gentleman who is well-mannered and courteous. The gentleman. Music and dance not only can make the personality perfect, but also can produce the social role of changing customs. Music and dance training can make people feel the majesty of the king's power, the hierarchy of honor and inferiority, help? the rule of virtue? Therefore, among the educational subjects of Confucianism, ? music (including music and dance). (including music and dance) occupies a very important position.
The elegant music of the Six Dynasties Dance and the Six Little Dances was used not only in sacrificial ceremonies, but also in the banquets of the nobles and lords. Heirlooms of the Warring States Banquet and Fishing and Hunting Attack pattern on the bronze pot, casting the banquet picture, there are exquisite dance scenes. Zhou dynasty vassal states have frequent diplomatic activities. In the reception of foreign guests or alliances, are less elegant music and dance.
These ?
These? The music of the late king.
And the elegant music relative, is the popular folk music, it is the people to participate in the song and dance, also known as ? New music.
During the Zhou Dynasty, there were various kinds of lively songs and dances among the people of different countries. From some of the surviving documents, we can guess the year around? The popular music? The scene of the bustle of the year. The poem "Poetry? The first time I saw this was when I was in the middle of the night, and the second time I saw it was when I was in the middle of the night.
The drums are beaten by the Can, under the Wanqiu. The winter and the summer are not the same, and the heron's feathers are worth the effort.
The drums were beaten in the winter and in the summer, and the herons' feathers were counted. The winter and summer are the same as the summer of the heron. The first is to make a new one, and the second is to make a new one.
According to Gao Heng's "Poetry and Scripture: A Commentary on the Present", ? The son of the soup?
According to Gao Heng's interpretation of the poem The name of this poem is "Dang" (荡). What is it? It's hopeless. What do you mean? Hopelessness? What's that? Fame? The name, the name, the name, the name, the name, the name, the name, the name. The name of the company is "The Prestige". In modern Chinese, it reads:
The girl, the girl, is swaying,
She is dancing on Wanyu.
The girl is really affectionate,
but she is not famous.
With drums beating in the winter,
Down on the hill they came to dance.
No matter how cold the winter or how hot the summer,
they play with the heron's feathers all year round.
No matter how cold it is in winter or how hot it is in summer,
the heron plays all year round.
It is written that the people of the state of Chen beat drums and percussions, and carry heron feathers, heron? They are very excited all the year round, no matter whether it is hot or cold. The poem "Chen Feng" also has a piece called "Dongmen" (East Gate). The son of Zi Zhong, Brahmao underneath it.
Cerdan in the difference, the south of the original. The city is also a place of brahminess.
The first time I saw it, I was in the middle of the night, and it was like a malva. I've been looking at Malva as a mallow, and I've been holding a pepper.
Gao Heng, "Poetry and Scripture: A Commentary", says? Kettle on legs? is a kind of pot. The word "mai" is used to describe a long journey. is a kind of pot. According to Gao Heng's explanation, translated into modern Chinese, it reads:
White elm grows at the east gate,
Quasar tree grows at Wanqiu.
The girl of Zizhong's family,
loves to dance under the trees.
She slips away on good days,
and walks on the southern plains.
They just dance, and
they don't care about the performance.
And on the good days, he hid himself,
and brought his cooking pot with him.
I look at you like a mallow,
You sent me a pepper.
The story is still about the Chen people dancing at Wanqiu, and the young men and women getting drunk and having fun at the festival. It was located three miles south of the capital city. In the hometown of Huaiyang Wanqiu, there is still a grand festival of songs and dances on March 3 every year. At that time, ten thousand people gathered, singing and dancing all day long, and the grand situation was still vivid in those days. There are many other poems describing songs and dances in the Book of Songs. After Confucius organized the "Shijing", is both the lyrics, but also the dance lyrics. Mo Zi? Gong Meng" has? The poem of the song is 300, the poem of the dance is 300? The first is the "Dance", the "Dance", and the "Dance".
The Zhou Dynasty is not only the folk of the Central Plains have rich and vivid dance, is living in remote areas of the nationalities, the so-called? The four descendants? For example, Yunnan Kaiyuan unearthed during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period of the bronze drums, casting Lusheng dance, Ganqi dance, spear dance, feather dance and other dance life images.
Universal common music and elegant music, *** with the composition of the splendid Zhou Dynasty dance culture.
The Zhou Dynasty was an era of vigorous development of Chinese music and dance. Not only the well-known "six generations of dance", "six small dance", etc., to consolidate the status of the use of ceremonial, but also in the aristocratic banquets and fun in the popular with the Chu style of the "excitement of Chu", "Jie Feng", and dress gorgeous, spectacular scene of the "Ten Thousand Dances" and other famous dances. Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and other places, unearthed a lot of Spring and Autumn and Warring States period music and dance relics. Such as Hunan Changsha unearthed the warring states painted dancing woman lacquer trousseau, Henan Xinyang unearthed the Chu lacquer jinxer music and dance figure, Hubei Suixian Zenghouyi tomb unearthed the lacquer painted yuanyang box on the dancers, and so on, have vividly shown the year of the aristocrats in the banquet dance scene.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, ? the rites and music were in disarray? The music of the late king gradually lost its charm and authority. gradually lost its charm and authority. The new music became the most popular music in the world. became the art of people's emotion with vigor, and was welcomed by all social classes. The Book of Music? The Marquis of Wei recorded an interesting incident: Marquis of Wei asked Zixia: "I am enjoying the ancient music with all seriousness. I was watching the ancient music with all seriousness, but I couldn't raise my spirit, fearing that I would fall asleep. However, once I saw the kind of music called? The sound of Zheng Wei? But when I saw the new kind of music called "Zhengwei's Sound", I didn't feel tired at all. Why was the old music like that? Why did the new music have such an effect? Wei Wenhou's puzzling question reveals an important truth, that is, the art of music and dance can only produce great infectious power if it is linked with the life and feelings of contemporary people. The vitality of the rich and colorful secular music and dance is here.
The lively folk songs and dances, and the professional kabuki music active in the life of the aristocrats, made up the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period of the flourishing ? New Music? In the cultural and political life of the whole society, the "new music" was the most important thing. Xinle played an important role in the cultural and political life of the whole society. played an important role in the cultural and political life of the whole society, and had a significant impact on the development of music and dance in later generations.
The great music and dance of the Zhou Dynasty produced a large number of professional music and dance artists. They were called advocates, female music. Some places became known as the home of song and dance artists. Ancient books often mention? The Zhao woman Zheng Ji is often mentioned in ancient books. The Records of the Grand Historian (史记). The Records of the Grand Historian (史记). Zhao female Zheng Ji, set up a description, 揳 [xie some] sound piano, hanging [yu Yu] long arm, tiptoe, out of not far from thousands of miles, do not choose the young and old, run thick rich. It is said that the dancers of the Zheng and Zhao kingdoms, in order to earn a living, dressed up beautifully, brought their musical instruments, put on long-sleeved dance costumes, and stepped on light shoes, and traveled thousands of miles to all parts of the world. The state of Zhongshan was also famous for its song and dance artists who were passed down from generation to generation. The dance of Chu was even more famous. The King of Chu is good thin waist, Chu dancers dance long sleeves, twisting thin waist dance, in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period is representative of the influence up to the Han Dynasty.
According to historical records, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period have emerged some of the world's most famous dancers. For example, Xi Shi, the famous beauty in Chinese history, was a well-trained and outstanding dancer. The two women favored by King Zhao of Yan? Spinning Juan and Tie ugly woman, were also outstanding dancers. They are good at performing "haunting dust", "set feather", "spinning cup" and other famous dances, dancing on the mat covered with four or five inches thick incense dust, but did not leave any footprints, which can be seen in the lightness of its physical form. It is these dance artists, the performative dance to a new level.
Summary of the history of dance in ancient China
In simple terms, dance is an art of human movement. However, this human movement must be the human movement that has been refined, organized and beautified - the human movement that has been choreographed. In addition, there are many kinds of art belonging to the category of human movement, such as acrobatics, mime, human sculpture, rhythmic gymnastics and so on. Therefore, dance is different from other human movement art is: it is to dance movement as the main means of artistic expression, focusing on the expression of language and text or other means of artistic expression is difficult to express people's inner deep spiritual world - fine
delicate emotions, profound ideas, distinctive character, and people and nature, people and society, people and people and people's own internal conflicts. In addition, due to the human body movements without stopping the flow of the characteristics of change, it must exist in a certain space (stage or square) and a certain amount of time; and in the dance activities, generally have to be accompanied by music, to wear a specific costume, some dances but also to hold a variety of props, if it is performed on the stage, the lights and scenery is also indispensable. Therefore, it can also be said that dance is a spatial, temporal and comprehensive dynamic modeling art.