So, how to improve the effectiveness of learning ancient poems in classroom teaching? According to my previous teaching experience, I think we can start from the following aspects:
First, be familiar with reading.
For primary school students, the most basic requirement is to be able to read fluently in self-study, so that, as Mr. Zhu said, reading aloud "should be loud, word-for-word, word-for-word, word-for-word, word-for-word, word-for-word, and word-for-word", and the purpose of familiar reading is "to memorize many words, be natural, and never forget anything".
1, you can read the pronunciation correctly and master the words in the article. If a word is polysemous, the pronunciation, meaning and usage of the same word are different in different language environments. When we are familiar with its pronunciation, we can remember its different usages. For example, in the four books of The Analects of Confucius, "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, and knowing is knowing." The first word of "wisdom" reads "ZHι" and "knowledge", and the last word of "wisdom" reads "wisdom ι", which means "wisdom and cleverness".
2, read the rhythm, dredge the text. The purpose of reading is to understand the article better. The sentence patterns in ancient Chinese have their own uniqueness. Where a sentence stops often affects its meaning. If you read the wrong rhythm, you will not understand the meaning of the sentence correctly, and even misinterpret the meaning of the text. How to make students grasp the rhythm accurately? First of all, we mark different pauses for students to compare and judge; The second is to master the correct rhythm through recording and reading aloud.
3. Imitate and practice reading, and read out the charm. Reading the correct pronunciation and rhythm is only the first step in reading. The purpose of our reading is to help students correctly understand the author's emotions, frustrations and anxieties. These feelings are bred in silent language, and to externalize them through reading aloud, we need to set the emotional tone first, and then guide the correct reading method accordingly. In teaching, it is very important for teachers to set a correct reading example, so that students can pay attention to listening, repeat in a low voice, imitate reading and master the correct reading methods.
First, pay attention to stress. Only when the stress is dealt with can the expression be accurate. High notes are loud and clear, indicating excitement and joy; Bass is melancholy, indicating solemn and sad feelings. For example, if you read "Enjoy Lotte at the First Meeting in Yangzhou", "Qian Fan on the edge of a sunken ship, Wan Muchun in front of a sick tree", the stress falls on "Qian Fan" and "Wan Muchun". Why? Because these six words vividly show the beauty of the future and show a warm and optimistic attitude towards life.
Second, pay attention to intonation. When reading aloud, dealing with voiced sound and rising tone according to the content can better grasp the author's feelings. For example, imitating Du Mu's "Bo Qinhuai", we can slowly read that "Shang Nv doesn't know how to hate national subjugation", "I don't know" begins to rise, "national subjugation hate" reaches its peak, and "hate" is even heavier. Through imitation, read the correct intonation, arouse the anxiety in the heart, and understand the author's concern and anxiety about the fate of the country. Understand the charm of this poem.
Third, pay attention to the rhythm. The rhythm of reading must focus on the whole article. Happy feelings can be fast-paced, melancholy feelings can be slow-paced.
4, graphic reading, grasp the train of thought
Only by grasping the structure of the article and understanding the author's thinking in reading can we better grasp its connotation. Only on the basis of understanding can students grasp the supporting sentences and the ideas of the article, thus speeding up their memory and deepening their understanding of the content of the article. We make full use of the advantages of multimedia, turn static into dynamic, and provide image basis for students' abstract thinking. When reading, according to the meaning of the text, poetic pictures and music, let students read articles and poems in beautiful images and music, and understand the meaning and poetry more deeply.
Second, imagine
Imagination is the carrier of understanding, the bud of innovation and the spark of wisdom. Educator Wu Zuxing pointed out in the article "Chinese Teaching Should Pay Attention to the Cultivation of Imagination": In Chinese learning, recitation is the most basic means to absorb the essence of predecessors' thoughts and language, and imagination can deeply touch people's hearts through the combination of language and scenes, thus greatly enhancing people's memory. The famous aphorisms such as "The smoke in the desert is straight, and the long river sets the yen" and "The sunset flies alone, and the autumn water is the same as the sky" all arouse our picturesque imagination, so once we read it, we will always be firm. This shows how important it is to cultivate students' imagination. Therefore, in poetry reading activities, it is very necessary to guide students to carry out emotional imagination, which is an effective means to help students understand poetry content and then make them proficient in reading. So, how to guide students to imagine their own entrance? .
(A) careful introduction, solid practice in the face of a poem that does not understand its meaning, how to make students understand poetry, my approach is: guide students to be inspired by the teacher's intensive lectures and imagine in the intensive "guide" language, so as to achieve the purpose of understanding and reciting poetry. For example, when studying a poem "Autumn Night in a Mountain" written by the Tang Dynasty poet Wang Wei, in order to let the students perceive this poem as a whole, I first carefully designed the introduction of this lesson. After the students solved the problem, I went on to say, "The first sentence of this poem has been quoted in the advertisement! Do you also want to enjoy the beautiful scenery? Please read poetry freely. " In this way, teachers can stimulate students' interest in learning by connecting with real life, and build an imaginary space for students to read this poem in curiosity and imagination, which will make the imaginary picture concrete and vivid. At this time, the teacher shows the poetry wall chart on the basis of the students' initial reading, so that students can compare the imaginary picture with the picture in front of them and perceive the poetry content as a whole. At this time, let the students tell the scene again, which not only cultivates students' imagination, but also exercises students' thinking in images and oral expression ability. When children have a certain imagination, they should also guide students to work hard on the word "practice", that is, guide students to do solid reading exercises. In the reading activity, I first let the students who are good at reciting introduce their experience of reciting. In the introduction of students' different methods, I will further summarize the students, that is, when reading a new poem, we should first read the topic with the help of annotations; Then try to read the theme of the poem in the notes, observe the illustrations of the poem after having a preliminary perception of the poem, and imagine it with emotion in connection with the theme of the poem; Finally, read poetry carefully in the hazy imagination of poetry, understand poetry in the gradual and clear reconstruction of artistic conception, and recite poetry until it is recited.
When children recite more poems, it becomes a prominent problem to consolidate the recited poems and restore their memory ability. So how to solve this problem?
(B) easy game, firmly grasp.
Playing games is a child's nature. Imagining in an emotional place can not only help students understand the content of poetry and speed up the recitation, but also encourage students to make up some unique entertainment games, among which making up "riddle" guessing "riddle" games is particularly interesting.
The so-called "mystery" here is not a riddle that people can guess by describing the characteristics of things in general, but a stick figure surface constructed from the content of poetry by imagination. The construction of this picture is naturally inseparable from the imagination of students who do as the Romans do. They draw a picture on a stick figure card the size of a playing card according to poetic imagination. This is a riddle called "Guess the poem by looking at the picture". Show this picture and let others guess which poem it is and what it is about. Others just write a sentence of a poem on the card, so that students can guess the title and author of the poem and make a comparison later. This is called "Shilong", which has various forms. For example, in the first kind of "guessing poems by looking at pictures", some students drew a small river flowing through two mountains on the card, and drew a sailboat next to the sun on the small river, which is a portrayal of "a lone sail comes with the sun". In this way, the students put their carefully designed "playing cards" in their pockets and played this guessing game in their spare time. They often compete in groups of three or five, and they enjoy it. In this way, in the imagination of doing as the Romans do, in a relaxed atmosphere, the purpose of reviewing recited poems can be achieved.
Three. debate
The more you argue, the more you understand, and the more you argue, the more you open up. In the teaching of reading ancient poems, teachers can appropriately draw out opposing views and let students express their opinions, thus deepening the understanding of the author's views and characters and initially cultivating students' dialectical thinking ability. For example, when talking about Li Bai's A Traveler's Journey to China, some students suggested that this poem is also called A Traveler's Journey to China, so this poem should express homesickness. Immediately, some students objected that the famous lanling wine, with mellow fragrance, looked as bright as amber in a glittering and translucent jade bowl. Faced with wine, the poet must be happy and excited. Yes, through the students' arguments, we can understand more thoroughly that the poet enjoys being in a foreign country even though he is a guest. This poem fully shows the poet's bold personality. Through dialectical understanding, we have deepened our understanding of the characters and cultivated our dialectical thinking ability.
Fourth, composition
Provide students with ancient poetry as the material of manual writing pen; Use the writing methods and skills of ancient poetry to guide students' composition. Finally, the goal of improving students' comprehensive ability of language and writing is achieved.
(1) Provide materials and practice writing.
Ancient poetry is a precious legacy of China's ancient literature, with its essence, concise language, beautiful artistic conception and sincere feelings. According to the needs of expression, the poet's language is highly condensed and summarized, and the plot span is large. It has a strong jumping ability. This leaves many "blanks" in the poem. It is a good opportunity to make a reasonable imagination according to your own understanding, supplement the skipped plot and concretize the condensed and summarized language.
1. Expand the extension and practice writing from multiple angles.
Some ancient poems are rich in content, complete in structure and distinctive in personality. This can be used as an organic supplement to students' composition and practice writing selectively. When practicing writing, in order to make students understand poetry more deeply, teachers should introduce the source, background and poet's emotion to students in detail. After students understand the connotation of poetry, let them practice, expand and rewrite, and after reading a poem from various angles, write an unforgettable lesson, thus giving students the freedom to exert their imagination. Students will fly their imagination, be full of interest, enter the realm of poetry, experience their feelings and create beautiful articles. There are also many poems, and teachers can practice writing according to the needs of textbooks. For example, Li Bai's "Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou by the Yellow Crane Tower" asked students to describe the feelings of farewell between friends with the topic "Ah, goodbye to friends". Cen Can's "Xia Sai Qu" allows students to practice writing articles on the topic of "Flying General Li Guang". There are many similar ancient poems that can be practiced, such as: poems of limes, hometown couplets, and gifts to Wang Lun. Under careful guidance, many ancient poems can be used by students to practice the whole article.
2. Practice purposefully as needed.
Students' writing level is inconsistent, and there are some differences, but there are also some * * *. This requires teachers to carry out writing training purposefully, step by step and pertinently according to the actual situation of students. The writing training mentioned here is selective fragment training according to needs. For example, "Looking for Flowers Alone by the Riverside" requires students to describe a beautiful riverside scene with flowers in full bloom, butterflies flying and Yingying singing in spring according to their own poems, and train students to write scenery. There are also many poems that can be trained into fragments, such as Xugongdian in Su Xin City, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Xiaochi, and the banks of the Yellow River recovered by the imperial army. Teachers' choice of content can guide students to carry out targeted segmented training, so that students' sense of language is constantly strengthened, vocabulary is constantly enriched, sentences are more fluent and clear, and finally practice makes perfect and students' writing level is improved.
(B) inductive method to guide the composition
China's language and writing are rooted in the classical poetry, which is the best model essay. Poets' use of writing methods and techniques in their poems directly influenced the trend of China literature. It can be said that the methods and skills used in writing articles now are all developed on the basis of ancient poetry writing. Therefore, exploring the writing application rules of ancient poetry, summarizing the writing methods of ancient poetry and learning the writing skills of ancient poetry can guide students' writing well. Give a few examples to illustrate:
1. The ancient poem "Tianjingsha Qiu Si": "Dead vines and old trees faint crows, small bridges and flowing water, old roads and thin horses, sunset, where there are heartbroken people in the world." Throughout the ages, it has been praised by countless readers as a swan song. The first four sentences of this poem describe the scenery and outline a travel map of sunset photos in the autumn suburbs, which is intended to express the author's inner sadness. But the poem does not directly describe the author's melancholy, but every scene depicts a vast and desolate artistic conception in the atmosphere. It is not difficult to see from the poem that the author uses the method of setting off the emotions of the characters through the scenery. We summarize this writing method as the method of writing characters' inner activities ―― scenery setting-off method.
2. The ancient poem "The two banks of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army" describes the ecstasy of the poet when he suddenly heard the news of victory after suffering from war and displacement. Through the dynamic description of "tears all over clothes", "rolling poetry books", "singing songs" and "drinking wine", the author let us feel the joy of the poet after hearing the victory of counterinsurgency between the lines. We summarize this writing method of reflecting characters' emotions through action description as a method of describing characters' inner activities-action suggestion method.
3. The author of the ancient poem "Ode to Goose" describes the shape of the goose from top to bottom, from "crooked neck" to "white hair" and then to "Anthurium", grasping the bright colors of the parts of "white hair" and "Anthurium" and the gestures of "bending", "floating" and "poking", vividly describing the goose floating leisurely in the water. Through reading aloud, teachers can guide students to understand that the method and law of describing small animals is to write out its salient features in order.
In the process of exploration, we also summed up many practical writing methods from ancient poetry. When teachers extract methods from ancient poetry, they must pay attention to students' incomplete understanding of ancient poetry, so as to achieve the teaching purpose. Such long-term training not only teaches students the methods of writing, but also enables students to recite ancient poems, which virtually improves students' Chinese literacy.
The teaching of ancient poetry and prose is a system with rich connotations, and there are many things worth exploring and discussing. As long as we explore the treasure and train in a down-to-earth manner, I believe the students will benefit a lot.