Mongolian, with an existing population of about 4.8 million. Mainly concentrated in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the rest are distributed in northeast and northwest China. Mongolian is a legendary nation with a long history. For thousands of years, Mongolians have lived a nomadic life of "migrating by water plants". Most grasslands in China have left footprints of Mongolian herders, so they are known as "the pride of grasslands". The scientific and cultural undertakings of the Mongols are relatively developed, especially since the Ming Dynasty, and they have made great contributions to the scientific and cultural undertakings of the motherland in history, literature, language, medicine, astronomy and geography. In folk literature and art, "Haolibao" is a popular singing form among Mongolians, and Ma Touqin is the most distinctive national musical instrument. Mongols originated from the east bank of the ancient King Jianhe (now Ergon River). "Mongolian Uighur" is the earliest Chinese translation of the word "Mongolia", which was first seen in the Tang Dynasty. "Mongolia" was originally just the name of one of the Mongolian tribes. /kloc-At the beginning of the 3rd century, the Mongolian Ministry headed by Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian ministries and gradually formed a new national identity. "Mongolia" has changed from the original tribal name to the national name. Mongolians have their own language and literature. Mongols belong to Altai Mongolian language family and are divided into three dialects: Inner Mongolia, Weilat and Malhu-Buryat.
[Eating habits]
Mongolians live on grasslands and live on animal husbandry. Koumiss, braised pork and roast mutton are their favorite drinks, food and hospitality dishes in daily life. Every year in July and August, Mazhuang is the season for brewing koumiss. Hard-working Mongolian women put horse milk in leather bags, stirred it, separated the milk fat a few days later and fermented it into wine. With the development of science and the prosperity of life, the technology of Mongolian koumiss brewing is becoming more and more perfect. There are not only simple fermentation methods but also distillation methods to brew strong koumiss. Six steamed and six brewed milk wine is the top grade. Koumiss wine is mild in nature and has the effects of expelling cold, relaxing muscles and tendons, promoting blood circulation and strengthening stomach. Known as purple jade pulp and yuan jade pulp, it is one of the "eight treasures of Mongolia". "Hand-grabbed meat" is one of the traditional Mongolian food methods. The practice is to gut the fat and tender sheep, peel and wash the viscera, remove the head and hoof, then cut the whole sheep into several large pieces, cook it with white water, take it out when the meat is cooked, and put it on a big plate to eat. Everyone took Mongolian knives and cut them into big pieces to eat. It got its name because it grabbed food with its hands instead of chopsticks. Pour wine to respect guests, and eat meat with your hands, which is the performance of grassland herders' respect and love for guests. When you set foot on the grassland and walk into the yurt, the warm and hospitable Mongols will pour the wine into a silver bowl or a gold cup, hold it on a long Hada, sing a touching toast song, entertain the distinguished guests from afar and express their sincere feelings.
[Architectural features]
"Mongolian yurt" is the Manchu name of Mongolian herdsmen's housing. "Bao" means "home" and "house" in Manchu. In ancient times, yurts were called "vault", "felt tent" or "felt house". There are round yurts, large and small, and large ones can accommodate more than 20 people to rest; Little people can also accommodate 10 people. The construction of yurts is very simple. Generally, draw a circle according to the size of the yurt, then erect "Hannah" (made of 2.5 meters long wicker) along the drawn circle, and then use "Wuni" (wicker stick is about 3. 2 meters long) stand up and connect "Hannah" and "Wu Ni" into a circle. Even if a herder settled on the grassland. After the yurt was built, people decorated it. Spread a thick carpet, place furniture, and hang picture frames and posters around. Now some furniture and electrical appliances have also entered the yurt, and life is very comfortable and happy. The biggest advantage of yurts is that they are easy to assemble and disassemble. Easy to move. When it is erected, the Hannah will be opened to form a circular fence. When disassembling, folding Hannah back will reduce the size and can also be used as a board for cattle and carriages. A yurt can only be carried by a two-humped camel or a two-wheeled ox cart, and it can be covered in two or three hours. Although the yurt looks small, it has a large use area. And indoor air circulation, good lighting conditions, warm in winter and cool in summer, not afraid of wind and rain, very suitable for herders to live and use frequently.
[Clothing features]
Jewelry, robes, belts and boots are the four main components of Mongolian costumes. The ornaments on women's heads are made of agate, pearls and gold and silver. Mongolian men wear robes to tie their waists, women's sleeves are embroidered with lace patterns, and their coats are high-necked, which seems to be similar to ethnic groups. Women like to wear clothes of three different lengths. The first one is a close-fitting dress with sleeves reaching to the wrist, the second one is a coat with sleeves reaching to the elbow, and the third one is a collarless double-breasted vest with straight flashing buttons, which is particularly eye-catching.
[National taboo]
Mongolian people should avoid riding too fast when riding and driving near yurts, so as not to disturb the herd; If there is a fire in front of the door or a sign such as a red cloth strip is hung, it means that there are patients or parturients in this family, and outsiders are not allowed to enter; Guests can't sit on the west kang, because the west is the direction of Buddha worship; Avoid dead animal meat and donkey meat, dog meat and white horse meat; Avoid red and white for funerals and black and yellow for weddings; Avoid baking feet, shoes, socks and pants on the brazier; Smoking, spitting, touching utensils, classics, Buddha statues and making loud noises are prohibited when visiting temples, and hunting near temples is not allowed. Wear robes all year round.
In Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang pastoral areas, Mongolian men, women and children like to wear robes all year round, commonly known as Mongolian robes. Wear a double robe in spring and autumn and a single cotton robe in summer. Men's dresses are generally fat, while women's dresses are tight to show women's slim and fit figure.
Different colors have their own symbols.
The color of robes, men like to wear blue and brown, women like to wear red, pink, green and sky blue, and the colors are lighter in summer, such as light blue, milky white, pink and light green. Mongolians believe that the color as white as milk is the most sacred, and it is often worn on festivals and auspicious days. Blue symbolizes eternity, loyalty and loyalty, and it is the color that represents the Mongols. Red is as warm, bright and pleasant as fire and the sun. Wear clothes of this color at ordinary times; Yellow is considered as a symbol of the supremacy of imperial power, so in the past, no one could wear it unless he was a living Buddha or a royal family who had received gifts from the emperor.
Belt wind and cold resistance
Belt is an indispensable part of Mongolian costume. Generally made of cotton cloth and satin, the length varies from three meters to four meters. Most of the colors are in harmony with the colors of robes. The plain belt can not only keep out the wind and cold, but also keep the ribs stable and vertical when riding stiffly. It is also a beautiful dress. When a man wears a belt, he lifts his robe up, which is short, convenient to ride and looks thin and chic. There are also Mongolian knives, tongs and tobacco bags hanging on the belt. Women, on the other hand, should pull down their robes when they wear their belts to show their beautiful figure.