Who can tell me some of the local customs of the Yi people in Liangshan...?

(a) Clan name: Most of the Yi people call themselves "Nuosu", "Nasu", "Nie Su" (or add "splash"), which means "people" in Yi. ", the Yi language means "people") due to the wide distribution of the Yi people. Historically, there are many different self-proclaimed and other claims, according to incomplete statistics, until the eve of liberation, there are: "Na Luo splash", "fans of the splash", "Pu La splash", "Puwapu", "Asi Puwapu", "Zaini Puwapu", "Li Puwapu", "Geppu", "Luopu", "Luowu", "Atsheppu", "Luk Mi", "Le Su Pou", "Shan Su", "A Rent Pou", "Gepu", "Awu", "Tarusu", "Samodu", "Liudepu", "Nacha", "Lausu", "Najo", "Misisu", "Luo Luo", "White Luo Luo", "Black Luo Luo" and dozens of others. "Nosu", "Nasu", "Nesu" are all in Yi language, "Nuo", "Na", "Nie" is due to the difference in dialects, are "black" meaning (also has the meaning of "tiger"). (also has the meaning of "tiger"). Black in the Yi people's concept contains deep, wide, high, big, strong, more, noble, the main body and other meanings, "Su" is a group, people, family meaning, "Nosu" (or "Nasu", "Nie", "Nie", "Nie", "Nie", "Nie", "Nie", "Nie", "Nie", "Nie", "Nie", "Nie" and "Nie". "Nuosu" (or "Nasu", "Nesu") means "the nation of the main body", "the nation of Shanghei", etc. Starting from 1950, the Yi nationality chose the name "Yi" for Ding Yi. "Yi" for the *** with the name of the tribe, replacing the old historical documents in the word "Yi". (B), the source: Yi origin from the ancient Qiang people Yi ethnic origin, due to the Chinese historical records are very few, so for a long time the academic community has a variety of claims: South, that is, the ancient Vietnamese and Malay ethnics; East, Chu said; West, Tibet or Tibet-Burma junction, said; Yunnan aborigines; Huangshi ancient Qiang people north of the said; there are also Pu said, said the Lu said, and the indigenous people of Yunnan, said. In 6,000-7,000 years ago, living in the northwest of China in the Huangshui River area of the ancient Qiang people, began to develop in all directions, a to the southwest of the motherland cruising. More than 3,000 years ago, this southwestward cruising ancient Qiang people along the Jinsha River in the Anning River Basin Qiongdu and Pudu River Basin Dianchi settled. Dianchi and Qiongdu residents, the history of the "Qiang," "Qiang", "Qiang", "barbarians", "County Yi", "Chaoso", etc., and continued to integrate with the local Bo (Pu) people, bureaucrats, Han people, etc., and became the forefathers of the Yi people. On the basis of the fusion of the ancient Qiang people with the indigenous tribes in the southwest as the Bo, the fusion of the Kunming people with the Bo (Pu) was a new development in the process of forming the Yi. After the Wei and Jin dynasties, the fusion of the Kunming people with Bo (Pu) developed into the fusion of the Bureaucrats. From the Han to the Sixth Dynasties, Han historical records referred to the main inhabitants of eastern Yunnan, western Guizhou and southern Sichuan as the Chaosu people, sometimes juxtaposed with Chaosu and Pu. Since the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Yi ancestor region has been divided between the Wu Barbarians and the White Barbarians, the Wu Barbarians developed from the Kunming Tribe, and the White Barbarians took the Chaoso and Pu as the main body, and fused with other ethnic groups. Yi ancestors in the long-term formation and development, the scope of activities throughout the hinterland of Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou provinces and part of Guangxi, the core area should be three provinces adjacent to the vast area. All over the Yi tribe have the same legend from ZhongMouYu, according to the more complete water Xi'an's genealogy calculation, to the early years of the Qing Kangxi has been passed 85 generations, dating back to the pre-war period, was born 6 children development for the "six ancestors" tribes. The origin and formation of the Yi people. The ancestors of the Yi nationality have a close relationship with the ancient clans and Qiang distributed in the west of China. In the Western Han Dynasty, one of the ancestors of the Yi tribe was named "Kunming". In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the name "Chaoso" was also used to address the ancestors of the Yi people at that time. In the Tang and Song dynasties, the Wu Barbarians (called "Luo Luo" after the Yuan Dynasty) were the direct predecessors of the Yi. Due to the different historical conditions caused by various reasons, the formation of the Yi nationality has become a dualistic phenomenon. One group, represented by the Yi in Yunnan, was formed on the basis of the creation of a state. The establishment of the Nanzhao Kingdom in the Tang Dynasty marked the real formation of this Yi tribe. The other is represented by the Yi of Wu Ban in the northern part of the Liangshan region of Sichuan. They did not establish a state, but first united into tribes, and then developed from tribes into ethnic groups. Historical evolution of the geographical distribution of the Yi. The Yi are mainly distributed in the four provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Guizhou, namely, the Daliang Mountain area south of the Dadu River and the tributaries of the Yalong River on both sides of the Anning River in Sichuan, as well as the Jinshajiang River, Yuanjiang River, the Mourning Mountains, the area between the Wuliang Mountains, and the area between the Huaping, Ninglang and Yongsheng in the west of Yunnan, which is known as the "Little Liangshan Mountain" of Yunnan, and Anshun and Bijie areas of Guizhou and Lunjiao and Bijie areas of Guangxi, and Anshun and Bijie areas of Guizhou and Lunjiao areas of Guizhou, Bijie in Guizhou, and Longlin and Mubian counties in Guangxi. The natural environments of these areas where the Yi are distributed are relatively poor, with the vast majority of them being high mountains with very complicated topography, some of them belonging to the alpine mountains, and there are very few flat dams and river valleys. The formation of this distribution pattern has gone through a long historical evolution. In the Qin and Han Dynasties, the center of activity of the Yi ancestors around Yunnan Dianchi and Sichuan Qiongdu (now southeast of Xichang) area, engaged in farming or nomadic pastoralism. Later, they moved southward to the coasts of "Nuoyi" and "Quoyi", i.e. the Jinsha River and the Anning River Basin. Around the time of the Wei, Jin and North-South Dynasties, they gradually expanded from the Jinsha River and Anning River Basin and Dianchi and the Mourning Mountains to the north of the Dianjiang River, the south of Yunnan Province, the northwest of Guizhou Province and the northwest of Guangxi Province, etc. The Nanzhao Kingdom of the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty were the most important states in China. The establishment of the Nanzhao State in the Tang Dynasty and the Dali State in the Song Dynasty expanded the distribution of the Yi to the areas of national power. To the Yuan Dynasty, the central government in Yunnan Yi minority inhabited areas set up road, province, state, county and Xuanwu Division, in Guizhou ShuiXi area (now QianXi, dongfang area) set up Xuanwu Division, in sichuan Leibo, pingshan, Jinshajiang river both sides of the set up mahu road, in xichang, coronation, pugue set up jianchang road in the big and small liangshan mountain set up luoluos Xuanwu Division. The establishment of this administrative division, so that the geographical distribution of the Yi basically stabilized. The Ming Dynasty in the Yi region to implement the flow of officials, land officials and soil and flow of three administrative practices, expanding the influence of the feudal landlord economy, coupled with a large number of Han immigrants, the economic development of the Yi region has played a very significant role in promoting. The implementation of the Qing Dynasty "land reclassification, strengthened the direct rule of the Yi region, further promoting the establishment of the feudal landlord economy. The Yi are monogamous. There are many unique customs and traditions of their own ethnic group. Betrothal and Marriage: In the past, the Black Yi used cattle, horses, gold and silk as bride price; the White Yi used wine, cloth and silver money as bride price; the Qian Yi used wine, hemp cloth and fried noodles as bride price. After the liberation, the bride price was simplified. Generally young men and women are betrothed, the male invited to go and the female parents to say marriage, just bring a bottle of wine to go, as long as the female parents receive wine to drink, to indicate consent. Then the man will go to the woman's home to formalize the betrothal, usually with two or three zhang cloth, twenty or thirty dollars, cloth and money are given to the woman. After three months, the man will have to buy three green cloth or blue cloth, a piece of meat, a bottle of wine to the woman's home, these things are for the woman's parents, known as "handing small gift". The man asks Bima to choose a date, and the date chosen should be discussed with the woman's parents. This time, according to their own family situation, they can buy some wedding supplies for the woman, which is called "pressing the eight characters". The parents of the female party to prepare for the child's dowry, generally make a cupboard, two face cabinets, two boxes, three small tables, the big table must be equipped with eight stools, the second table, small table is equipped with only four stools; but also with two sets of bedding, washbasin, mouth tank, towels and so on. The man in the marriage, to do a good job of the female party to wear a set of clothes, including head, shoes, needle and thread, etc., by the bridegroom as a companion to the female side of the home back. These things to the evening of the woman's parents invited a singer to drink "marriage song" when singing to the same before taking out the same. If the singer sings wrong, marrying the wrong things will be sung in the singer's eyes around three turns, smiling into their own bags, not to the bride, nor return the groom, marrying their own. If the singer wants something sung accurately. Married people can not get out, the singer will use a dustpan in the head of the married people hit three times, causing the guests to laugh. Marriage and female singers sing on, female singers to marry the bride to sing defeat, the bride to obediently put the back of the bucket in the middle of the hall. Then, the female singer sang pants out of pants, sang clothing out of agricultural clothing. Splashing water to welcome the bride: When a Yi girl gets married, the girl's sisters and brothers and young men and women of the same generation can use water to pour waves to welcome the bride. Larger Yi villages, in the girl to get married ten days before the village of young men and women. They cut some stakes and nail them on both sides of the road, and then use wild vines to control the trip wire. Waiting for the arrival of the bridegroom, the roadside has long been prepared with dozens of buckets of water. Toward the bridegroom to dial. The bridegroom can not escape, was doused with water into a soup chicken, only desperately run, run into the bride's home, in order not to be splashed. Therefore, the clever bridegroom prepared, if the girl's home to inquire about a good back door or village has another road to the bride's home, they will take advantage of the water throwers do not pay attention to when drilling into the woman's home, in the woman's home on the table to point three columns of incense, burn three money and paper, kowtow to three, so that do not get poured water. But most of the marriage is not easy to do this, are to be splashed. Cold days to be splashed, cold teeth hit the lower teeth, often leading to the young men and women laughing a scene, the female parents to find clothes to welcome the bride to change out. Generally splash water, individual places very early with cow dung water splash, such as the size of Liangshan. Xichang County Records, Volume XII, there is a "cow dung and water all over the splash" record. It is said that the water to splash the wind girl to her husband's home, will not go far away to carry water, the day will not be early, there are food and clothing and so on. Marriage: According to historical records, in the past, the size of the Sichuan Liangshan Mountains and parts of Yunnan, there is the custom of marriage. "Rob marriage", according to the Yi people: "This is the old generation passed down, the male side to grab is a kind of respect for the female family, that is not married off to send." The marriage of men and women, although arranged by the parents, and through the matchmaker into a marriage, but when they marry, the male family in the first day in addition to send the matchmaker and the groom's brother to the female family to pick up the marriage, but also to ask the two relatives to pick up relatives draped in felt, back with the ox horn wine with the go. Receiving relatives to the female side of the village farm, to be the first two back cattle horn wine receiving relatives to the female family, the female family has the right to the door of the house with a stick to hit the receiving relatives. At night, the young people of the woman's side can blacken the faces of the relatives. On the third day, the bride's uncle, brothers and other relatives to send the bride to the male family, to try to get the male family bowls and spoons or other things, leaving the male village, to run a few rounds of the square outside the village horses, while the bowl brought to break, locally known as the "hit the tongue", and then the field long and go. In southern Yunnan, there are men and women love each other on the basis of the male and his partner in the form of false robbery will first lead the woman to the man's home, and then make up for the custom of the marriage proposal ceremony. Young men and women usually meet and fall in love during the Spring Festival using the opportunity of collective singing and dancing. Two people such as private marriage, the man can invite a number of friends, in the evening with the woman to the location of the appointment in advance, with the form of false robbery will lead the woman to the man's home. Once the woman is led to the man's house, it means that she has been officially married. On the second day, the bride has to participate in a day of labor in the man's house. On the third day, the bride and groom each carry a load of firewood to the woman's home. In order to prevent the parents from objecting to their marriage, some men may invite a good conversation partner to help them convince the parents. Even if the parents agree to their daughter's marriage, they only host a light meal. The girl returns to the man's family on the same day with her own clothes and tools of production. There are individual parents who are firmly opposed to their daughter's marriage, driving the groom away and detaining their daughters, and there are also men who have a crush on a girl who won't go along with it and then go and hijack it. Skirt Changing Ceremony: Before the liberation of Liangshan Yi girls prevailed in the custom of changing skirts, and they took the change of move and get married as the daughter's two life-long events. Skirt change, called "Sala" in Yi, commonly known as "change child skirt", meaning to take off the skirt of childhood, put on the adult skirt. The time to change the skirt depends on the development of young girls. Generally at the age of 15 to 17. Changing the skirt in a single year old, it is said, double year old change skirt will be disaster, life-long inauspicious. Skirt change before the woman comb single resignation, wearing light-colored two skirt, skirt edges set with a thick and thin two black cloth edge. No men are allowed to be present at the ceremony, and only female relatives, girlfriends and elderly women are invited to attend. At the beginning of the ceremony, the women said some flirtatious words and wishes to tease the young girl, and then, please a beautiful, capable, good-looking women to change the skirt combing, with hapa, will be combed in the back of the head of a single braid combing knot to the front, right in the center of the separation. A double braid is made behind the ears and a hapa is put on. Forehead of the bangs with a little water to wet, make it neat and shiny, to show the maiden's first love, beautiful and dignified. Then wear colorful ear beads, beads shine. Finally put on the red, blue, black and other contrasting three or four long long uniform pleated skirt, skirt changing ceremony to this end. Changing the skirt means that women have come of age, they can fall in love and find a lover. Before changing skirts, women are strictly protected and not allowed to be molested. If such incidents occur, they will be severely punished by social customary law. Welcome ceremony: The Yi people are very hospitable and warmly advise guests to drink wine. Where to the Yi family as a guest, the hosts have to take out the wine, relative cups, sit on the ground, while talking to each other, while persuading the wine, said: "on the ground there is no road that can not be traveled, the river does not flow not to go the water, the Yi family has not been wrong to drink the wine. Drink; drink to your heart's content!" Until the guest is drunk, the party no longer persuade. Every New Year's Eve, the Yi family's A-Mei Zi (girls, women) will hold an altar of wine, inserted a few bamboo poles or wheat poles, standing on the roadside in front of the house. All the pedestrians have to persuade you to hold the pole and drink from the jar before letting you walk. People say: "Sweet but Yi family a cup of wine, good but Yi family's heart!" "Tupang House: The flat-roofed houses commonly found in the Yi area in southern Yunnan are called "Shipang House". It is mostly built on slopes. Building structure, to block stone for the wall base, with adobe wall or earth wall, some of the beams set up in the wooden columns, stretches on the cushion wood, laying thatch or straw, grass covered with a star of thin mud, and then put on the fine Shi whacked into; some beams placed in the wall, beams laid on the planks, wood, branches or bamboo, a top and then a layer of soil, the formation of a platform roof, not water leakage. This kind of building is mostly bungalows, but there are also two-story and three-story buildings. The platform fan is both the roof of the house, but also a sunbathing area, exposure of food items, very practical. This kind of house has the advantages of warmth in winter and coolness in summer, and good fireproof performance. Costumes: The costumes of the Yi are simple and unique. The Yi living in different areas have different dress customs, which can be roughly categorized into Liangshan, Wumeng, and Honghe. Adult Yi men in Liangshan tend to keep a long hair at the back of their head, symbolizing the inviolability of male dignity, commonly known as "Heavenly Bodhisattva". They also like to wrap their heads with clear cloth and tie a long conical knot at their foreheads, commonly known as the "hero's knot", to show their heroic spirit. The Liangshan Yi girls' three-section skirt is made of three different colors of cloth, and the wide skirt flutters in the wind when they dance to a big trumpet flower, while their Chinese head wraps are regarded as a symbol of freedom and happiness. Cocked Hat: Cocked Hat is made of hard cloth cut into the shape of a cock's crown, and then embroidered with more than 1200 silver bubbles of various sizes, worn on the head like a "Whoo-hoo" crowing rooster. Cocked hat is a symbol of good luck and happiness for Yi girls. Therefore, every year over the "Ni this two" festival, the Red River region, the Yi girls are embroidered one or two tops of the cocked hat. Cocked hat on the head, said the rooster will always be accompanied by the girl, the size of the cap on the silver bubble, said the stars and the moon, always bright and happy. Taboos of the Yi people: the Yi people hate to be called "old Yi compatriots" and "barbarians", and they think this kind of name is the biggest insult to them. When you visit a Yi family, you should sit on the top or right side of the pot (i.e., the fire pit), not on the bottom or left side of the pile of things and sleeping area. It is forbidden to step on the pots and pans with one's feet, and even more forbidden to jump over the pots and piles of firewood. The Yi treat their guests with wine and meat. They give you something to eat, you must eat, even if you do not know how to drink alcohol, but also to drink a little less, to show their gratitude. Otherwise, it is thought that you look down on them. When the Yi family gives you something to eat, you are only allowed to eat it there, and you are not allowed to take it away. Otherwise, it will be said that you are not righteous to people.