In the night, villages and cottages, drums and music, strings and pipes playing, on stilts, color please swing dance, holding a cloud light, fish and insects sanding, tortoise and cicada lights, flower bowl light front road, followed by mussel shells light, lion lights, dragon lights, lanterns, touring alleys to pay their respects to the household, the name of the day, "send the lights". Lights, sent to which family, which family will be prosperous and auspicious. In front of every house, wine and fruits are set up, and incense and wax are burned to offer sacrifices, which is called "welcoming lanterns". To be given to each family to send the lamp is completed, gathered at midnight in the Walled City or Walled City in the pingba, "burn the lamp". The so-called "burning lamps", not with the fire will burn these lights, but with the flower tube fireworks, to the wildly dancing and leaping lions. Dragon lanterns sprayed. People dancing with lions and playing with dragons, bare shoulders, meet the flower tube fireworks, through the drill, coiled roll jumping, while dancing and calling: "burn ah!" "The more it burns, the brighter it gets!" Flower tube fireworks, shining the whole sky silver, sparks flying in the sky, very spectacular. Lions, dragon lanterns, to be burned to the hair and skin rotten, only vice bamboo and wood frame, before giving up! According to the custom of the Tujia people, which year will burn the lion and dragon lanterns to skin and flesh, that year's annual sting sand. Specializing in carving coins, dragon lanterns, lanterns, mussel shell lamps, etc., play to the Lantern Festival, the lamp God are ascending to heaven, exercise the blessing of the year's duties to go. Therefore, can only be burned, can not be retained, and then re-tied next year when playing lights. Tea lights, clam shell lights can not be burned, only worship.
In short, the Lantern Festival to play all night long. Haunted Lantern Festival, Tujia Diaoqiu son and girls, play to where they lead to wake up shadow coating followed to where, accompanied by song, stay and forget.
Tujia lanterns by the Danjiao, clowns two performers. Danjiao called "sister", more by men dressed as a woman, tied wig braid, wrapped scarf, wearing a short jacket, tie flower skirt, right hand holding a flower fan, left hand holding a colorful scarf, clowns called "brother, against the leather jacket or coat, tie belt, head wearing a top hat, tie trouser legs, right hand holding a large fan, the two on the big square table or hall dam, accompanied by musical instruments and percussion. They sing and dance to the accompaniment of musical instruments and percussion. The dance steps of the danjiao are dignified, dexterous and beautiful, while the dance of the clown is simple, free and witty. The musical instruments include flute and erhu, and the percussion instruments include drum, gong, pluck (head pluck, second pluck) and dongzi. The Tujia lanterns are performed in a literary form combining poetry and dance, and are very popular among the Tujia, Miao and Han people.
Tujia lanterns singing content is very rich, singing words like a sea of fresh and beautiful, the main "Lunar New Year", "small lanterns before playing", "play up lanterns to welcome the New Year", "pay tribute to the New Year", "lanterns", "Lanterns", "Lanterns", "singles", "embroidered purse", "pick up the Lang", "the month look forward to the Lang", "December Bird", "December Fung Chun", "singing the name of the birds", "December Fung Chun", "singing", "the name of the bird", "the name of the birds", "the name of the bird", "the name of the bird". Spring in December", "Singing December" and so on. Whenever the lantern players arrive at a house, the host will entertain them with cigarettes and tea, and firecrackers will be set off to thank them. In the middle of the night, play to the family, the family will be held "night", entertaining people playing lanterns.
In this way, lanterns are often played late into the night. The 15th day of the first month is the Lantern Festival, is the lanterns closing day, this night to play until dawn, called the "first month lanterns Lantern Festival"!
Tujia people play lanterns is in order to celebrate the New Year Festival, celebrating a year of smooth to the head, blessing the New Year grain abundance, six animals thrive, the country peace and security, the young and old health, therefore, the Tujia cottage, lanterns are prevalent, everywhere presenting a sea of flowers and lanterns, singing and dancing, joyful and lively scene.
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102019-05-28
Customs of the Miao Tujia for the Spring Festival
Killing a pig and playing mochi heralds the coming of the Spring Festival. Miao people attach great importance to the Spring Festival. When the time enters the month of Lunar New Year, they start to spend all their money on New Year's goods. Almost every family feeds a fat pig (called a "year pig"), as the meat preparation for the festival, winter slaughter in the second half of the month of Lunar New Year, in this season, every family resounds "Bang! Bang!" During this season, the sound of patties is heard in every house, signaling the approach of the Spring Festival. Patty cake is not only a must-have New Year's item for the Miao people, but also the main offering for ancestors (from the Spring Festival to the Ching Ming Festival, patty cake is an indispensable offering for ancestors), therefore, even in difficult times, the more difficult people must be more or less pounded a little bit of patty cake, and some families pounded up to more than ten grooves of patty cake. When I was at home, one of the hardest hurdles for us young people on New Year's Eve was to pound mochi, because too much of it in a row was really tiring. The New Year is celebrated in the form of a refreshing environment to honor the elderly. On the day of New Year's Eve, the whole family cleans up the dust hanging from the roof of the building as well as indoors and outdoors, and then puts up spring couplets and New Year's pictures to welcome the New Year in a fresh environment. During the Spring Festival, incense is burned and candles are lit in front of the ancestors' spirit seats above the hall (the lighting is then extended day and night until the Lantern Festival), so that the ancestors can spend the festive season with their families***. On the evening of the 30th day of the Lunar New Year, the "Old Year's Dinner" is called, and the family gathers together to eat with abundant food and wine. All food during the Spring Festival must be sacrificed to the ancestors before the family can enjoy it. Before the New Year's dinner is served, dishes and chopsticks are set up, incense is burned in the hall, all people go outside the house, and the elders first invite the ancestors to "eat" first, reciting the words of worship and invoking the names of their ancestors while pouring the wine, which means inviting the ancestors to come back for the New Year's Eve to enjoy the meal together. Elders need to memorize the names of the ancestors and try to invite them one by one, and if they can't remember or miss the invitation, please ask other ancestors to tell them. Firecrackers are set off at this moment, and after 10 minutes or so, the whole family is seated, and the first procedure is for the youngest junior to toast the oldest old man, wishing him a long life, and then to take turns to toast the oldest old man from the youngest to the oldest old man, and the one who is being toasted expresses good wishes to the one who toasted him in the best of the traditional language. The Spring Festival, as the first day of the year, is a sacred festival for the Miao people. On the night of the 30th, they "keep the New Year's Eve" without going to bed. From the first day of the year, the brightest and most exciting activities begin. There are praying to the gods and praying for the rich ancestors, there are exorcisms to drive away the plague and avoid disasters, there are prayers for a good year to occupy the year, there are thanking for the feeding of animals, there are contact with the feelings of worship and congratulations on the New Year, and there are all kinds of activities to entertain the gods and entertain the people, in addition to a series of taboos and customs to restrain people from violating the gods, in order to pray for blessings. The first day of the first month is very lively. First, after dawn to see whose home first whip. The second is to see who first to the intersection to the road god burn incense. Third is to pay homage to the New Year, the beginning of the New Year, everything is renewed, the first day of the first month, the Miao people's friends and relatives have to pay homage to each other to congratulate the New Year, *** wishing good luck in the new year. Early in the morning on the first day of the first day, parents will give their children dressed up, early to send them to the elders of the family to pay tribute to the New Year. The younger generation pays tribute to the elders first (first to their own family and then to the elders within the family), and the New Year's money will be given to them, and we were so happy to get a lot of New Year's money that we couldn't sleep when we were young. Children on the back of the patties, with a bottle or two of soju, stepping on the firecracker confetti, braving the wind and snow out of the house to go to the uncle's home to pay New Year's Eve. The village was already bustling with people coming and going, each with new clothes and hats, glowing with energy. Adults on the road to meet, are full of smiles, full of "New Year's Day, congratulations on wealth" and other festive greeting words. Fourth, in their own house to the ancestors kowtow and burn incense to the ancestors to offer snacks and oil tea. Fifth, the housewife in charge of the family will cut a large carrot into pieces according to the number of people in the family, and each person will eat a piece to show unity. Sixth, the neighbors are invited to eat oil tea and sweet wine. Seventh, after eating the New Year's meal in the morning, we have to scoop up some New Year's rice and feed it to the cows and dogs as a way of thanking the cows for their hard work and the dogs for bringing in the grain seeds. Cows are the laborers who plow the land for the farmers, and it is said that the dogs are the ones who initially bring in the grain seeds, both of which are very important to the farmers. The second day of the first month of the lunar calendar is when married girls return to their families. It has become an unwritten rule that married daughters must return to their mother's house to pay their respects in the Spring Festival. For newly married daughters or daughters who are especially polite and trustworthy, the Spring Festival is always based on the total number of relatives in the mother's family, prepared gifts (the general gift of a piece of pork, patties 4-6 and two bottles of soju), both back to pay their respects one by one. The daughters' first meal after arriving home will be a New Year's dinner reserved for them by their mothers or sisters-in-law on New Year's Eve (usually chicken thighs, big pork buttons, and fish nuggets, among other good traditional dishes). The third day of the first month is an important day for the Hmong to say goodbye to their ancestors and visit their graves. Each family brings wine, meat, rice and patties to the graves of their ancestors, first sweeps the area around the graves, burns three sticks of incense in front of the graves, burns money and paper, offers sacrifices to the graves, then kneels down and kowtows three times in front of the graves, and sets off firecrackers. This activity is also known as "worship the grave", which is meant to pay "New Year's greetings" to the ancestors. At the same time, in order to seek the blessing of the gods, the family must send a representative to the temple of incense to pay homage to the offerings, some go out of their way to walk dozens of kilometers a day. The atmosphere of the Spring Festival of the Miao people continues until the fifteenth day of the first month. In the Miao concept of the Spring Festival, the Spring Festival and the fifteenth are linked together. The Miao people call the first day of the first month of the year "big year" and the fifteenth day "small year", the fifteenth day is still very important. Generally, daughters go back to their mother's home to spend the fifteenth day with their families. As a result of the long period of interaction with other brother ethnic groups, living customs, culture and other mutual influence, absorption, now common Chinese and Chinese language. Living customs are similar to those of other ethnic groups, and very few unique parts have been preserved. Residence The Tujia people build their houses against the mountains, usually in footstools, with people living upstairs and livestock downstairs. The houses are usually built with backs to the mountains and faces to the mountains. Generally, there are four rows of three rooms, and the one in the center should be set up for the ancestors. The right side of the left and right two rooms to live, mostly two small rooms, called live "small two rooms". In front of the small second room, there is a fire store, and in the center of the fire store, there is a kang, which is used for heating and cooking, and on which there is an iron tripod. There is a kang rack hanging over the kang for drying things in the kang. Especially before the Spring Festival, the kang is used to bake preserved meat and sausages. Marriage Among the Tujia people, there is a custom of marriage between aunts and cousins. Generally, the daughter of an aunt's family marries the son of her uncle's family, which is called "bone seed" and is regarded as "taking over the road of marriage", and is regarded as adding to the family. Tujia wedding, to send three ways of favor. Before the girl is married, she should practice "crying marriage song". To cry friends and relatives, but also 1 ~ 2 days in advance without food and drink, called "do not eat tea and rice". The girl gave birth to a child after marriage, the man should go to the woman's home to announce the good news. By the son-in-law to carry a pot of wine, sent to the woman's home on the incense niche in the hall, the pot spout facing outward, said the birth of a boy; pot spout facing inward, said the birth of a girl. After the female relatives to send food, chicken, meat, eggs to the male family to eat "moon rice wine", the male family should also send gifts. Clothing Tujia men and women mostly like to wear large sleeves, large trouser legs, embroidered flowers on the trouser legs, birds and the like, pants to catch the waist, men and women like to wrap the head of a white pajama, feet wear white shoes, generous and beautiful. Women's heads adorned with silver jewelry, chest with silver knives, bells, toothpicks and so on. Men, women and children have a variety of headdresses on the cap, the cap is equipped with silver ornaments ringing bells, jingling. Funeral and Burial The funeral and burial of the Tujia people, the old man died, most of them have to hold a grand funeral. To ask the earth teacher to preside over the selection of the date of burial and cemetery, as well as the seat of the mountain, to the mountain. At the time of the funeral, paper money should be thrown on the road, and it is forbidden to put anything with iron inside the grave. Therefore, one's relatives must dig a well and wait until the deceased is buried before they can leave. In the process of burial, the coffin is opened, cleaned and "thrown" by a native teacher. When the rice is thrown, the relatives kneel down in front of the coffin and catch the rice with the clothes on their backs. Some of them chew the rice on the spot and swallow it, while others bring the rice back to be cooked, which indicates that the future generations should be united and harmonious, and that they should not worry about food and clothing and carry on the old man's legacy. Festivals Tujia had a "New Year's Day" traditional festivals, every year on the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth day of the Lunar New Year, now part of the villages inhabited by the Tujia people have been retained this custom. "April 8" is the Tujia send caterpillar festival, to read proverbs, praying for crops from pests, a good harvest. Beliefs The Tujia people worship their ancestors, believing that they are the greatest gods who bless their children and grandchildren everywhere. They generally believe in the "King of the Earth", which is said to be the ancestor of the Tujia people, and burn money and paper on every holiday to worship their ancestors and the "King of the Earth". Tujia also believe in the land god, during the New Year's period, all visiting friends and relatives through the land temple, have to burn incense and paper, but also in a number of Tujia for the "three kings of the temple", the temple for the Ran, Yang, Tian three gods, praying for the three kings of the God blessed the population peace and prosperity of the six animals. Background: Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou border on the family in some places, three times a year: waxing twenty-nine (or twenty-eight) "over the rush year"; lunar June 25 over the "June year"; October the first over the "October year ". Han Chinese and some related ethnic groups celebrate the New Year (referred to as "Nian Nian", i.e. Spring Festival) on the 30th (or 29th) day of the Lunar New Year. The Tujia people rush to celebrate the New Year one day earlier, so it is called "over the New Year". Why do the Tujia people rush to celebrate the New Year? In Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou border folk popular four different sayings: one is said to resist foreign aggression. Legend has it that when the Japanese invaded China during the Ming Jiajing period, Yongshun Tujia worker Peng Yinan was ordered to go to war, and he led 3,000 soldiers to the front line one day ahead of New Year's Eve, defeating the Japanese and making "the first battle in Southeast China". In order to commemorate this victory, at the same time, also to express the general public's deep nostalgia for the anti-Japanese generals, the Tujia people of Yongshun County set the New Year's Eve on the twenty-ninth (or twenty-eighth) day of the Lunar New Year, and this "New Year's Eve" custom has been going on for hundreds of years. Another theory is to defeat the harassment of foreigners. Because of the frequent ethnic wars, the Tujia people were often unable to celebrate the New Year safely. Therefore, the chiefs of this ethnic group used a clever trick to win the New Year. The leader let the people celebrate the New Year a day earlier, then, led by the generals suddenly attack, the enemy eat wine and meat on New Year's Day, unsuspecting, by the Tujia people beat up and hastily withdrew. There is also a saying that the Tujia people's ancestors were poor, to the rich man as a long laborer, so poor that can not celebrate the New Year, can not be a family reunion, had to advance a day of "reunion". Also said, sichuan xiyang, xiushan around the cab family people respectively in the lunar calendar in March 3, April 17 over the New Year, because the Ming dynasty Wanli years of the Tujia people were ordered to go on an expedition, the date of the return of the division is not the same, so the New Year's time is not the same. From the above four different sayings (legend), can find some **** the same thing, that is: whether it is a foreign invasion, foreign harassment or landlord exploitation, plunder, the Tujia people is never brave, with the enemy steam, and resourceful, to win by surprise, this is a heroic people, bold people. "Catch the New Year" night, Walled on the burning sky fire, tune the New Year flag flying high, men and women around the fire dance swinging hands, singing tune the song, dance "Maugus". This "New Year's Eve" of the cool and wild, red-hot exuberance, a special flavor. Tujia people bold, quick national temperament of the formation and development, and its historical process has been suffering, oppression, several times forced to raise the family (clan or tribe) to move the foot but can be calmly deal with the historical facts. As a result, with its predecessors, the Chu people (or the Ba people, "Southern Barbarians"), the same, developed a strong national spirit of remembrance of ancestors, nostalgia, unity, martial arts, which in the upper family over the "June Year" and "October Year This is clearly reflected in the customs and legends of the "June Year" and "October Year" of the upper family. Folklore says that the ancient Tujia people originally lived in the area of Jiangxi, due to unbearable government, the plundering of the rich, oppression, to avoid being decimated by the disaster, they agreed on the eighth day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar to begin to prepare, and then quietly leave, through the Dongting Lake, back to the Sinking River up to the Wuhai Pai Dim Hap Lingling mountainous areas of a mountainous and beautiful place. Here there are large trees to cover the foot-hanging buildings, there are clear springs can be brewed "bao gu yao" (home-made liquor), can live and work in peace and happiness, it is worth celebrating. So the newly settled Tujia people decided to celebrate the New Year first: slaughtering cows, worshipping gods, "waving hands" and singing. This day is the 25th day of the 6th month of the lunar calendar, so it is called the "Year of the Sixth Month". After a few months of hard work, the newly reclaimed land was fertile, the grains were strong, and the six animals grew fat in the wind, so the Tujia people ushered in the first fruitful autumn in their new homeland. In this way, they again in the early October of the lunar calendar and again in the "October Year" (which is also related to their ancestors - Chu people in October as the first year of the "October Year" nature). Family steamed "bud roast", Walled Village kill big fat pig, people have strung Walled Village, door-to-door New Year's greetings, and each other to express their good wishes. In the rich and beautiful land of western Hunan and western Hubei in China, there has been a hard-working and brave brotherhood living since ancient times, which is the Tujia. There are about 5.7 million Tujia people (1990), with Yongshun, Longshan, Baojing and Guzhang counties in Hunan Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture as the main settlement areas, and the rest of them are distributed in Laifeng, Lichuan, Hefeng, Xianfeng and Xuanen counties of Enshi region in Hubei Province and Tujia autonomous counties of Shizhuqianjiang and Penshui in Sichuan Province. The language of the Tujia belongs to the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language family, close to the Yi branch. There is no native script, and Chinese has long been used. The vast majority of the Tujia people speak Chinese, and some of them also speak Miao, and only in Yongshun and Longshan, some remote areas, they only speak Tujia. The Tujia people call themselves "Bizka", meaning local people. They call the Han Chinese "Hakka". Two thousand years ago, they settled in today's western Hunan and western Hubei, and at that time, together with other minorities, they were insultingly called "Wuling barbarians" or "Wuxi barbarians". About the origin of the Tujia people, one says that it is the descendant of the ancient Ba people; one says that it is a part of the Wu barbarians who moved into western Hunan from Guizhou in ancient times; one says that it is the descendant of the 100 artisans who moved into western Hunan from Jiangxi led by Peng Xian from the end of the Tang Dynasty to the beginning of the Fifth Dynasty (before and after the 1910s). All these claims need to be further researched. But one thing can be concluded. That is, about since the fifth generation, the western region of Hunan and Ezhou Tujia this stable people **** the same body, began to gradually formed into a single ethnic group. Tujia inhabited by the hilly areas of western Hunan and Hubei, the altitude of more than four hundred to fifteen hundred meters between the territory of the mountain range overlapping, dense hills, Wuling Mountains across the period, Youshui, Lishui, Qingjiang River crisscrossing the climate is mild, abundant rainfall, with the development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, by-products, fisheries, and good conditions. The mountains are densely forested, with terraces full of rice, corn, potatoes, wheat, etc.; cash crops include sugar beet, ramie, cotton, oleander, oil tea, tea, etc., of which oleander and oil tea are the main items in the multiple management of the Tujia area, and occupy an important position in the economic life of the Tujia people. Economic forest trees include pine, fir, nan and cypress. In addition, valuable medicinal herbs, aquatic products and underground mineral deposits are also very rich, and the specialty baby fish is a precious animal famous both at home and abroad. Tujia Folklore Mourning Dance The Tujia Mourning Dance, also known as the Coffin Dance, the Coffin Dance, and the Mourning Drum Dance, is a folkloric song and dance passed down by the Ba people two thousand years ago. When an old man dies, the spirit pivot is placed in front of the hall for a few days, and relatives and neighbors go to offer condolences. In the night, "drumming and singing", all night long, to increase the warm atmosphere, said for the dead people to solve the silence, comfort the new family mourning. Tujia people love mourning dance, "hear the drums, feet itch". Mourning dance is basically similar to the characteristics of the Tujia hand dance, hands and feet with the side, dance net bold, action Ping Committee, soothing with a strong rhythm to beat the oscillator music, the dancers dance while singing, singing more fake voice, similar to shouting songs. Suitable for men, women and children to dance, dance vocabulary health, generally to celebrate the life of the deceased, singing and nurturing as well as production and labor aspects of the content of the main. Tujia funeral dance set song, dance, blowing, playing in one, is a comprehensive folk art, funeral dance is essentially a folk ritual activities, the performance of the Tujia people on the worship of the ancestors. 2、Bench Dragon is a dance formed by the Tujia people using a bench as a "dragon lantern". Two people, three people can, two people dance is a front and a back, three people dance is the front two after a. The dance movements are "river eagle", "river eagle", "river eagle" and "river eagle". Dance movements are "river eagle wings", "snowflakes cover the top", "yellow dragon wrapped around the waist", "fierce tiger downhill" and so on. Activity time is mostly in the lunar New Year's Eve to the first month of the 15th. There are also festivals. Light Opera Light Opera is popular in the Wuling Mountains folk local theater. Its characteristics are four: one is simple clothing, an official clothes, a top hat, three sets of mouth bars, a sword is enough; two is the character of less, raw, Dan, ugly three lines, often introduced a man and a woman, up to no more than four people; three is not much instrumental music, the field of literature with only one person with a "big tube" accompaniment, the martial arts field to increase the drums, gongs, and the fourth is not a choice of performance. ......, the fourth is not to choose the place of performance, dams, squares can be. Lantern Opera due to the performance of different meanings and different names of the new Spring Festival, celebrating the festive season, known as the "Hexin lamp", Ching Ming Festival, known as the "Ching Ming lamp", birthday birthday, known as the "Shou Lantern", the male marriage, the female marriage, The festival is known as "Gong Lantern" for the marriage of men and women and the holding of children and grandchildren. There are more than 60 lantern plays. Daughters will Daughters will be the original Tujia (Miao also) young people talking about love traditional customary festivals, the lunar calendar, May 3, July 12 held, male and female young people dressed up, go to catch the meeting. In the old days, girls were not allowed to go out, only this day to set in the meeting, so it is called "daughter will". Girls who want to choose their husbands, dressed in multiple layers, long inside and short outside, so that all the good clothes can be seen. When they go to the fair, they bring some local products and pretend to sell them. The man who wants to find an object is carrying an empty basket, pretending to shop, and if he likes the girl, he will come forward to "shop". In a funny "bargaining" in each show ingenuity, to understand each other. If the price is rising, indicating that the girl does not agree, not lad should be interested in walking away, otherwise they will be scolded. On the contrary, that is to say that the girl acquiesced, the two sides out of the city, looking for a secluded place to book a lifetime event. Weeding Gongs and Drums The Tujia people call rice plowing weeding and corn plowing weeding. These two agricultural activities, both in the height of summer, inevitably fatigue and tiredness, in order to revitalize the spirit, regulate the mind and body, that is, accompanied by gongs and drums to help cheer up, so it is called gripping grass Luo drums. Weed gongs and drums are generally a gong and a drum, knocking themselves out, singing words mostly wishing for good weather, a kind of grain harvest, there are also historical stories, in addition, the rappers also improvise from time to time, jokes and jokes, and play the role of drumming and refueling. 6, note rice year meat Tujia people wishing for the year of good luck: rice and meat, especially on the good bacon mixed with glutinous millet steamed into dishes for the "reunion" when the family tasting, rice, meat as the theme of the four eight lines for good luck. South Opera South Opera takes its name from the word "South" in Shi Nan Fu. It is also known for its music system, which consists of the "South Road" (like the "Two Reeds"), the "North Road" (like the "Xipi"), the "Upper Road" (like the "Xipi"), and the "Upper Road" (like the "Xipi"), "on the road (like" Qinqiang ")三大声腔组成，又与公傩戏、灯戏、本地山歌及祭祀音乐等汇融，故成为一种得具特色的剧种。 South music by the drums and drums and music composed of music, the role of the four major lines of raw, Dan, net, ugly, both military and civilian theater martial arts singing, qigong and martial arts miscellaneous in which. Types of plays are mostly legendary plays and historical storytelling, traditional repertoire of nearly a thousand. 8, Nuo opera Nuo opera is in the folk custom of rewarding the gods wishing ceremony based on the evolution and development of a local opera. Characterized by masked performances; Nuo opera is divided into "eight out" and "out of eight" two kinds of, "eight out" unified witchcraft rituals, "out of eight The "outer eight" is the plot of the folded and continuous drama. The role of raw, Dan, net, ugly four lines, singing high, flat, mournful, flower drum cavity, mountain song cavity. Nuo opera to simple, simple, living and by the rural people like. Villagers pay God ancestor worship, birthday wishes, add children, marriage and funeral, honor and glory, the gold list, welcome the gods will be as well as disaster and seek blessings, the difficult to go to the evil, are performing Nuo opera. Over the community Tujia people attach importance to the spring community, that is, after the spring of the fifth e day. Ten days before the day of the community will be over the community, the main activities of the community have two, one is to the ancestors, but sweeping the new graves but check; the second is to eat "social rice", that is, with the end of the Ai Penny, wild garlic, rice Lei, beans, thousand grains of bacon diced as a condiment for the steaming of glutinous rice, family, neighbors, friends and each other gifts to show the unity of harmony and unity, the community day is prohibited from hoeing and ploughing, or else it will interfere with the agricultural work. Accompanying ten sisters Accompanying ten sisters is a unique form of Tujia girls crying for marriage. The bride was married the first night, parents invited neighbors in the unmarried girls 9 people, even the bride *** 10 people sitting around the table, singing all night, so it is called accompanied by ten sisters song. Ten sisters to sit at a table, first by the bride crying "ten pendulum", the bride crying "a pendulum", the chef on the table set the same dishes, set up after the rest of the nine sisters took turns to cry, and finally by the bride to cry "ten collect! Finally, the bride cries "ten collects", the cook will again be the same wine and vegetables into the dishes collects finished, accompanied by ten sisters activities ended. Crying marriage lyrics are many, "ten pendulum", "ten harvest" have cried the virtue of the ancestors, the parents of the grace, sisterhood, brother and sister-in-law of the wise, the love of the homeland, etc., and sometimes also cried cursing the matchmaker. Sometimes, they also cry and scold the matchmaker. The sound and rhythm are mostly jingles with seven words and eight sentences. Xilan Kapu Xilan Kapu is an ancient traditional Tujia craft brocade circulating in the Wuling Mountain area where the Tujia people are scattered. In Tujia language, "Xilan" means cover and "Kapu" means flower. Xilan Kapu is the flower cover of Tujia people, which is the crystallization of wisdom and hard work of Tujia people, and is known as the flower of Tujia arts and crafts. Xilan Kapu, in the Northern Song Dynasty, was famous for a while, this kind of cloth woven with cotton yarn, was a kind of tribute for the Tujia people to worship the emperor at that time. At the same time, the Tujia people also used it to beautify their own clothes. In recent times, the colors are warm and vivid, rich in patterns, and it has become one of the dowry items for Tujia girls. It is said that this kind of dowry must be the bride's novice weaver, patterned by the bride's own ideas, patterns are flowers, birds, insects and fish and a variety of geometric charts, fine weaving, colorful, simple and elegant style, fine texture. Silankappu emphasizes on the pattern and fine workmanship. The pattern on the quilt surface is made of various colored silk threads, with more than 100 kinds of flowers and patterns. Xilan Kapu is generally about 50 centimeters wide each, and three of them can be used as quilt tops, and a single one can be used as pillowcases, aprons, table mats, and foot quilts. The Tujia people attach more importance to the half of the moon, which is said to be "a small year and the half of the moon is a big one". Originally, the 15th day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar for the month half of the festival, but because of the month half of the family reunion, and take back the married girl, which in time there is "in-laws over the month half of the walk can not get away, the mother's home over the month half must go" contradiction, so the booking of the first day of the month of July to the fifteenth, are over the month half. The main activity of the moon half is ancestor worship, with paper money sealed package, write the name of the deceased parent long, burned in the open air, raise the voice of the name of mourning, to show respect to send silver, and incense, candles all over the path, called the road candle, money in the field, give to the lone souls and wandering ghosts. Dongke Quin is popular among young men and women of the Tujia people in a small musical instrument, its production is simple, as long as three or four inches long small bamboo section, chiseled four small holes, equipped with a small live tongue, you can play. Tujia young men and women are blowing dongdong quin, generally in between labor or leisure, or squatting under the ancient trees, or standing in the creek, bamboo forest, or three, five people play, or a solo, they look into the sky, blowing their own heart song, that ancient thought of the melodious tunes, mesmerizing. Legend has it that a long, long time ago, the Tujia people have a woman called winter, she is hard-working and kind, dexterous, often help another person weave the earth flower quilt surface, weaving snakeskin flower belt, making shoes, sewing, so the Tujia people love winter. Later on, Dong Dong's husband was captured and sent to the king's palace to wait for the king of the earth, Dong Dong's husband said when he was leaving, "When the peach blossoms bloom, I am going to come back." In the spring, winter sitting under the peach tree, looking at the peach blossoms, waiting for her husband to come back, waiting for the bitter, she casually folded a bamboo, chiseled a small eye, leaving a live tongue. Blow to the peach blossom, to send the feelings of longing for her husband. Peach blossoms bloomed, peach blossoms fell, the husband has not returned. The second year is also so, the third year winter is blowing a small bamboo pipe, flying a small magpie resting on the peach branch, to winter reported that: "Do not blow, the husband is dead, do not blow, the husband is dead." It turned out that Winter's husband had been tortured to death. When DongDong heard the evil news, she also cried herself to death under the peach tree. After the death of winter, whenever the peach blossom season, in the quiet of the night, you can still hear this melodious and mournful sound. Tujia people for the people miss winter, but also according to the winter made before the birth of the small bamboo pipe blowing, at the same time the name of this small musical instrument is called "winter quinquanto", "quinquanto" is "blowing" the word of the variant. Catching the New Year The Spring Festival of the southern people is called "New Year", while the Spring Festival of the Tujia people is called "Catching the New Year". Catching the New Year is the grandest festival of the year for the Tujia people. The so-called "Catch the New Year", the most notable feature is a day or two days in advance (i.e., Lunar New Year 28 or 29), the Tujia people have their own legend to explain. According to legend, during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, the ancestors of the Tujia ethnic group were on a quest with General Hu Zongxian for the Japanese invaders, and one year, when the Spring Festival was approaching, the Japanese invaders had not been eliminated. Far from home, the Tujia people in the day of the 29th day of the waxing moon in advance of the New Year, the commander-in-chief of the general treats the generals to stimulate the operculum fighting spirit. After the sumptuous celebrations, the generals and soldiers were refreshed and their military spirit was greatly boosted. On the next day (New Year's Eve), when the Japanese were off guard, they attacked and won the war. In order to honor their ancestors, the Tujia have always celebrated the New Year in advance and called it the New Year's Eve, which is the biggest festival of the year. Tujia people celebrate the New Year, but also kill the New Year's pig, spring mochi, do snacks. Especially this New Year patties, very unique. Patty cake more in the waxing moon 27 this day, and often left and right several families together to play, overflowing with laughter and harmony. The method is to steam the glutinous rice, then beat it with a special groove and mallet, and then press it into a flat shape. After the patties are made, they are always put together in bunches of five, and five large patties are also made, which they call "Kulang patties". Originally, this kind of rice was used to pay tribute to the king of the land, but it became a custom over a long period of time and has been used ever since. It is said that if a family does not make mochi, the year will be unlucky. June 6 The sixth day of the sixth month of the ancient calendar is a grand festival of the Tujia people in honor of the ancient hero Qin Li. On this day, the Tujia cottage is full of joy, killing pigs, slaughtering goats, making patties, making bean curd, taking guests from far away to their homes as guests, taking all the clothes of the family out to dry in the sun, washing the hair of the women in the stream, and at night, with lanterns and torches, they also have to dance the Pendulum Dance in the Hall of Pendulum Hands. Legend has it that one year, the Tujia inhabited by famine, Qin Li's mother died of starvation, one night the mother to Qin Li dream, to Qin Li planted a mountain of southern bamboo, in the hall practice three years and six months of arrows, wait until the chickens fly on the house of the dog, the arrows to the north to shoot, you can shoot to death the emperor, the emperor's seat. Qin Li listened to his mother's words and planted a bamboo plant in the back of the mountain, closed the door and practiced archery in the hall, telling his sister-in-law to wait for three years and six months, and then call out to him when she saw the chickens flying and the dogs coming up to the house. After three years, his sister-in-law got tired of waiting, put the black dog on the house, drove the chickens all over the sky, and then shouted to Qin Li, saying that it was three years and six months, and that the chickens and dogs were flying up to the house. When Qin Li heard his sister-in-law's shouts, he opened the door in a panic, then drew a full bow and fired three times in a row
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