Who is Mongolia's strongest opponent?
Genghis Khan has always looked down on Han people who can't ride and shoot, but only enjoy ease, and never regarded the Southern Song Dynasty as a powerful opponent. When he first started, he always regarded Jin as his strongest opponent, but Jin Bing let him down. The century-long life in the Central Plains has already worn away the martial spirit of Jurchen. Jinbing was defeated in Juyongguan, and then Genghis Khan occupied the former capital of the Jin Dynasty (now Beijing). Jin people had to pay tribute to him. In the subsequent first Western Expedition, Genghis Khan did not meet his opponent, but met the decent resistance of the main force of Xixia in the Lingzhou War to conquer Xixia. Until his death, he would not have expected that the Han people he despised most would be the strongest opponent and the most difficult bone to chew in the process of Mongolian conquest.
Song Bing was vulnerable at the first encounter.
1227, Genghis Khan died. According to his strategic plan before his death, his son Wokuotai began a military action to destroy the State of Jin, that is, to cheat the Southern Song Dynasty and encircle the State of Jin. 123 1 year, the task of deceiving the Southern Song Dynasty was carried out by 30,000 fighters led by Tuo Lei, but the Southern Song Dynasty dared not refuse, and was ashamed of it, and was half-hearted about Tuo Lei. According to Yuan Shi, only after the fighting between the two sides in southern Shaanxi, hundreds of thousands of soldiers were killed in Song Jun, and the number of people killed in the Holocaust reached. From then on, Song Jun lost the courage to hide its strength and bide its time, while Tuo Lei arrived in Hubei smoothly, taking advantage of the emptiness behind the nomadic people to go north, which led to chaos in the capital of song dynasty. In the end, the Mongolian army captured the capital of song dynasty, and the rulers lost their spirit, while Tuo Lei had only thirty thousand cavalry.
Jin Aizong's pleading
Long before the fall of the capital of song dynasty, Jin aizong fled to Cai Zhou. At this time, the Southern Song Dynasty, which had been humiliated by the Jin people, reached an agreement with Mongolia. After the demise of the Jin Dynasty, a large area of land in Cai Zhou was transferred to the Southern Song Dynasty. Jin Aizong only asked the Southern Song Dynasty to explain the truth that the lips were dead and the teeth were cold. He hoped that the Southern Song Dynasty would form an alliance with Jin and resist Mongolia. Only the shame of the past and the temptation of large areas of land have made the Southern Song Emperor.
Northern Expedition in Southern Song Dynasty
After the collapse of the Jin Dynasty (1234), the main force of the Mongolian army retreated from the north, while Song Lizong of the Southern Song Dynasty had just been in power for one year, eager to recover the Central Plains, and ordered Song Jun to take advantage of Mongolia's lack of time to go south and start the northern expedition to recover Luoyang and Shangqiu in the capital of song dynasty. The actual situation is that the Central Plains was devastated after being plundered by Mongols, and the cities recovered by Song Jun all the way include \. Soon, Mongolia was in trouble. In order to stop the Northern Expedition, the Southern Song Dynasty actually dug up the Yellow River levee and flooded Song Jun. Later, it deliberately lured the Mongolian army in Song Jun to take the opportunity to camp, and the Northern Expedition in Song Jun was defeated. Since then, it has had to turn to strategic defense.
Mongolia suffered great setbacks in the first Mongolian-Song War.
1235, Wokuotai launched the second Danube westward expedition. At the same time, in the name of breaking the Covenant of the Southern Song Dynasty, the soldiers were divided into two ways and attacked the Song Dynasty on a large scale. The East Road mainly attacks Xiangfan and Jianghuai, and the West Road mainly attacks Sichuan. At first, the Mongolian army was stubbornly resisted by Song Jun, and the military progress was slow. It was not until the second year that there was a breakthrough. The western and eastern armies captured Yangpingguan and Xiangyang respectively. Mongolian troops began to gather along the Yangtze River in Hubei Province to prepare to cross the river. Song Ting was shocked and sent general Meng Gong to save him. Meng Gong quickly defeated the Mongols in 24 villages, and won a great victory in Jiangling, crushing the attempt of the Mongols to cross the south, thus breaking the myth that the Mongols were invincible.
In the following years, under the leadership of Meng Gong, Song Jun launched a fierce tug-of-war with the Mongolian army. The two sides have won and lost each other, and it is difficult to compete. By 1239, General Du Gao defeated the main force of the Mongolian East Road Army in Luzhou (now Hefei), which suffered heavy casualties and was forced to withdraw from the Song Dynasty. Meng Gong entered the counter-offensive, defeated the Mongolian army in succession, recovered Xiangfan counties and Xinyang, and basically relieved Mongolia. The Mongolian army that attacked Sichuan was in full swing and advanced towards the Three Gorges. Meng Gong led his troops to meet the enemy. By the beginning of 1240, the Mongolian army on the west road was defeated, and Kuizhou was recovered with great victory. By 124 1, the west Mongolian army was completely frustrated. ..
Mongolia's military siege of the Southern Song Dynasty
124 1 year, after the death of Khan Wokuotai in Mongolia, there was an internal dispute about the position of Khan. Although Wokuotai's son Gui You later succeeded Khan, he died only two years later. During this period, the Mongolian army invaded Sichuan, but was defeated by Yu Jie, the general of the Southern Song Dynasty. It was not until 125 1 that Genghis Khan firmly established himself and launched the third Western Expedition against West Asia and Central Asia, and set about making plans to destroy the Song Dynasty. In order to avoid the natural barrier of the Yangtze River, Meng Ge's younger brother Kublai Khan claimed to send troops from Gansu, pass through western Sichuan and destroy Dali in Yunnan, thus completing the military siege of the Southern Song Dynasty. This plan was finally approved by the Great Khan of Mongolia. 1252, and Kublai Khan's rate is 65438+.
In the second Mongolian-Song War, Mongolian Khan died.
After the first Mongolian-Song War, the famous anti-Mongolian warriors Meng Gong and Du Gao died in succession, which was a great loss for the Southern Song Dynasty. After completing the siege of the Southern Song Dynasty, Mongolia launched the second Mongolian-Song War in 1258. The Mongolian army was divided into three roads, and the middle route army was led by Mongolian Khan Mengge himself, and went south to Sichuan and went straight to Chongqing. The South Route Army started from Yunnan.
The Middle Route Army led by Khan Mungo is the main force of the Third Route Army. It was very smooth at first, and Chengdu was conquered in one fell swoop. Since then, Song Jun has been losing ground, and most of Sichuan has been lost. Mongolian troops went south along Jialing River in an attempt to capture Chongqing. Hezhou is located in the northern gateway of Chongqing, where Meng Gong, a famous anti-Mongolian, once operated, and built a fortress on the fishing hill next to Hezhou to strengthen the defense capability. After Meng Gong's death, Wang Jian, his ministry, did not dare to neglect, and has been strengthening the defense. Therefore, when the Mongolian army led by 1259 came to Hezhou, it immediately suffered setbacks. Since then, the two sides launched a fierce offensive and defensive war in Hezhou, and the Mongolian army was deadlocked for several months. Anxious Meng Ge personally led the troops to attack the city, was bombarded by stones, and died in the camp that night. The morale of the middle route army was low, so he had to retreat.
The Northern Route Army led by Kublai Khan also attacked Ezhou for a long time, and Kublai Khan was eager to return to China to seize Khan's position. Just when Jia Sidao, a powerful minister in the Southern Song Dynasty, came to negotiate with the imperial court, Kublai Khan was exactly what he wanted. After the two sides signed a peace agreement, Kublai Khan led the Mongolian army to retreat and fought for Khan's position. By 1260, all the Mongolian troops that invaded the Southern Song Dynasty had retreated. The second Mongolian-Song War ended with the death of Mongolian Khan Mungo, and the Third Route Army failed.
Civil strife and treacherous court officials in Mongolia in Southern Song Dynasty
After Mongolian Khan Mungo died in Hezhou, his two younger brothers Kublai Khan and Ali Bug competed for the position of Khan. 1260, Kublai Khan and his younger brother Ali Bug, who rushed back from Ezhou, claimed to be Khan in Kaiping and Helinger, the Mongolian capital, respectively, and the two sides launched a four-year civil war. 1262, Li Tan, the Han warlord in charge of Shandong, rebelled again and won the Southern Song Dynasty.
Civil strife in Mongolia was originally a good opportunity for the Southern Song Dynasty, but what did the Southern Song Dynasty do in recent years? Treacherous court official Jia Sidao was originally an ordinary gangster. Because of his spouse status, he is a very important official and overbearing. On the front line of Ezhou, Kublai Khan was eager to return to Mongolia to fight for the position of Khan, and the Southern Song Dynasty took the initiative to attack. Jia Sidao signed a peace treaty with Kublai Khan, which was extremely unfavorable to the Southern Song Dynasty. After returning to Lin 'an, he fabricated a lie to defeat Kublai Khan and won the trust of the emperor. Jia Sidao is a hollow man, arrogant on the surface, and very afraid of Mongols at heart. In particular, some anti-Mongolian generals were put into prison by him, and the famous anti-Mongolian generals Xiang Shibi and Cao Shixiong were even killed in prison by Jia Sidao. While persecuting Zhongliang, Jia Sidao promoted the so-called confidants who only knew how to kiss up, and replaced the murdered Zhongliang with these mediocre people, thus completing a deadly change of blood for the military and political affairs in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Taking advantage of the civil strife in Mongolia and the peaceful atmosphere created by Jia Sidao, the princes and ministers in Hangzhou lived a drunken life. Unexpectedly, the disaster came, and the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty began with Jia Sidao.
Xiangfan defending war
After quelling the rebellion in Li Tan, Kublai Khan completely defeated Ali Bug in 1264, thus ending the four-year civil strife in Mongolia. On the other hand, under the rule of Jia Sidao in the Southern Song Dynasty, famous soldiers were killed, and the military and political affairs became increasingly corrupt. Therefore, Kublai Khan regarded destroying the Southern Song Dynasty as a top priority. At this time, Liu Zheng, the commander-in-chief of Sichuan in the Southern Song Dynasty, saw that other generals were killed. In order to protect himself, he led his troops to surrender to Mongolia. The navy division under his command was even more skilled, so Mongolia finally got his dream navy division. Later, in order to show loyalty, Liu Zheng proposed to Kublai Khan the strategy of taking Xiangyang first and then attacking Lin 'an, which was adopted by Kublai Khan.
1268, with Asu as the general and Liu Zheng as the deputy general, Mongolia led the Mongolian army and the Southern Song Navy to attack Xiangfan, and the battle of Xiangfan began. Since Xiangfan was recovered by Meng Gong in 1239, it has been painstakingly managed by the Southern Song Dynasty. The Yugoslav capital is quite strong and there are plenty of soldiers' food. Mongolian troops began to attack Fancheng, but they could not break the city by all means. Kublai Khan sent more troops from Sichuan, and the pressure on Xiangfan was increasing. On 1272, Xiangfan was besieged for five years, and the grain was basically exhausted .59966.999999999995 However, the soldiers and civilians in the two cities are still in high spirits, and the Yuan army has never been able to break through the city. In the same year, Li Tingzhi, the general of the Southern Song Dynasty, sent Zhang Gui and Zhang, along with 3,000 soldiers, to carry much-needed materials in the city, and successfully broke through the encirclement of the Yuan Army and rushed into Xiangyang. This is five years. Greatly inspired the morale of the army and civilians in the city. Since then, Song Jun in Xiangyang has made contact with Song Jun in the periphery, and the two sides agreed to attack the Yuan Army. Only one traitor surrendered to the Yuan Army and betrayed this plan, which caused Song Jun in Xiangyang to be ambushed by the Yuan Army and suffered heavy losses. So far, Xiangfan's defense is extremely beneficial to Mongolia.
1273, the Yuan Army finally broke through Fancheng, and the garrison commanders Fan Tianshun and Niu Fu committed suicide, and the city * * *. Xiangyang was isolated and helpless, and the garrison commander Lu surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty. The six-year defending war of Xiangfan ended in the fall of Xiangfan, and the door of the Southern Song Dynasty was completely opened.
Lin' an qiutian
As early as 127 1, Mongolian Khan Kublai Khan proclaimed himself emperor and changed his name to Dayuan. 1274, Kublai Khan ordered 200,000 soldiers to enter the Yangtze River from the Han River and follow the Yangtze River eastward. On the way, the generals in the Southern Song Dynasty either surrendered or fled, and it was impossible to organize effective resistance. To 1276,
Mountain, a bitter decisive battle.
After Gongzong surrendered, the remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty persisted in resisting. General Li Tingzhi still insisted on making Yangzhou, Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie emperors, while Wen Tianxiang developed anti-Yuan forces in Jiangxi, once controlling several cities.
Although Li Tingzhi was besieged by the Yuan Army in Yangzhou, he couldn't hold on, and later he ran out of food and grass. He broke through and wanted to join hands with Lu Xiufu of Fuzhou. The result was defeated by the Yuan Army in Taizhou. Although Li Tingzhi was captured, he still refused to surrender and was finally killed by the Yuan Army. Wen Tianxiang's growth in Jiangxi attracted the attention of the Yuan Dynasty. The main force of the Yuan Army went south to Jiangxi, but Wen Tianxiang lost and had to retreat to Guangdong. Later, he was captured by Zhang Hongfan, a famous rebel in the Southern Song Dynasty, in Chaoyang, Guangdong. Although the Yuan Dynasty tried every means to seduce and intimidate people, it wrote such a poem as "Who has not died since ancient times, leaving a heart to shine in the history of history" and such a brilliant poem as "Song Zhengqi". Finally Tianxiang was killed.
In Fuzhou, the small court of Southern Song Dynasty moved south, and on the way, the little emperor Duanzong died, and Lu Xiufu made nine-year-old Zhao Min emperor. However, the small court in the Southern Song Dynasty insisted on resisting Yuan along the coast of Guangdong. 1279, the Yuan Army and Song Jun launched the final decisive battle in Shaanxi. After several days of melee, Song Jun was exhausted, and Zhang Shijie and Lu Xiufu decided to retreat. However, Song Jun's fleet was defeated by the Yuan Army.