Ancient Roman architecture is a pearl in the treasure trove of architectural art, which carries the architectural style of ancient Greek civilization, highlights the characteristics of the Mediterranean region, and at the same time, is a development of ancient Greek architecture. Ancient Rome became a Mediterranean power in the 2nd century BC, and at the same time the Romans also began the construction of Rome. By the time the Roman Empire was established in the 1st century A.D., the city of Rome had become a world city on a par with Chang'an City in the East. Its urban infrastructure has been relatively perfect, the city gradually to the direction of artistic development. Roman architecture and its sculpture art is very different, with the symmetry of the building, grandiose and world-famous.
The ancient Romans loved to make buildings with frame structures.
Basic introduction Chinese name ：Ancient Roman architecture Foreign name ：The buildings of ancient Rome Highlight ：Mediterranean region characteristics Main features ：Thick masonry walls, semi-circular arches Types ：Encompassing structure ：Frame structure and arcade structure Main features, architectural features, the structure of the building, architectural comparisons, history, architectural appreciation, influence, main Characteristics Ancient Roman architecture is an architectural style in which the ancient Romans followed the building techniques of the Etruscans on the Apennine Peninsula (mainly the arcade technique), inherited the architectural achievements of Ancient Greece, and made extensive innovations in architectural form, technology and art. Ancient Roman architecture is generally characterized by thick masonry walls, semi-circular arches, doorframe decorations and cross-vaulted structures. Architectural features Ancient Roman architecture of many types, there are the Roman Pantheon, Venus and the Roman Temple, as well as Balbec (in present-day Lebanon) Temple of the Sun and other religious buildings, but also palaces, theaters, gladiator arenas, baths, as well as plazas and basilica (rectangular synagogues), such as public **** building. Residential buildings have a courtyard type residence, courtyard type and the combination of the courtyard and the perimeter column type house, there are four, five-story apartment type residence. The form of secular architecture in ancient Rome was quite mature and well integrated with its function. For example, the Roman Empire around the large theater, the auditorium plane is semicircular, row by row up, to the main vertical aisle, the horizontal aisle as a supplement. Audience according to the ticket number from different entrances, stairs, to reach the seats in each section. The flow of people does not cross, gathering and dispersing convenient. The stage is high, in front of the music pool, behind the make-up building, make-up building fa?ade is the background of the stage, the two ends of the protruding forward to form the prototype of the stage mouth, has been similar to the modern large-scale performances of the basic shape of the building. Ancient Rome multi-storey apartments commonly used standard units. Some apartments have stores on the ground floor, upstairs residents have a balcony. This form is also similar to modern apartments. From the theater, gladiatorial arena, baths and apartments and other forms, the architectural design of this technical science has been quite developed. Ancient Roman architect Vitruvius wrote "ten books of architecture" is the summary of this science. Ancient Roman architecture can meet various complex functional requirements, mainly relying on the high level of the arch structure, to obtain a wide internal space. Ancient Roman architectural art achievement is very high, large-scale building style is majestic and heavy, the composition of harmony and unity, a variety of forms. The Romans opened up a new field of architectural art, rich in architectural art techniques. The structural characteristics of Roman architecture: arch structure, arch structure, truss structure, beam and column system, fountain structure, lintel structure, arch structure, cross-vault structure, multi-dome structure. 2. Connection method Roman stone columns, stacked by means of drum blocks. There are some columns that are carved from a complete piece of stone. There are some columns that are connected by bricks. The bricks are connected by mortise and tenon or metal pins. 3. Framing and Beam Systems Ancient Roman buildings were built using columns for load bearing rather than "walls". Ancient Roman architecture is mainly porch structure and beam system, that is, the use of columns as a framework, the weight of the roof and eaves through the beams transferred to the columns, the walls only play the role of partition, rather than bear the weight of the structure of the weight of the house part. Ancient Rome five types of columns: Roman Doric columns, Roman Ionic columns, Roman Corinthian columns, Tuscan columns, mixed columns. With the help of the frame structure, the buildings in ancient Rome were houses with more than 7 floors. 4. Vaulted and Dome Structures Dome structures were also known as vaulted structures. Judging from the remains of the great amphitheaters of ancient Greece, which are still preserved today, it is clear that mankind had the need to enlarge the interior space around 1000 B.C. The interior space of the ancient Roman buildings was enlarged by the use of the vaults. The expansion of indoor space in ancient Roman architecture is closely linked to the evolution of the arch structure, from the point of view of the development of architectural history, all the changes and development of the arch structure - including various forms of vouchers, barrel vaults, cross arches, vaults - can be said to be the product of mankind in order to seek a larger indoor space. Coupon arch technology is the biggest feature of Roman architecture and achievements, it has made a huge contribution to European architecture, the influence is unparalleled. The typical layout method, space combination, art form and style of Roman architecture, as well as the function and scale of certain buildings are all closely related to the coupon arch structure. 5. Truss Structure Ancient Romans liked to use trusses to build the beams and ceilings of their houses. Truss is a kind of frame structure. Romans used wood to build trusses. Between the trusses, they were connected by mortise and tenon or metal pins. 6. Fountain Structures Roman buildings had a large number of fountains inside. Those fountains were not naturally occurring, but were built by the Romans. Ancient Romans utilized fountains to provide water for cities and villages. Ancient Rome had developed from drinking fountains to decorative fountains and musical fountains. Ancient Rome had more than 3,000 fountains and was known as the City of Fountains. Ancient Romans liked to use fountains for musical performances. 7. Cross-vaulted structures Higher and simpler cross-vaults without beams (the product of two cylindrical arches intersecting each other at an adapted angle) but with cross-vaulted ribs, such as those at Speyer or a kind of cruciform vault at Durham, Utrecht and Lombardy. In the early development, the solid shell became the support of the structure.The wall underwent a similar change. Walls containing two flat surfaces became a set of penetrating structural frames. Early Romanesque forms of wall decoration - pilaster bands, scalloped column friezes, and load-bearing columns, half-chair columns, and closed arch coupons - broke up the wall into piers and solid walls (the upper floor of the Episcopal church of Speyer I) or piers and continuous arch coupons (as in the Norman portico church), or even internal and external walls and small columns and corridors (e.g., low corridors, porticos, and other similar elements). similar elements). Architectural Comparison Scale Comparison Palace Qin Abang Palace just the front hall has a length of 1,320 meters, 420 meters wide, covering an area of up to 550,000 square meters (55 hectares) of the site of the rammed earth foundations, in 1991 the United Nations identified as the world's largest palace site for the world's wonders of the Qin Abang Palace site, covering an area of 1,500 hectares, Han Abang Palace site for the world's wonders of the Qin Abang Palace. Qin Afang Palace site covers an area of 1,500 hectares, the three palaces of the Han Dynasty cover a total area of 1,800 hectares Rome's Golden Palace covers an area of 80 hectares The same as the royal gardens, the three palaces of the Han Dynasty in the Changle Palace covers an area of 600 hectares, and Hadrian's Palace of Rome covers an area of 120 hectares Cities The Han Dynasty Chang'an City site covers an area of 65 square kilometers (6,500 hectares), and the city of Rome The site of the Han Chang'an City covers an area of 65 square kilometers (6,500 hectares), and the Roman City covers an area of 41 square kilometers Technological Comparisons Chinese timber-frame construction, especially the structural form dominated by the raised beams, had become more mature and produced major breakthroughs by the Qin and Han Dynasties. First of all, in terms of large-span beams, Qin Xianyang Li Gong No. 1 Palace main hall of the diagonal beam horizontal span has reached 10 meters China's traditional way of building structure is the post and beam or wall beam type, but from the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty has begun to use the formal arch structure. At this time, the barrel arch was the main structural form and was used in large numbers for sewers and tombs. In order to strengthen the bearing capacity of the arch, the use of knife or wedge-shaped bricks plus "fir", stacked with multi-layer arch, and in the coupon on the pouring of lime paste and other measures. To the Eastern Han Dynasty only appeared to cover the square or rectangular planes on the vault Roman Pantheon, was a circular plane, the dome diameter of 43.3 meters, poured with natural concrete, is a shining example of Roman dome technology. Before the Pantheon, Rome's largest dome is the 1st century A.D. A Venus place of a bath dome, about 38 meters in diameter History Three periods of ancient Roman architecture Frame structure originated in ancient Rome and ancient Egypt. Ancient Roman architecture reached its peak in the 1st to 3rd centuries AD, reaching the peak of Western ancient architecture. The architecture of Ancient Rome is divided into three periods: I. Etruscan Period (8th-2nd centuries B.C.), Etruscan was once a powerful country in the center of the Italian Peninsula. Its architecture had outstanding achievements in stonework, ceramic components and arch coupon structures. Roman Kingdom and **** and the early period of architecture is developed on this basis. Second, the Roman **** and the period of the state (2nd century - 30 years BC), Rome in the unification of the peninsula and foreign invasions gathered a lot of labor, wealth and natural resources, it is possible to carry out large-scale construction of roads, bridges, city streets and aqueducts. The conquest of Greece in 146 BC, in turn, led to the inheritance of a great deal of Greek and Asia Minor culture and way of life. As a result, in addition to temples, public **** architecture, such as theaters, arenas, baths, basilicas, etc., was very active, and the Roman gladiatorial arena was developed. At the same time the Greek architecture in the architectural skills of excellence and classical columns also strongly influenced Rome. Ancient Rome Macellus Theater Third, the Roman Empire period (30 BC - AD 476), 30 BC Rome **** and state consul Augustus called the emperor. From the establishment of the empire to about 180 years AD is the flourishing period of the empire, at this time, glorify the power, show off their wealth, recognition of merit has become an important task of the building, the construction of a number of magnificent triumphal arches, columns and named after the emperor's name of the plaza, the temple, and so on. In addition, theaters, amphitheaters and baths also tend to scale and luxury and rich. 3 century from the economic decline of the empire, construction activities also gradually decline. Later, as the capital of the empire moved east to Byzantium, the empire split into the Eastern and Western Roman Empire, the construction activities are still long sluggish, until 476 years, the Western Roman Empire until the end. Ancient Roman Architecture in Europe After the 15th century, ancient Roman architecture in Europe became an example of learning again. This phenomenon continued until the 1920s and 1930s of the 20th century. Roman Architecture in China Books and drawings of Roman architecture began to arrive in China in the late Ming Dynasty. The Italian missionary Matteo Ricci asked for three volumes of "Public Opinion Maps of the Ancient Cities of Rome" from Italy, which were deposited in the Jesuit Library in Beijing, and in 1672, the Italian missionary Aleni brought two volumes of "Wide Opinion Maps" to China. These books contained pictures of Roman gladiatorial arenas, baths. Temples and drawings of Roman markets. In addition, there had been three volumes of Vitruvius' Ten Books of Architecture in the Jesuit Library in Beijing in the early 17th century But ancient Roman architecture had no real impact on Chinese architecture. Architectural Appreciation The oldest buildings in Rome are religious buildings. The temples to Jupiter, Juno and Minerva were built on Mount Olympus. The model on display shows that the temple was relatively wide, but not too tall and majestic, with a steeply pitched roof. It inherited the architectural and decorative traditions of the Etruscans, the ancestors of the Romans. It also began to borrow architectural styles from the Greeks. Early Roman culture was influenced by Etruscan and Greek culture in its own tradition, absorbing their essence and fusing them. After the 3rd century B.C., Rome became a powerful country in the Mediterranean area, and its culture was also highly developed. Ancient Roman architecture and sculpture developed rapidly, and the existing buildings include the Colosseum, the Triumphal Arch of Constantine, the City of Pompeii, the Pantheon, the Pantheon, and the Pantheon. With the continuous development of the city, the Romans began to build elevated aqueducts almost all over the empire. The oldest elevated aqueduct in Rome dates back to 312 BC. It reflects the strength of the Roman Empire. At the same time, the ****ual way of designing it was a big innovation both mechanically and artistically, saving a lot of materials. The Roman Forum was the center of the social, political and religious life of the Roman citizens. It is located in the heart of the city, usually located at the intersection of two traffic arteries, is an open rectangular open space. The larger the city, the more grand the size of the square. Around the open square were the city's official temples and the most important buildings associated with public life, such as the courts and markets, each of which had a row of roofed, scroll-shaped porticoes. For this reason, the Piazza di Roma was the main public ****ing place of the city. As the city grew and prospered, numerous monumental buildings were constructed to extend and decorate the square, and it became a prominent symbol of centralized authority. Since Rome became the capital of the empire covering the territory from Spain to Asia Minor, the emperors, especially in the 1st century AD to implement the rule of the emperors from Augustus to Tulajin, etc., have expanded the Roman Forum, each of them built than their predecessors are more grandiose in scale, more exquisite decorations. We can see the achievements of this development in the Roman Imperial Square. Ancient Roman Squares However, there is nothing that shows off the empire more than the Roman Temple and the Hall of Councils. As the ruler of the known world at that time, the Roman Empire, in order to show the might and majesty of its empire, built a large number of temples in the city of Rome, whose scale and luxury were incomparable to the buildings in other areas of the same time. In order to emphasize the material abundance of the empire, the rulers enlisted a large number of building materials from all over the world to build the temples to reflect the rulers' reverence for Shen. Most of the temples were axisymmetric buildings, built according to the centerline of the main axis, with symmetry on both sides. Give a person the feeling of inviolability. Another legendary building of ancient Rome is the Colosseum. It is also an example of symmetry, fully reflecting the empire's powerful national strength. The Colosseum is oval in shape, with a long diameter of 187 meters and a short diameter of 155 meters. From the periphery, the whole building is divided into four levels, the bottom three levels are continuous arch building, each arch is supported by stone pillars on both sides. The fourth floor is decorated with wall dwellings, and directly opposite the four radii are four large arches, which are the entrances for ascending the cloisters of the inner stands of the Colosseum. The stands inside the Colosseum were divided into four groups from low to high, and the seats for the spectators were partitioned according to the difference in rank and status. In the internal restoration of the Colosseum, you can see the magnitude and magnificence of this project. But today people can see no complete image of the grandstand, just the original support for the grandstand wall despite the dilapidated, but very high, very big, very clever, still let the people for the past splendor of wonder. The Colosseum The dome of the Pantheon was 43 meters in diameter, a record that remained unbroken until the 20th century. A dome of this size would normally require some kind of support, but the ancient Romans were well versed in the art of how to build an arched tiered roof without the need for columns to support it. Although the ancient Romans were not the first to create arches, they were the first to recognize their purpose. The round eye of the dome, with its 8.2-meter diameter light-column hole, allowed sunlight to cascade into the Pantheon. The floors and walls of the temple are made of palladium-colored marble. Since its completion, the Pantheon has remained virtually unchanged, leaving the best impression of ancient Roman architecture. The original Pantheon was much more ornate than the one we see today, with statutes carved into the niches and the colorful ceiling. The Triumphal Arch of Constantine (Italian: Arco di Costantino) is a triumphal arch located in Rome, between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill. The Arc de Triomphe was erected to commemorate Constantine I's victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge on October 28, 312 .... It is also the newest of the surviving triumphal arches in Rome. The Arc de Triomphe de Constantine is 21 meters high, 25.7 meters wide and 7.4 meters longitudinal. It has 3 arches, the central one is 11.5 meters high and 6.5 meters wide, while the arches on both sides are 7.4 meters high and 3.4 meters wide. The upper part of the arch is made of bricks and the surface is covered with carvings. The main body of the Arch of Constantine consists of several separate columns and an inscribed roof, similar in design to the Arch of Severus in the Roman Forum. The lower part of the arch is thought to have been designed by the architects with reference to older monuments, perhaps from the time of Emperor Hadrian. Because the Triumphal Arch of Constantine spanned the Via Triumphalis, it was the route that Roman emperors would have taken to enter Rome during their triumphal ceremonies. The route starts at the Piazza delle Battlesi, crosses the Circus Maximus and then follows the Palatine Hill. Immediately after passing through the Triumphal Arch of Constantine, the procession turned left at the Conical Columns (Meta Sudans), followed the Sacred Way (Latin: Via Sacra) to the Roman Forum and climbed the Capitoline Hill to reach the end of the route at the Temple of Jupiter, also passing through the Triumphal Arch of Titus on the way. The Triumphal Arch of Constantine was incorporated into the Roman fortress in the Middle Ages, and the first restoration work began in the 18th century, while an archaeological excavation was carried out in the late 1990s, just before the celebrations for the year 2000 Roman architecture reflects the power of the empire, but also the human side of the state under the **** and the system. Influence From the second half of the 4th century A.D., Roman architecture declined, and after the 15th century, through the Renaissance, Classicism, the Classical Revival, and the promotion of the "Imperial Style" in France in the early 19th century, it became a model for learning again in Europe. This phenomenon continued until the 1920s and 1930s. Books and drawings of Roman architecture began to be imported into China in the late Ming Dynasty. The Italian missionary Matteo Ricci asked for three volumes of "Public Opinion Maps of the Ancient Cities of Rome" from Italy, which were deposited in the Jesuit Library in Beijing, and in 1672, the Italian missionary Aleni brought two volumes of "Wide Opinion Maps" to China. These books contained drawings of Roman gladiatorial arenas, baths, temples, and Roman markets. In addition, at the beginning of the 17th century, there were three volumes of Vitruvius' Ten Books of Architecture in the Jesuit library in Beijing. However, Roman architecture had no real impact on Chinese architecture at that time.