Fountain was originally a natural landscape and an outcrop of confined water. Fountains in gardens are generally decorative sprinklers built artificially to meet the needs of landscaping. Fountains can moisten the surrounding air, reduce dust and lower the temperature. The tiny water droplets in the fountain collide with air molecules, which can produce a large number of negative oxygen ions. Therefore, fountains are conducive to improving the appearance of the city and the physical and mental health of residents.
Fountains abroad
The Fountain of Peter Palace in Leningrad
Fountains originated very early. The fountain was built in the hanging garden in the 6th century BC. In ancient Greece, the fountain for drinking water gradually developed into a decorative spring. There is a saying that fountains originated from the fasting and bathing method in Islamic countries. In Islamic gardens, fountains are either arranged along the axis or serve as the center of local composition. Fountain technology developed greatly during the Renaissance. Fountains in this period were mostly combined with statues, columns and pools for landscaping. Famous fountains, such as the famous "Hundred Springs Trail" in Villa Este, Italy, and the fountain canal in Lent. At that time, he was also engaged in water fun audio design. For example, in the famous owl fountain, a group of bronze birds chirped. After the owl screamed, it suddenly became silent. After a pause, the bronze bird began to make noise again. Some fountains are combined with statues and waterfalls for landscaping, such as the "Waterfall" of Villa Este. In the17-18th century, fountains prevailed in European cities. Well-known are the Sun God Fountain in Versailles, France, and the Great Waterfall Fountain with Statues in Peter Palace, Russia. There are more than 3,000 fountains in Rome, which is called the city of fountains. There are also some meaningful sketches of fountains, such as the Yu Lian Fountain in Brussels. It depicts a child absorbed in urinating. It is said that after the enemy invades Brussels, it will blow up the treasure house in the city. Less than even found the burning fuse, used his quick wits and sprinkled a bubble of urine on the fuse. The treasure house was saved, but the little hero died heroically. In recognition of his achievements, this fountain was built in 16 19. In the 20th century, the fountain has developed into a large water sculpture, and the water column forms various forms. For example, the grand fountain on Lake Lemmon in Geneva, which was built in 1958, used two pumps with horsepower of 1360 to spray water to an altitude of 145 meters. At night, giant searchlights illuminate the silver water column and cross the night sky, which is spectacular. The Nomgarbo Fountain in London, England, is 2.7 meters high and consists of a beautiful and irregular metal shell, with two curved shapes of water sprayed from the edge of the shell. The bottom of the shell can rotate, and the pressure of spraying water can be adjusted, thus forming a colorful water shape. A fountain in Seattle, USA, consists of two thick stainless steel bends. Water is sprayed by many small nozzles installed along the pipe wall, causing the feeling of solid water column. Its water spraying quantity is manually controlled, and it can form a sculptural water shape. With the application of modern technology, various self-controlled fountains have been produced. The "Dancing Fountain" in Japan and the "Waltz Fountain" in the United States, under the illumination of colored lights, the spray can dance with the melody of music. On the National Defense Square in Paris, France, there is a famous "Forrest Gump" music fountain built at 1980. The 66 nozzles are arranged in an "S" shape, spraying a water column with a height of1-15m, and can play Gershwin's rhapsody in blue, Tchaikovsky's Pathetic Symphony, and so on. With the change of music, the water column sometimes sings and dances lightly, and sometimes stands tall and straight, with bright sparks flashing between colorful water columns. Spark is sprayed by a special spark jet pipe, interwoven with water mist, and the landscape is wonderful. In the Hydraulic Jet Zoo in Japan, 6036 rotating nozzles are installed in a pool with a diameter of 10 meter. They can spray wonderful scenes such as fighting between tigers and lions, fighting between eagles and antelopes. Most of these fountains use computers to control water, light, sound and color, which makes fountain art enter a brand-new era.
Fountains in China
China classical gardens advocate nature and strive to be elegant, quiet and full of wild interest. Garden water management should pay attention to the artistic expression of natural water state. Fountains that artificially make dynamic water are rarely used. Records of Han Dynasty recorded that Shanglinyuan in the Han Dynasty had facilities of "stirring the river, the bronze dragon spits water, and the bronze fairy cup is mortgaged with water". Jia Tan Lu: "In the imperial pool of Huaqing Palace in the Tang Dynasty, there were' double white lotus, and the spring eyes gushed from the mouth of the urn and sprayed on the white lotus'." "Luoyang Famous Garden" records that water gushed out from the flowers in Dongshi West Garden. Some water features have been preserved to this day, such as Huanglong Earth Water in Huanglong Cave, Hangzhou, which was built during the Spring Festival of Southern Song Dynasty (124 1- 1252). /kloc-in the 8th century, western-style fountains were introduced to China. 1747, Emperor Qing Qianlong built three fountains, namely, Heqi, Haiyan Hall and Dashuifa, in the West Building of Yuanmingyuan. There are ten bronze dogs in the central pool of Dashuifa, and their mouths are flying in the air, pointing directly at the bronze deer, which is called "hunting dogs for deer". In Haiyan Hall, there is a picture of "Twelve Zodiacs" wearing a robe of arhat, and each Zodiac can spray water to tell the time. This is a manual water lift-the dragon tail truck twists the water up to form high-level water, which is controlled by machinery. Every one hour (equivalent to two hours), the zodiac sprays water in turn, and the zodiac sprays water at the same time at noon. In recent years, with the development of urban modernization, time-controlled fountains, color voice-controlled fountains, mobile fountains and microcomputer-controlled music fountains have been built in Shuangxiu Garden, Tiantan Park and city square.