Also called Tzigane. A people characterized by a wandering life.
Originally from northwestern India, they began to move out around the 10th century, spreading to all continents of the world.
The Tshogpa language belongs to the Neo-Indian group of the Indo-European language family.
The Gypsies now speak the language of each location instead, and practice the popular local religion. They specialize in song and dance.
Citation:
Tzigane
Tzigane, ethnonym. The term Tzigane is called by different names in different geographical areas, the British call them Gypsies, the French call them Bohemians, the Spanish call them Flamencos, the Russians call them Tzigane, the Albanians call them Evergit, the Greeks call them Akingano, the Iranians call them Lori, and the Sri Lankans call them Ekunthaka ...... The Gypsies, on the other hand, call themselves the Dom (Rom), which means "people" in the Gypsy language.
The Troglodytes have traveled throughout Europe, Asia, the Americas, North Africa, and Australia, but since World War II, the Balkans have had the highest concentration of Troglodytes in the world. They are omnipresent in cities large and small in the Balkan countries, and in Yugoslavia there is even a saying that "you can't call a town a town without a Tzigane".
According to the latest evidence, the Tshogpa's ancestors were tribes living in Punjab, India. After the 10th century, due to war and famine, the Tshogpa began to leave India and migrate out of the country. They had no fixed abode, but used caravans as their home and means of transportation, and made their living by selling their art, wandering from city to city and gradually becoming known as the wandering people of the world. With the progress of time, in today's Yugoslavia, the typical caravans of the Ticats are hard to see, and most of the Ticats lead a sedentary life. However, most of them do not have stable jobs and live mainly by cleaning cars, reading palms and smuggling cigarettes and trading foreign currency.
From the French writer Mérimée's Carmen, we can see some of the characteristics of this people: passionate, free-spirited, spontaneous, wandering between the city and the countryside. The Gypsies, wandering all the year round, unwilling to be subjected to any other law, have been the norm since the eleventh century of antiquity. Even today, ninety-five percent of the Gypsies, settled in stone-built houses, still adhere to the traditions of their ancestors, *** living together and in close proximity in small spaces adorned with carpet, just as they used to live in open carriages.
In their daily customs, there are two important concepts - purity and impurity, for example, a woman's skirt accidentally swept over the circumference of a man's bowl of food, then the bowl of food will inevitably have to be poured out; in the open wagons of their year-round wanderings, there are always three buckets of water, one of which is used to wash the food, the second is for the washing of the face, and the third is for the washing of the feet. One for washing the food, the second for washing the face, and the third for washing the feet. If any one carelessly mistakes, he is punished. Have their own court. When a person or a family had a lawsuit of entanglement, a trial prison did not exist. Punishment could bring a person to death, but could not deprive a person of his freedom. Serious offenders who are classified as "unclean" are banished from the clan. An isolated gypsy's survival is worth almost nothing.
Fortune-telling is a traditional trade for Gypsies, especially for Gypsy women. Today, the traditional type of gypsy who tells fortunes with a mystical crystal ball is very rare, and most fortune tellers use special gypsy fortune-telling playing cards to give fortunes. Most gypsy fortune-tellers can play a "good hand": they spin a deck of cards around in their hands, wave their hands, slap out a pile, flip their hands, and then ask you to draw a few cards from the deck.
For centuries, the traditional occupation of the Gypsies has been that of "bear-getters". They bought bear cubs from poachers, pulled out their teeth and claws, and trained them to perform in a variety of shows. Today, however, there are few left in the old trade, and most prefer to take up "government patronage" as a profession - receiving welfare benefits from the Social Security Administration. They don't see it as humiliating as begging, but rather as a gift from God.
The language and culture of the Gypsies is more than 500 years old in Europe. Still, in the French province of Great Britain, Gypsies are considered outsiders and can be detained by the police at any time. Customs and laws governing the cultivation of their land are becoming more and more restrictive. Europeans wanted the Gypsies to continue to sing and dance around the campfire with their guitars, but at the same time they wanted them to settle down, to have normal occupations, to pay their income tax regularly, to send their children to school and so on.
The Gypsies, however, think otherwise. They want to continue to live like gypsies - wandering around.
For centuries, the international ethnographic community has been devoted to the study of the wandering Gypsies, and in particular to the origins and migration routes of this distinctive people as a specialized field of study. However, due to the paucity of historical data, scholars from various countries have often indulged in various controversial assumptions or oral traditions rather than facing the historical reality in their research on the origins, migration time and wandering routes of the Gypsies. In their studies, they base their views on the insufficient information in their possession, which is inevitably inadequate or one-sided. He still expresses his own views and discusses a lot, but he cannot use sufficient historical evidence to draw a unified and correct conclusion, and some people even draw many wrong conclusions. One of the most common misconceptions is to take them as Egyptians, this argument has been circulating for centuries, and even some of the Gypsies themselves with this theory of blackmail to talk about their ancestors, such as the winter of 1427 A.D. arrived in Paris, a group of Gypsies said that their origin is Egypt.
The name Gypsy itself is false, for the Gypsies (Gypsy or Gypsies) evolved from the English word Egyptian, which was the traditional name given to them by the English and most of the world. This was due to the fact that in the 15th century, Europeans did not know much about the foreigners who wandered to them and mistook them for Egyptians, so they called them "Egyptians", which slowly became "Gypsies". The Gypsies call themselves Rom, a name that originally meant "people" in the Gypsy language, and the International Committee of the Roma (Committee), an international organization of Gypsies established in 1965, uses the name Rom. The term Roma is used by the International Committee of the Roma (Internation Rom), an international organization of Roma established in 1965, and is now being recognized and respected internationally. However, due to customary and traditional designations, most still refer to them as Gypsies.
The term Roma as Gypsies is due both to the long-standing lack of knowledge about the origins and history of this people, as well as to the lack of sufficient written information in the course of research on the Gypsies. As a result, the exploration of their origins, migration and other history is always based on certain assumptions or preconceived notions away from the erroneous conclusions reached by previous generations.
In addition to the British believe that they originated in Egypt, the French believe that they are likely to come from Bohemia, they called them Bohemians (Bohemian), but also called them Gypsies, Gitan (Gitan), Zingari (Zingari) and so on more than a dozen of today's name; Spaniards called them Gypsies, Bohemian at the same time, but also call them The Spaniards called them Gypsies and Bohemians, and at the same time, they also called them Atsigano or Greeks, believing that they came from Greece, and the former Soviet Union also called them Atsigano. In short, the Gypsies had many names, but these were imposed on them by other peoples, and their origins were determined and their history compiled on the basis of subjective assumptions. This situation continued for centuries until the end of the 18th century, when there was a breakthrough in the study of the Gypsies.
The scholars of various countries, after researching, speculating and exploring the origins of the Gypsies for hundreds of years, finally achieved a promising result, proving that the origin of the Gypsies was neither Egypt, nor Bohemia, Greece or Persia, but India. This outstanding contribution was made by two German scholars, Rudiger and Grellmann, and an English scholar, Jacob Bryan, at the end of the 18th century. All three of them were linguists, and in the 1880s, through their studies of the Gypsy dialects, they each, and almost contemporaneously, proved that the language of the European Gypsies was derived from India, and that many of the words in it were extremely similar to Sanskrit in India, and also to Hindi, the language of the Indian family of languages.
Since then, the British scholar Sampson on the language of the Gypsies and extensive and in-depth research, in the former results achieved on the basis of further discoveries. He systematically organized the Venetian Gypsy dialect, in the course of research, Sampson found that this language contains a variety of foreign vocabulary, to obtain a lot of data; thus, for the Gypsies originated in India to find sufficient evidence for the doctrine. Sampson's foreign words contained in the Venetian dialect of the Gypsies were counted, of which there were 36 Italian words, 150 words borrowed from English, 430 words from various languages between Persia and Venice***, and 518 words originating from the Hindi language, thus showing that the language of India at that time had a great influence on the language of the Gypsies; and many scholars were engaged in the study of the Gypsies' language in the future. Scholars engaged in the study of the language of the Gypsies, they also found with the language of the European Gypsies, the language of the Asiatic Gypsies also contains a large number of words of the Indian language, in the written text, grammatical similarities with the Indian language.
Scholars in various countries have come to the conclusion that the language of the Gypsies originated from the language of India, and that the birthplace of the Gypsies is in India, through the study of the language of the Gypsies. Scholars are no longer immersed in fantasy, speculation and legend, but to face the reality, to explore historical data to research, and thus continue to obtain fruitful results. However, the study of the origins of the Gypsies from a linguistic point of view alone seems to have its own inadequacies, but also to study the history of this people, to trace their origins, to prove that the birthplace of this people is in India.
In order to further prove that the Gypsies originated in India, it is necessary to study the social system, culture and customs of this ancient people. In ancient India there was a widely distributed and well known people, the Domes. By the 4th century A.D., this people and their ancient culture and peculiar customs had already attracted attention. The Domes were mostly music lovers and soothsayers. In this connection, an astronomical treatise written in Sanskrit in the 6th century A.D. mentions them and calls them Gand-harva (music lovers). The Dom people were able to sing and dance, and some of them made a living out of it as a profession, as the Indian ancient historian Galhana has mentioned several times in his Chronicle of the Great Kashmir Age. According to the British archaeologist, explorer Ollerstein, some of the Dom people make a living by selling their art, and the best of them were even favored by the king and could enter and leave the palace. But this is rare. For the most part, the Domes were despised by all other peoples of India. They did not have a fixed occupation, except as a performer to travel the world, most people are hired to work in the more lowly occupations, such as night watchman, scavengers, torture court officers, artisans and so on. Despite their versatility and ability to make ends meet, the local peasants of various ethnic groups looked down on them and forbade intermarriage with them.
In the Gilgit region, north of Kashmiyon, there used to live a group of Dom people of Islamic faith, who numbered about 300. These people attracted the attention of the British oriental linguist Lolli Yee, who studied their language, culture, customs and history and proved that these Dom people migrated from Belchistan in the 2nd or 3rd century AD. Lolima found that the Dom people living in the Gilgit region were generally able to speak two or three languages in order to sustain their livelihood and to adapt to the conditions of life and environment in different parts of the country. Though the Indian languages they use also contain many foreign words, these words are very different from their mother tongue.
The Dom people have historically been associated with the smelting and manufacture of metal vessels, a skill that was passed on to their descendants, the Gypsies. Indeed, both the Domes and the Gypsies derived considerable benefit from this trade. Though ancient India cannot be said to have been the birthplace of iron manufacture, it had a reputation for smelting and making iron, and was quite advanced by the 1st century AD. Ancient Roman statesman Puneri that India's iron quality is the best, according to legend, built in the 4th-5th century A.D. in the central region of India's 17-foot-high Dhar Tirthankar, is the choice of the best quality of iron and the construction of a highly skilled wood. Like today's Gypsies, a significant portion of the Gilgit Dom people worked as stovesmiths, carrying rudimentary tools, repairing farm implements and mending pots and pans. It is interesting to note that the bellows they use in repairing iron is not made of wood, but of two pockets made of leather. Drum wind method is also very peculiar, not by hand, but with a foot pedal; this kind of wind box in the Indian Deccan plateau Als also used, and the Als in India before the Hindutva dynasty **** up had been subject to the rule of the Dom. This tool was also used among the Gypsies in Europe. By studying the customs, culture and history of the Dom people, we can conclude that the ancient Dom people were the ancestors of the Gypsies.
The British believe that the Gypsies originated from outside Egypt, the French believe that they are likely to come from Bohemia, they called them Bohemians (Bohemian), but also called them Gypsies, Gitan (Gitan), Zingari (Zingari) and so on more than a dozen modern name; the Spanish called them Gypsies, Bohemians at the same time, but also call them The Spaniards called them Gypsies and Bohemians, and at the same time, they also called them Atsigano or Greeks, believing that they came from Greece, and the former Soviet Union also called them Atsigano. In short, the Gypsies had many names, but these were imposed on them by other peoples, and their origins were determined and their history compiled on the basis of subjective assumptions. This situation continued for centuries until the end of the 18th century, when there was a breakthrough in the study of the Gypsies.
The scholars of various countries, after researching, speculating and exploring the origins of the Gypsies for hundreds of years, finally achieved a promising result, proving that the origin of the Gypsies was neither Egypt, nor Bohemia, Greece or Persia, but India. This outstanding contribution was made by two German scholars, Rudiger and Grellmann, and an English scholar, Jacob Bryan, at the end of the 18th century. All three of them were linguists, and in the 1880s, through their studies of the Gypsy dialects, they each, and almost contemporaneously, proved that the language of the European Gypsies was derived from India, and that many of the words in it were extremely similar to Sanskrit in India, and also to Hindi, a language of the Indian family of languages.