Although Confucianism also talked about "inaction", the fundamental purpose of Taoist inaction and Confucian inaction is to achieve the effect of "inaction without doing anything". Confucianism itself actively joined the WTO. Confucian philosophy embodies the positive spirit of "joining the WTO" everywhere in the process of self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country and leveling the world, among which Confucius is an outstanding representative. For Taoist philosophy, Confucius is an outstanding representative. However, judging from its relationship with the ruling class, Lao Zi's philosophy and Zhuangzi's philosophy have gone in two completely different directions: the former has entered the WTO, while the latter has neither entered the WTO nor been born, but wandered between the two.
In the late Spring and Autumn Period, due to the development of productive forces, on the one hand, the social hierarchy has undergone great changes. Some taxis, which were originally lower-class aristocrats, lost their aristocratic status and became ordinary people, while capable ordinary people were promoted to the ranks of scholars. On the other hand, the power of the Emperor of Zhou moved down continuously, losing his supreme authority, and the princes competed for hegemony, turning the king's land into a private field and county, and the whole society was in a state of collapse of ceremony and joy. At this time, in order to save the rule of Zhou Dynasty and maintain the hierarchical order of slave society, Confucius put forward the idea of "self-denial and courtesy" and benevolence. Make the old have an end, be strong and useful, be young and strong, and help the disabled; Men have their points, and women have their homes. "(Li Yun) Jun Jun, Minister, Father and Son (The Analects of Confucius by Yan Yuan) People have achieved their goals (The Analects of Confucius, Yongye). From these remarks, we can see that Confucianism is concerned about society and human relations, and its thoughts are completely in the process of joining the WTO.
From the perspective of learning, Confucius is smart and studious. He himself said, "I am determined to learn five out of ten." But in his mind, "being an official" is the ultimate goal and the greatest motivation of his study. The so-called "scholar" is because he has his own set of views on the disintegrated society and wants to show it in an attempt to change the status quo. This is natural.
"Learning for the sake of learning" is a process of self-cultivation and a way to enhance personal feelings, so as to get close to the benevolent. If you do it yourself, you can influence more people. But what Confucius wanted to influence most was the idea of kings, and he wanted to promote his own "benevolent government" to restore the order of rites and music. Someone once asked Confucius why he didn't become an official. He said, "Filial piety is only a matter of filial piety, brotherhood and administration." It can also be regarded as political participation. It can be seen that there is actually a more grand plan behind Confucius' advocacy of "filial piety", "benevolence" and "love" in individuals and families. Even if he can't be an official, he wants to participate in national politics in other ways.
Judging from the attitude of being an official, Confucius' desire for it is more obvious. From the behavior of Confucius traveling around the world, we can see that he is always looking forward to entering and intervening in this society, intervening in the political life of the country, and realizing his political ambitions with the help of the monarch. Zi Gong asked Confucius, "Sri Lanka has beautiful jade, but it is hidden in a coffin?" Sell it for goodness? Confucius said eagerly, "This is for sale!" Sell it! It's my treat, Jia Zheye! "Use jewels to describe yourself, eager for the appreciation of goodness (monarch), and the urgency of joining the WTO is vividly on the paper. Even later Confucian scholars like Mencius showed this warm heart of saving the nation from extinction at the time of Qi and Liang Dynasties. It can be seen that Confucianism actually has a strong feeling of joining the WTO.
Judging from its ideological system, Confucian philosophy has always actively pointed out the way to govern the country for the rulers. It first advised you to be "benevolent" and "sage", and then advised you to implement benevolent and moral policies in managing state affairs. "If my son is in politics, why kill him?" Children want good, and people want good. "The politician is right. A handsome son. Yeah. Who dares to be wrong? " (The Analects of Confucius, Yan Yuan), advocates self-cultivation and peace of mind. These thoughts were directly expressed by Confucius in The Analects of Confucius, even before the rulers. He wants to be in a high position and act quickly and directly, instead of wandering around the world like a lost dog, fearing persecution but not letting go of his ideals and wasting his breath in front of the king.
It was with this surging heart that Confucius started Confucianism, and later all school developers moved in this direction. Ceng Zi said that "a scholar should strive for self-improvement and shoulder a long way to go" is the knowledge of the whole Confucianism.
In addition, Mencius advocated "benevolent government", paid attention to people-oriented and enlightenment thought, and Xunzi's thought of "combining ceremony and music to govern the people's hearts" all reflected the political purpose of governing the country and safeguarding the country. Therefore, Confucianism mainly expresses a political proposition of coordinating social relations to make them harmonious, with the aim of maintaining the rule of rulers and maintaining the stability of social order. It is positive and has entered the WTO.
Taoism also came into being under the background of troubled times. In essence, its purpose is to find a way to save the turbulent and chaotic society. The Tao Te Ching talks about "the art of governing the south" (History of Han, Art and Literature), that is, it tells the monarch the ways and means of governing the people and the country. Even when it comes to governing by doing nothing and closing the country to the outside world, it is still not divorced from political empty talk, but to achieve the goal of ensuring peace. "His political observation is not satisfactory." (Chapter 58 of Laozi) He opposes "too much grain tax" (Chapter 57 of Laozi), and "the loss is not enough to make the supply exceed the demand" (Chapter 77 of Laozi), and even directly talks about political affairs and cares about people's livelihood. All these remarks and thoughts show that Taoism is not far from politics, but cares about state affairs and is full of deep feelings for the people. However, his thought is still concerned about the world and people's lives. At this point, Taoism and Confucianism are completely consistent, that is, both Confucianism and Taoism have a heart of saving the world, their thoughts contain the connotation of political philosophy, and they all maintain the spirit of actively entering the WTO.
Confucianism faces the society directly with positive actions and hits the reality directly; Taoism, on the other hand, was born passively, mainly expressing its feelings of saving the country in troubled times through philosophy. Therefore, in action, Confucianism still joined the WTO, while Taoism was born.
In the face of social unrest, Confucianism directly plunged into troubled times and tried to achieve political peace through the subjective efforts of "people". Politically, on the one hand, it advocates self-denial and restores the social hierarchy; On the other hand, it advocates that rulers practice "benevolence" and "rule by virtue" In social interpersonal relationships, it advocates loyalty and forgiveness, "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you." Advocate "benevolence" love, "old age has a sense of security, old age has something to do, and old age has something to do; The reason why young people are young is that they are young "(Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang), and" not only relatives, not only sons and sons "(Liu Yun) means" the world belongs to benevolence "(The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan). Moreover, Confucianism also encourages people to participate in the political life of the country and "learn to be an official" for the country.
This positive view of WTO entry practice is also manifested in that even though Confucianism was not appreciated by the rulers in the pre-Qin period and Confucianism failed to be an official, they still did not change their feelings of WTO entry and were full of care for social life. Confucius "knows what he can't do", and Mencius is not inferior, directly threatening "who else is there in the world today if you want to level the world?" (Mencius, Gong Sunchou) There is no intention of being born and retiring. They regard life care as their own life and dedicate it to society. Their words and deeds all reflect the feelings of loving the people and worrying about the country, that is, "filial piety is only for filial piety, friends are brothers, and politics is for use."
In contrast, Taoism chose the method of avoiding the world and preserving our sanity, and was deeply branded as a hermit. "When it's time, for the people, eat it, serve it, be beautiful, enjoy its customs, be safe, face each other in neighboring countries, the voices of chickens and dogs are heard, and the people don't come and go until they die of old age." (Zhuangzi) In fact, this is a passive way to avoid the world to deal with troubled times. "People don't rest until they die" is a hermit's attitude, because Taoism believes that only by maintaining this hermit-style closed life can people put an end to disputes and the world be at peace. They try to maintain normal order and social stability by being born.
For another example, Taoism advocates "absolute benevolence and righteousness" (Chapter 20 of Laozi) and "carefree learning" (Chapter 20 of Laozi), which means that avoiding political disputes is inaction and is an effective way to achieve social peace. "Absolute benevolence and righteousness" is not only an attempt to persuade rulers to give up the practice of preaching benevolence and righteousness, but also a broader attempt. That is, "Shu" and "selfless", which means that the rulers should govern the country with a hermit's mentality, rather than "Shu", so that the world can be peaceful. The way for people to stay out of politics is "Juexue", and not learning the Four Books and Five Classics directly cuts off the way to enter political life. People don't participate in politics, and Wang doesn't play "Shu" and "blocking the door" to discourage them and resolve their disputes; Harmony with its light and harmony with its dust. "("Lao Zi "Chapter 56), all these reflect the Taoist pursuit of a reclusive style.
Taoism believes that the deliberate "promising" of rulers is the root of social unrest, "the avenue is abandoned but there is benevolence and righteousness; Wisdom comes out with great fallacies; Six parents are not harmonious and have filial piety; Osawa, the country, has loyal ministers. " (Chapter 18 of Laozi) Therefore, Taoism believes that an isolated and closed society is most conducive to social stability and peace, and hopes to realize the ideal of social harmony through passive childbearing.
Finally, in the attitude towards people, nature and society, Confucianism pays more attention to people and secular society, which is the idea of joining the WTO; Taoism, on the other hand, focuses on the essence of the universe, which seems to be innate, but its philosophical exposition ultimately falls on the political level, so it is actually a member of the WTO.
Taoist thought is full of philosophical meaning, which mainly discusses philosophical issues such as the origin of the universe, the interdependence of fortune and misfortune, and the flexible overcoming of rigidity, but it is issued to clarify the way of governing the country. For example, Taoism first clarified that "Tao" is the origin of the universe and proved the legitimacy of "Tao", but later it turned to governing politics with "Tao". "Daosheng, moral education, pavilion poison." "Supporting the nature of all things and not daring to do it" (Chapter 64) means that "Tao" can nurture all things, and the rulers implement a policy of recuperation for the people. For another example, Lao Tzu first expounded the philosophy that existence, length, voice, competition, beauty and ugliness, rigidity and softness, calmness, honor and disgrace, fortune and singularity can be transformed into opposites, and then applied these philosophies to politics.
Look at Confucianism again. Confucianism also talks about the universe in order to highlight people's value and promote people's orientation. "Heaven and man are one, everything is one", "Nature of heaven and earth is precious" (Mencius) "People are alive, alive, knowledgeable and upright, so they are the most valuable in the world." ("Xunzi Wang Zhi") Confucius's "inaction" does not ask the horse. "(The Analects of Confucius is fashionable), all these remarks reflect that Confucianism pays great attention to the role of people who occupy an important position in society and attaches great importance to the practical significance of people. In addition, Confucianism also affirmed people's pursuit of pleasure and desire, "Mo Chun, spring clothing achievement. The champion is 56, the teenager is 67, the bath is deduction, and the wind is dance. "
From the above comparison, we can see that both Taoism and Confucianism contain rich political philosophy, but Taoism stands at a higher level than Confucianism-Taoism is a world outlook and explains an ideal way of governing the country from a philosophical height; Confucianism, on the other hand, is a methodology, which directly faces the social reality and puts forward a series of concrete measures, and has a strong pragmatic thought. As a result, Taoism seems to be born, and Confucianism is more inclined to join the WTO. However, even though Confucianism and Taoism show two different attitudes and actions, they are essentially seeking an effective way to govern the country and safeguard the country, and both of them embody the spirit of actively joining the WTO, so both Confucianism and Taoism have joined the WTO. Tucki