The fan synthesizes the techniques of various arts such as carving, weaving, braiding and calligraphy. The 2 fan handles on both sides of the folding fan, commonly known as the big bone or big side, engraved with words and paintings; the numerous fan bones in the center, commonly known as the small bone or heart. Fan bone decorative techniques, some studs, some lacquer, which gold star coral is a coral red lacquer as the base, sprinkled with silver on the end, flashing like a star. The lower end of the fan head style of bamboo, plum blossom, small vase, large hook Ruyi, water chestnut round head and so on about 100 kinds of. Fan pendant carved from jade, peach kernel, olive kernel, or knotted tassel, shaking posture. Embroidered fan covers are not only beautiful, but also wear-resistant and practical. On the surface of sandalwood fans, bone fans, ivory fans and shell fans, fine patterns are hollowed out. Kwai fan, sandalwood fan fan on the fan surface of the branding, the ink is divided into thick and thin, the style of ancient and elegant. The fan has many uses, it is not only cool in summer, but also the props of commentary, opera, dance, song and other performances.
Handle fan originated early, the earliest physical objects found in 1982 in Hubei Jiangling Mashan Warring States Tomb unearthed short-handled bamboo fan and Chu unearthed during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period of the feather fan.
Handle fan, is a more fixed fan surface, under the addition of a handle and become. Some of them are attached with fan brackets for reinforcement and decoration. In some cases, the head of the fan is inlaid under the handle and a fan pendant is attached.
Because of the long history of the handle fan, so there are many kinds of texture miscellaneous, good and bad differences. In addition to the wind cooler, there are also expressed identity, such as car driving, Yiwei barrier fan.
Folding fan fan surface, the most commonly used materials for the paper, but also with silk and yarn. Among them, the fan of paper accounted for the vast majority.
Paper fan surface colored fan surface and white "plain surface". In addition to white, colored fan surface in the most elaborate and complex gold surface, the most popular. There are mud gold, crumb gold, sprinkled gold, cold gold, half cold ....... Among them, mud gold was used very early in China. In the Tang Dynasty Kaiyuan, Tianbao has been used "mud gold post". Mud gold manufacturing, from the gold foil to start, the gold into gold foil. As recorded in the "Wu County Records", Suzhou gold foil production, also commonly known as "red fly gold", each three inches and three square. Each two gold can make 2319 sheets. And there are "big red", "Buddha red" and "field red" three different colors. The "big red" is the original color of gold; "Buddha red" is spelled copper, the color appears deep red; "field red" is contained within the grain of silver into two, so slightly yellowish. The gold foil used in the manufacture of clay gold, all three, so the clay gold also has three colors.
Manufacture of mud gold gold foil must be played to wither, to be thin to rotten, made out of mud gold can be delicate. So mud gold, some people also called "muddy gold". Some use special methods to create a substitute for gold powder instead.
According to "Mustard Seed Garden Painting Biography" account, the mud gold system, is a finger dipped in glue will be gold foil, glued to the dish, with the second finger mass grinding iconography and become. In Suzhou, the "Jiang Si Xu Tang" is used to iconoclast by the root of the right hand, which is more efficient and more effective.
All in all, mud gold is the gold foil or gold powder and glue into mud, so the name "mud gold". With it coated in white fan, into the mud gold fan.
And sprinkle gold, chip gold, cold gold ......, and the difference between the mud gold is only a different process. They are first in the fan on the glue, and then the gold foil to small pieces of intensively sprinkled on the fan, into the rain and snow sprinkled gold surface, commonly known as "pin gold", "crumbs of gold" or "rain gold"; also known as the "sprinkle gold". "Sprinkle gold". Such as large areas distributed on the fan such as snow flakes, called "piece of gold", also known as "sprinkled gold". If all covered with gold, known as "cold gold". Some fan will be cold gold on one side, one side of the white side is called "half cold". In fact, mud gold, cold gold, gold, chip gold are common on the gold fan several kinds, have "big red", "Buddha red" and "field red" difference. And in the specific production process is not as simple as the statement. Each fan shop, in each period, have their own special skills, have their own specialized customers, objects, responsible for the selection of materials, customized. In the craft have their own "threshold". So the name of various kinds of gold fan is also different, such as "Yunsong Hall selection system full special weight red mud", "Jiuhua Hall Baoji supervised the production of Yuan red cold", "Wang Xingji products Hang half red cold". .......
In history, most famous painters have specialized for their own processing fan fan Zhuang, to meet the needs of their own painting fan, in order to make their own paintings at ease, at will, at ease. Ming "five miscellaneous chopping block" contained: "the first to heavy gold decoration of its surface as expensive, recently and its bone system of very fine." To the heirloom and unearthed fan of the Ming dynasty, still more than mud and gold fan. Fan surface heavy gold, to show the gorgeous and rich, to please the literati, the scholar's favorite, more favored by the collector's favor.
In addition to a variety of gold fan, there is the Gekkei, persimmon green, on the green, lake color, coral and other pigmented fan, quite popular, but most of the varieties have been lost. Also as "long things" recorded: "its painting ...... and gold and silver shavings decorated with ground ...... its dyeing green and green is very strange, specializing in the empty green and sea green for the, really strange things also."
White plain surface has been the main product in the fan, paper, silk, hair paper and so on. Among them to paper-based. Large production, many varieties, appeared early. From the seen heirloom fan, there are early Ming Xie Jin's "Ting tree fishing map" and so on. Complex process, some are mounted with multi-layer rice paper, 3, 4, 5 layers; some selected top quality rice paper for the surface layer, the middle lining paper more than "cotton" and "Lianshi".
The quality of the fan is not only the selection of materials, the production process is quite critical. The same is the white plain fan, its high and low is very different, really like mud. In history, the more famous mirror paper. After the liberation of the "old alum fan" is the most famous, specialized in high-grade folding fan fan bone supporting. Its production is exquisite, clean and generous, better than the lead pen, flat and firm, not cracked for a long time. Especially its method of production is complex, to go through the material, scraping, cut shape, on the alum, finishing, mounting, set of brushes, folding, cut through, along the edge of the ten processes.
There are also antique, hair paper, silk and other white plain fan.
Special mention of the triple fan, specially formulated for the "Chun Gong painting" fan, can be spread to the left and right. Spread to the left, that is, show the "Chun Gong picture", spread to the right, the emergence of another picture, used to hide.
Folding fan in the fan bone of the richest cultural connotations, the shape of simple and beautiful, elegant and chic; with the material, exotic treasures, colorful; decorative clean and elegant, pleasing to the eye; carving ingenuity, a unique way, and fan art. It is called "red flowers and green leaves". Folding fan fan bone wide range of materials, according to "wild access to the": in the Ming Dynasty, "Wuzhong folding fan, where rosewood, ivory, ebony, all day for the common system; heap to brown bamboo, moso bamboo for the person, said Waise Sleeve elegant things". Ming Wen Zhenheng "long things" cloud: "Gusu the most important painting and calligraphy fan, its bone to white bamboo, brown bamboo, ebony, purple and white sandalwood, Xiangfei, eyebrow green for the, between the teeth and tortoiseshell." Qing "staff fan new record" said: "bone with Xiangfei, peach silk, ebony, sandalwood, ivory, tortoiseshell, all the treasures."
Really, for the fan bone, the first is to take the material, and the key is fine work, to be polished, lacquer, carving, inlay and other craft processes. Such as bamboo, but also after a series of processes such as selection, cooking, sun, split, molding, baking; and then into the "polishing". In addition to bamboo, the rest, such as ebony, teeth, bone, horn, etc. also need to be polished. Then lacquer is applied. These two steps are mainly to complete the bone of the beauty of the light color; and carving, inlay is the purpose of the bone of the decorative beautification.
The fan face is painted with brushstrokes, with the red sun shining high, mountains rising and falling, ancient pines curving and verdant, cranes standing or dancing, and the fan bone is lined with fine lacquer patterns.
In the polishing, water grinding has a unique effect, especially some of the natural beauty, such as Xiangfei, bamboo, etc., itself, silk threads, color pattern, flower spots, a water grinding, more crystalline pleasing to the eye, sparsely self-interest. And lacquer is to make up for the lack of materials. If the polishing of the precious interest in the sky, the lacquer is wonderful in artificial. Lacquer has been popular as early as in the Ming Dynasty, and the number of patterns is increasing day by day. There are mainly monochrome lacquer and mottled lacquer. One of the most popular is the Venus coral lacquer and fine gold rain snow full, the former to coral red lacquer for the ground, sprinkled with lavender yellow silver foil fragments. The latter is also made of coral red lacquer and sprinkled with gold flakes like rain and snow. There are also Polo lacquer and a variety of eight treasures lacquer, but also the embedded screws and other crafts. Especially, "Lacquer Heart and Jade Edge", in the middle of the large bone lacquer with colorful patterns, leaving the edge of the bone as a border. Lacquer mainly makes the fan bone lacquer light flashing, not only colorful, but also do not lose the elegance of the quiet jade. Carving is the decoration of the fan bone, the first choice of pattern, rich in subject matter, nothing to take. But the workmanship is the key. Especially reflecting the standard of carving is bamboo carving, shallow carving and deep, especially "stay green". Leaving the bamboo green for the pattern, revealing the bamboo yellow for the bottom, highlighting the level, contrasting colors.
Fan bones of different textures, but also set, embedded, painting, hot and other techniques for decorative landscaping. Such as wood bone embedded with hot, lacquer bone is engraved with painting ....... It is really varied, good ideas, interesting. No wonder in the Ming and Qing dynasties can appear so many bone system famous people. Ming "long things" cloud: "...... its craftsmen are Li Zhao, Li Zan, Ma Xun, Jiang San, Liu Yutai, Shen Shaolou people, all masters".
The form of the fan bone is relatively simple, and its fine details such as shoulder, head of the many changes. Fan bone length, short, more, less, wider, narrower and style determines the shape of the fan. However, it mainly depends on the variation of the fan shoulder and head and the number of fan bones. Fan shoulder is usually in the lower part of the big bone, if in the middle of the folio shoulder, if the upper part is called "inverted shoulder". The fan shoulder is also divided into shoulder and no shoulder. There are many variations of the shoulders, such as the row of eggplant, ancient square, swallowtail, magnolia, plum blossom, ruyi, bamboo ....... Commonly square, round. Big bone, generally divided into two categories: fancy and plain. Fancy to zigzag type, plain type for flat and straight type distinction. Both types are wide and narrow, long and short.
There are many varieties of folding fans, due to the use of different objects, different occasions, and each take what they need. Such as men's style to nine five - sixteen or nine five - eighteen; and women's style is smaller, for seven inches - thirty .......
Fan head, also known as "end". Its shape is the most characteristic and charming of the folding fan. According to the Qianlong "Wu County Zhi": "Ma (Xun) round head, Li (Zhao) pointed, Liu (Yutai) square head, Chiang (Sutai) Shen (Shao Lou) square and round wells fine, each excels in its own skill." And passed down to the present fan head form, can be described as a wide range, the list goes on and on. In fact, the collection of fan bones to count the importance of Suzhou. Fan bone as a folk crafts, in suzhou not only circulated a lot, and in the 50s, 60s bone making famous hand gathered. In particular, a number of old experts in the literature and museum system, itself is the arts and crafts and cultural relics connoisseur. In their hands in and out of the fan bone can be "ten thousand" to count. For suzhou museum collected a large number of fan, fan bone. At the same time they also often their own home collection, or just collected, combined with the collection of fan bones, into the fan to compare, discuss, identify. Through the consultation and refinement, the difference between imitation and new creation, and regularly organize some small appreciation to improve the level of appreciation. Even held a number of fan, fan bone exhibition. Will be part of the typical, representative of the fan head according to the times drawn into a schematic display. Some experts collect the essence of the fan bone, the beauty of the fan head, it is difficult to express. Speaking of the endless variations of fan head, a hundred good ideas, wonderful and interesting. Its development has a continuity, inheritance, some fan head for the Yuan, Ming period, but in the Qing dynasty Republic of China still continue to use, only will be replaced by the fan. Especially imitation, all ages have, until today.
Fan nails and its process: "the eye of the dragon", a small fan nails, a fine bone on a fan of famous paintings seem so important, called "fan bone tail of the pivot button process". First hit the eye, through the horn into the nail, and then hot plus cap. And to iron into the cap, is not so easy. Generally use "clamp hot" and "drill hot" method, so that not only the nail axis will not be off the pin, but also can have "mouse eyes", commonly known as "a grain of pepper ", plum blossom and other styles appear. In particular, some people, in order to embellish the fan bone, in the rat's eye plus screw cover. There are also some in order to beautify the fan head, will be some fan head area large, such as pine branch round head, flower drum round head, open shoulder eggplant round head, large round head, gourd round head, positive round head, water chestnut round head (Figure 17), pipa round head. Outside the big bone part, some round, ring-shaped, rhombus-shaped and other figures of jadeite, white jade, precious stones, various colors of materials or gold, silver, copper sheet inlaid. Then hot nails. Some in the nail on the tip of the cap nail, commonly known as screw cover. Screw cover and inlays, or mirror each other, or the eye of the dragon, or all in one. The overall color of the fan bone is harmonious and bright. Especially some lacquer, embedded screw Dian fan bone more concerned about the embellishment of the fan nail.