China is a state of etiquette, in the title is very careful, the main honorific and modesty, the other self-proclaimed, other claims, despicable claims, special claims, pronouns, customary and so on. First, honorific honorifics, also known as honorifics, is to talk to each other to show respect for the name, the words used to express honorifics is called honorifics. According to the words of honorifics in three cases: (a) is directly with the pronouns of honorifics, generally monosyllabic words, commonly used "you, er, son, and, and, Gong, Jun" and so on, these can be translated as "you. (b) is to use nouns instead of pronouns to address each other, this kind of words are two-syllable words, this kind of address and there are three forms: the general honorific "Mr., my son", etc.; also can be used to represent each other where the other person is located or the people under him, commonly used "foot, your majesty, your excellency, the deacon, left and right", etc.; there is also the use of the official title of the other person, the other person can be translated as "you". "There is also the use of official status to honor the other party, such as "the king, the doctor, the general, the son of the king" and so on. These nouns can also be translated as "you", His Majesty is the monarch of the emperor, can not be translated, the official status can not be translated (3) is to use adjectives to address the other person related to the behavior of the characters, this word is generally two-syllable words, the first one for the adjective, the latter for the characters related to the noun. The common ones are: 尊: 尊府, 尊兄, 尊驾,尊夫人; 贤: 贤弟, 贤妻 仁: 仁兄, 仁弟 貴: 貴體(有问候意), 貴姓, 貴庚; 高: 高朋, 高亲, 高邻, 高見; 大: 大礼, 大作, 大驾. These words generally do not need to be translated. These honorifics with the development of society has changed, the above one or two two cases to now basically do not use; and the third is still commonly used, these addresses are both very respectful of each other, but also a sense of cordiality, the language atmosphere is also very harmonious. Second, modesty modesty, expressed modesty of self-proclaimed. The word used to express modesty is called modesty. Can be divided into two cases to recognize and master. One is to use certain nouns to replace the pronoun "I". And can be divided into the following four categories: one is to use their own name or first name to express modesty. "Su Zi and guests canoeing under the Red Cliff." ("Red Cliff Fu") with the last name; "Jifu more heard of your funeral of seven days ." ("Ritual of Twelve Lang Wen") with the first name. The second type is to use "minister, servant, a, small man" to call themselves, to apologize. "I have suffered from this misfortune with the spoken word." (Report to Ren'an) "I have been familiar with the art of war since I was a child." (Lost Street Pavilion) The third category is women, who often use the terms "concubine, servant girl, slave, slave girl," etc. to express their apologies. "The same is true of a concubine." (Southeast Flight of the Peacock) The fourth category is that the monarch often uses "寡人(寡得之人),不毂(不善之人),孤(孤独之人)" to express his humility. I'm in the country, I'm doing my best." ("Mengzi - Liang Hui Wang Shang") These modest titles can be translated as "I". Another is to use certain words to address the characters related to oneself. This kind of words are two-syllable synthetic words and the former word modifies the latter word, from the point of view of the lexical nature of the modifying word, it can be divided into three kinds of cases. First, they are modified by adjectives to show humility, and the most common ones are: Yug: Yugi (愚兄), Yugi (愚弟), Yugi (愚見), Yugi (愚意), Yugi (愚見), Yugi (愚意), Yugi (愚見), Yugi (愚意), and Yugi (愚見). I"). My: my country, my county ("my" is equivalent to "mine"). 贱:贱体,贱躯,贱息(referring to one's son in front of the emperor of the state),贱内(referring to one's wife). ["cheap" is equivalent to "my"] Small: small daughter, small child, small number. The first is to use a verb to modify a person's position in the world. The second is to use the verb to modify, in order to behavior to express humility, common are: steal: steal thoughts, steal ideas, steal hear. ("Steal" can be translated as private private) Fu: Fu Wei (lying on the ground to think). It is used when stating one's thoughts from the bottom to the top or from the younger generation to the elder generation), Fuwen. ("I have heard that the holy dynasty rules the world with filial piety.") (陈情表)) The third is to use nouns to modify, to show humility. In front of other people to humbly call their elder brother with "family", "family father, family ruler, family honor, family strict" can be used to call their own father; "family mother, family charity" to call their own mother; "family brother" to call their own mother; "family brother" to call their own mother. The term "family brother" is used to refer to one's older brother. In front of others to address than their own younger or lower relatives with "she", "she brother" is his brother, "she nephew" is his nephews. "Home" and "she" can be translated as "my". These modesty with the development of society has a big change. The first case is basically not used, the second case there are some still in use. Third, the other title is in front of others on their own name. The emperor called himself "widow", the old man called himself "old man", the young in front of the elderly called himself "little brother", the monk called himself "poor road, poor monks The monk calls himself "poor Taoist, poor monk", and the average person calls himself "my humble self". Modesty belongs to self-reference. He called is to address others. Such as accompanying the bride's women as "bridesmaids", noble women as "ladies", "Mrs." in ancient times that the vassal's wife, and later used to honor the wife of the general public, and old men as "old man". The title of honor is "old man", and the title of honor is "young man". Honorable titles are all other titles. Despicable title is to call others with contemptuous tone, such as "vertical son, boy, female flow." Specialized name is some of the conventions of the title. Such as the woodcutter as "woodcutter", the boatman as "boat", the country's outstanding personage as "national scholar". The pronouns are borrowed from other titles instead of the original title. Such as "women" instead of women, with "Pearland" instead of the theater, with "haiku" instead of comedians. The pronoun belongs to the rhetorical technique of substitution. The customary name is to address someone with the agreed customary title. For example, "Laozhuang" refers to Laozi (Li Er) and Zhuangzi (Zhuang Zhou) and their doctrines, and "Cold and Thin" refers to Meng Jiao and Jia Dao. The names of people of different ages are called babies when they are born, and swaddling clothes when they are less than a year old. A person's first birth is called an infant, while a person under the age of one is called a swaddler. Girls are called tweens at the age of 7. Boys at 7 years of age are called Shao Nian (韶年). A person under 10 years old is called a huangkou (yellow mouth). 13 to 15 years old is called the year of the dancing spoon. From 15 to 20 years old, the year of the elephant dance. A girl aged 12 is called the Year of the Hairpin. A girl aged 13 is called the year of cardamom. At 15 years old, a girl is said to be at the age of maturity. 16 years old is called the Jasper Years; 20 years old is called the Peach and Plum Years. At 24 years old, it is called the Year of Flower Letter; a woman's marriage is called the Year of Ticket? A woman who marries is called the Year of the Plum. A man at 20 is called a crown. At 30 years of age, it is called the year of standing up. At 40 years old, it is called the year of confusion. At 50 years old, it is called the year of knowing one's destiny. At 60 years of age, it is called the age of flower and armor or the age of obedience. At 70 years of age, it is called the age of old age. 80 years old is called the age of the staff. 80 to 90 years of age is called the year of the combination? The age of 80 to 90 is known as the age of the old, the old, and the young. At 100 years of age, it is called the age of joy. Social phrases and friendship titles: "I've heard so much about you" for the first time; "I'm looking forward to seeing you" for waiting for a guest; "I'd like to hear from you" for a letter; "I'd like to ask for your help" for a favor; "I'd like to be helped" for a favor; and "I'm grateful for your help" for a favor. Please" to ask for help; "Please" to ask someone to do something; "Please" to ask for guidance; "Please" to praise someone's opinion; "Please" to ask for forgiveness; and "Please" to ask for forgiveness. "包涵"; "高寿" for the age of an old man; "光临" for the arrival of a guest; "告辞" for parting with someone; "看访别人用"; "警客" for visiting someone; "警客" for the age of an old man. To visit someone, use the word "visit"; To ask someone not to send, use the word "stay"; To trouble someone, say "bother"; To ask for convenience, say "borrow light "Please teach"; "patronize"; "long time no see"; "lost"; "lost"; "lost"; "lost"; "lost"; "lost"; "lost"; "lost"; "lost"; "lost"; "lost"; "lost"; "lost"; "lost"; "lost"; "lost". "Loss of compensation" is used to say "loss of compensation", and "correction" is used to say "correction" when presenting a work. Polite address between family and friends Parents are called "Gao Tang", "Chun Xuan", "Parents" and "Knees". Parents are referred to as father, father, mother, mother, family, and family. When a father dies, he is called: Father, Yan, Kao. Mother's death is called: mother, mother, mother, mother. Siblings are called family brother, family brother, sister, sister. Brothers and sisters are called kunzhong, hand and foot. Husband and wife are called husband and wife, spouse and partner. Peers who have passed away are called: deceased brother, deceased brother, deceased sister, deceased wife. Other people's parents are called: your father, your mother. Siblings are called: brother, sister. The sons and daughters of others are called: your son, your daughter. The father of a wife is called: father-in-law, father-in-law, Tarzan. Other people's families are called: Mansion, Honorable Mansion. My own family is known as: Humble House, Humble House, Cao Tang. Men and women are collectively called: men are called men and women are called women. When a husband and wife die, they are called: Bereaved Spouse. Teachers are called: Master, Master, Husband. Students are called: disciples, recipients. Schools are referred to as: "cold windows" and "chicken windows". Classmates are called: fellow students. Ancient Age Appellations: Swaddling Clothes: less than one year old. Childhood: two to three years old. Teething: girls were seven years old. The first replacement of the milk teeth and the milky year: boys were eight years old. Note: According to the physiological condition, when a boy is eight years old and a girl is seven years old, they change their teeth, shed their milk teeth and grow permanent teeth, which is called "teething", "milking" or "tufting". General: a general term for the youngest years of life. The Year of the Droopy Bun: refers to children. (Anciently, a child's hair was hanging down, which was extended to refer to a person who had not yet reached adulthood.) Huangkou: below the age of ten. Yixue: ten years old. (Li Ji - Qu Li Shang): "Ten years of life is said to be young and learning." Because the ancient text is not punctuated, people intercepted the word "幼学" as a substitute for ten years old.) The year of the golden hairpin: the girl is twelve years old. Cardamom age: a girl is thirteen years old. Zhixue: fifteen years old. (The Analects of Confucius: Zi said: "I am ten years old, but I aspire to learn ......"). (Li Ji - Nei Zi: "A woman is fifteen years old when she reaches maturity.") Jasper years of age, the year of the broken melon: a woman is sixteen years old. (In the olden days, the literati used the character "melon" for the year of twenty-eight, which means sixteen years old, and it was mostly used for women.) Weak crown: twenty years old. ("Li Ji - Qu Li on": "twenty said weak crown.") Peach and Li Nianhua (桃李年华): a woman is twenty years old. Flowering: a woman is twenty-four years old. And standing: thirty years old. Unconfused: forty years old. The Mandate of Heaven: fifty years old. (The Analects of Confucius: Zi said, "I am ten years old and determined to learn, thirty years old and established, forty years old and not perplexed, fifty years old and aware of the Mandate of Heaven, sixty years old and obedient to the ear, seventy years old and following my heart's desires without overstepping the limits. ") The Year of Knowing Right and Wrong: fifty years old. (Huai Nan Zi - Yuan Dao Xun: "Bo Yu was fifty years old, and had forty-nine years of nonconformity." It is said that there was a man named Bo Yu in the state of Wei in the Spring and Autumn, who kept reflecting on himself, and at the age of fifty, he realized the mistakes he had made in the previous forty-nine years, and later generations used the term "knowing what was wrong" to refer to his fiftieth year of life). The age of sixty. (Since ancient times, China has been using the heavenly stems and earthly branches to make up sixty pairs of stems and branches, which is called "sixty stems and branches" or "sixty flowers and jiazi", so sixty years old is also known as "the year of the flower and armor". ) Ancient and Rare: Seventy years old. (Du Fu's "Two Songs of Qujiang": "Wine debt is common everywhere, life is seventy years old.") Eighty or ninety years old: eighty or ninety years old. (Li Ji - Qu Li: "Eighty-nine and ninety is said to be eighty years old.") According to this explanation, people use the word "oldest old" as a substitute for eighty or ninety years old.) ("期颐"): a person who is a hundred years old. (Li Ji - Qu Li: "A hundred years is said to be a period of time." It means that life lasts for a hundred years, so it is called "the year of the period of the Yi." Yuan Chen Hao explains: "People live for a hundred years, so it is said to period; food and living and moving people are not to be nourished, so it is said to Yi.")
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