Tibetan, each nation has its own unique culture and living habits, Tibetans are an ancient and passionate people, in the long history, but also formed their own habits and taboos in life. 1、When two friends who have met each other after a long time greet or chat with each other, your hands can't be on each other's shoulders. 2, you can not cross or step on other people's clothes, nor can you put your own clothes on other people's clothes, and you can not cross over people. 3. Women drying their clothes, especially pants, and underwear must not be dried where everyone passes by. 4、No whistling or crying loudly in the house. 5, family members out of the house, guests have just left, at noon and after sunset and the first day of the Tibetan New Year can not sweep or dump garbage. 6. Outsiders are not allowed to mention the name of a deceased person in front of his or her relatives. 7. Work that should be completed this year cannot be left to be done next year, such as twisting wool, weaving sweaters, carpets, and so on. 8, dusk, can not just go to people's homes, especially when people will have a pregnant woman in labor and just gave birth to a woman in labor or a seriously ill person, strangers can not go. 9. After noon, you can't take out any of your family's possessions. 10, a stranger to the big mountains and cliffs and canyons that you have never been to before, you can not make a lot of noise. 11, can not cross or step on eating utensils, pots and pans, ladle and basin. 12, two people at home at the same time out of the house, and in the opposite direction, can not go out at the same time, must go out before and after the time to go out and to go out time to be separated. 13. Women are not allowed to comb or wash their hair at night, nor are they allowed to go out with their hair draped over their heads. 14. When using brooms and dustpans, they cannot be passed directly by hand, but must be placed on the ground first and then picked up by another person from the ground. 15, whenever friends and relatives to your home to visit or visit you, will take some ghee tea or barley wine and other items as a gift to you, the guests before leaving to vacate the things, can not be all vacated, you must leave a little bit in the inside or change a little bit of their own things loaded. 16, there are gaps or cracks in the bowl can not be used to eat, and can not pour tea to the guests there are Tibetan customs and practices: Tibetans in the welcome guests in addition to dipping their hands in the wine popped three times, but also in the grains of the bucket to catch a little barley, thrown three times into the air. At the banquet, the host picks up the wine cup first drink mouth, and then a drink, the host finished drinking the first cup of wine, we can drink freely. Drinking tea, the guest must wait for the host to hold the tea in front to reach out and drink, otherwise considered rude. Eating pay attention to food not full mouth, chewing no sound, drink no sound, picking food does not cross the plate. Hospitality with lamb to the lower part of the sheep spine with the tail of a piece of meat is expensive, to honor the most respected guests. The production of the tail meat, but also to leave a lock of white hair, indicating good luck.
The dedication of the hata is the highest Tibetan hospitality specifications of a ritual, indicating a warm welcome to the guests and sincere respect. Hada is the Tibetan language, that is, sarong or silk scarf. It is mainly white, there are light blue or yellowish, generally about 1.5 meters to 2 meters long, about 20 cm wide. The best is blue, yellow, white, green, red colorful hada. Five-colored hada used for the highest and most solemn ceremonies such as the Buddhist ceremony.
2. Clothing: Tibetan clothing is mainly traditional Tibetan clothing, characterized by long-sleeved, wide-waisted, large lapel. Women wear long-sleeved robes in winter and sleeveless robes in summer, wearing various colors and patterns of shirts inside, and tying a colorful patterned apron in front of the waist. Tibetan compatriots are especially fond of "Hada", it is regarded as the most precious gift. "Hada" is a snow-white fabric, generally about 20, 30 centimeters wide, about one to two meters long, with yarn or silk woven, every celebration, or guests come, or to pay respects to the elders, or travel to send off, are to offer Hada to show respect.
3. food customs: most of the Tibetans eat three meals a day, but in the busy or labor intensity is greater when there are four meals a day, five meals, six meals of habit. The vast majority of Tibetans to tsampa as the main food, that is, the barley fried and ground into fine powder. Especially in pastoral areas, in addition to tsampa, rarely eat other food products. When consuming tsampa, to mix with strong tea or milk tea, ghee, milk residue, sugar and so on together; tsampa is both easy to store and easy to carry, when consumed is also very convenient. In the Tibetan area, can be seen at any time with sheepskin tsampa pockets on the body, hungry at any time can be eaten. Tibetans used to eat very few vegetables, side dishes of beef and mutton, pork second. Tibetans eat beef, mutton, pay attention to fresh, folk eat meat without chopsticks, but will be a large piece of meat into the plate, with a knife to cut food. Beef and mutton blood is added to crushed beef and mutton into the small intestines of cows and sheep made of blood sausage. Meat is mostly stored by air-drying method. Generally in the winter after the slaughter of beef, mutton a moment to eat, more cut into strips, hanging in the ventilation, so that it air-dried. Winter production of air-dried meat can be antiseptic, but also can make the blood in the meat of the frozen attached, can maintain the air-dried meat fresh color and flavor. The most common is ghee extracted from cow and sheep's milk, in addition to meals with ghee, but also used in large quantities for the production of ghee tea. Yogurt, cheese, milk lumps and milk residue is also often made dairy products, Tibetans generally like to drink barley made of barley wine. In the festival or happy days especially. Tibetan cooking and eating stoves are self-contained. In Tibetan areas, every family is equipped with ghee tea canisters and milk tea pots. Tibetans in most areas use dried cow dung as fuel and iron tripods as stoves.
Yunnan Tibetan tea set, wine set, tableware prefer copper. Tibetans in other areas prefer wooden bowls and painted red, yellow and orange paint. The more elaborate but also in the bowl on the silver. Tibetan pastoral areas should be accompanied by a refined Tibetan knife, mainly used to cut food, but also for slaughtering sheep, skinning, peeling tent syncope and other labor, the production of Tibetan knives have a long history, exquisite craftsmanship. Typical food: Tibetan typical food in addition to tsampa, barley wine, ghee tea, there are many, for example: foot horse rice, Tibetan traditional feast food, with foot horse, rice, ghee and other cooking. Blood sausage, traditional Tibetan dishes, made of cow (sheep) blood as the main raw material. Cheese, traditional Tibetan dishes, made of fermented cow and sheep milk.
4. Festivals: Tibetans generally believe in Tibetan Buddhism, that is, Lamaism. In the past, many traditional days are related to religious activities. Tibetan calendar for the yin and yang calendar, to "five elements" (refers to wood, fire, earth, gold, water) yin and yang with the twelve genera Department of the year, every 60 years a week, to the yin fire rabbit year (dingmao) for the beginning of the year, the month of the big, small build, generally three years to set the intercalary; the Tibetan New Year's Day is the most important festival. The first month of the Tibetan calendar, the local people have to watch the custom of ghee lanterns. April 15 to commemorate the Buddha's birthday and Tang Wencheng Princess of Tibet's auspicious day, folk celebrations. Tibetan festivals and Saga Dawa Festival, Snowdon Festival, Lantern Festival and Wang Guo Festival. Tibetan calendar year every year on the first day of the first month of the Tibetan calendar. Tibetan calendar year generally from the Tibetan calendar in December on the preparation, shopping for new year's goods, families have to use ghee fried fruit. New Year's Eve cleaning, in the door with lime powder painted to symbolize eternity symbols, said congratulations auspicious and happy. Tibetans in Yunnan eat dough (similar to dumplings) for dinner on New Year's Eve, with stones, chili peppers, charcoal, and wool wrapped in the dough, each of which has a different saying; for example, eating dough wrapped in stones indicates that he has a hard heart in the new year; while those who eat dough wrapped in wool indicate that he has a soft heart. On the fifteenth day of the first month, religious pujas are performed in most Tibetan areas. "Xuedong Festival" every year on the first day of the seventh month of the Tibetan calendar, the original meaning of "yogurt feast", when families have to make a large number of yogurt to eat, and later increased the content of the Tibetan opera. Snow Festival many people have to carry ghee tube, teapot, thermos flask, bring food to the beautiful scenery of the place to drink tea and wine. "Wang Guo Festival" in the annual fall harvest before, over the Wang Guo Festival to feast each other and a variety of picnic activities to meet the fall harvest. There are also traditional festivals such as the "Bathing Festival" and the "Winter Festival".
Above is the Tibetan
Loba people have long lived in the plateau valley, in their clothing also shows their rough and bold character. Making full use of wild plant fibers and animal skins as raw materials is one of the more prominent features of the Lhoba clothing. In the past, in the Lhoba area popular a called "step state" grass skirt, is made of straw with chicken claw grain. Now, the women put on the soil cloth dress, also used to put a grass skirt on the outside, play a role in the protection of the cloth skirt. Lhoba women like to wear hemp cloth woven lapel collarless narrow-sleeved blouse, outside a calfskin, lower body around the slightly over the knee tight skirt, calf wrapped on the legs, both ends with a band tight. They attach great importance to wearing ornaments, in addition to silver and copper bracelets, rings, there are dozens of circles of blue and white color bead necklaces, waist clothes are decorated with many sea shells strung together into a ball. Loba women's body ornaments up to several kilograms of weight, can be filled with a small bamboo back basket. These ornaments are each family for many years to exchange, is a symbol of family wealth. Whenever the festival, the women one by one dress up, each other than the beauty. The men's costumes fully display the characteristics of the hunting life in the mountains and forests. They mostly wear a black overshoulder made of wool, as long as the abdomen. A piece of bison skin is draped over their backs and tied to their shoulders with leather strips. Inside, they wear Tibetan serge robes. The hats of the men of the Bogar tribe are even more distinctive, made of bearskin pressed into a round shape, similar to a steel helmet with a brim. Above the brim set with hairy bearskin circle, bear hair to all around fluffy. Behind the hat is also decorated with a square piece of bearskin. This bearskin hat is very tough, hunting and can play a role in confusing prey. Men usually go out, back on the bow and arrow, sat on the waist knife, tall body with other flash shiny decorations, appear extraordinarily powerful and handsome. Lhoba men and women love to tie a sophisticated belt, rattan, leather production, but also useful wool braided, and woven with a variety of colorful patterns. In addition to the belt used to tie clothes and skirts, but also used to hang a knife, fire scythe and other copper, shellfish production of ornaments. Wearing a long knife is the hobby of Lhoba men. It is not only as a display of masculinity decorations, but also by the natural conditions of the drive, become a basic tool in daily life and an important weapon. Not only use it to prevent wild animals and poisonous insects attack, and use it to cut bamboo and wood, set up rattan net bridge, house building and even cut hair, cut animal skins ...... In addition to the long knife, the bow and arrow is the Lhoba men can not leave the body of the thing, is the main tool for hunting. Lhoba people make bow and arrow skills are very high, the use of bow and arrow skills are very skillful. Lhoba people from young children began to practice archery. Bend bamboo bow and cut arrow shaft is very careful. Bow making not only to choose the bamboo species, bamboo age, and the bow length, thickness have fixed specifications. The selection and production of arrow shafts, arrowheads and arrow feathers are also very delicate. It takes about 20 days to make a good bow and arrow. Lhoba is a hospitable people, hospitality guests warm and courteous. Guests into the door, they always let sit on the seat next to the fire, and then take out their favorite dried meat, milk residue, raising wheat cakes and butter tea hospitality guests. Lhoba people have a set of ancient customs of entertaining guests, that is, the host to the guests out of food, the guests must eat, the host is happy. Guests eat before, the host must first drink a mouthful of wine, first eat a mouthful of rice, to show that the wine and rice non-toxic and sincere hospitality to the guests. Guests come to the village, such as wedding ceremony, we must go to the host's home with the village to congratulate, drink and sing. Lhoba people can retain the guests, guests like as an honor, such as the treatment of guests is not enthusiastic or make the guests angry away, will be blamed by the public opinion, be looked down upon. Father and son even the name system: that is, the name of male members of the clan and the name of the father's side together, the father's name and grandfather's name together, each person's name consists of two parts, the first word for the father's name, the last word for the son's name, and so strictly differentiated from generation to generation even down, constituting a genealogy. This father and son even name system in the 愽嘎尔 tribe of men, can remember or say five to ten generations of the name of their ancestors. They know who the closest relatives are within the clan. In the father and son hyphenated approach to the arrangement, but the tribe practiced clan exogamy, daughters to be married out of the clan, so in the genealogy does not occupy a major position to the man hyphenated as the main, the family succession is also completely patrilineal continuation of the basic cells of the community. Some tribes drink blood wine during the oath of alliance. Bogar people every year after the fall harvest to kill animals to celebrate, the remaining temperature is not cold cattle blood poured in ghee to drink. They believe that the bone marrow of the bison sucked out of the raw food flavor is the most delicious. Part of the Lhoba people often roe deer meat into meat sauce, mixed with chili and ginger as ingredients. Barbecuing is one of the most common ways for the Lhoba to process food. Both plant food and animal food can be barbecued. The whole fish is thrown into the fire, buried in hot ashes, and then stewed and eaten in a short time. Caught in the mountains to the big animals, in addition to grilled food, but also cut into strips of meat, grilled and stored for a long time. In addition to living in the diaspora in Mutuo, Miling a small number of Lhoba people and Tibetans together with the Tibetan calendar year, all over the Lhoba people have their own annual festival. Lhoba annual festival is in accordance with the presumption of the calendar, the festival time is not consistent, but are in a year after labor. In the self-proclaimed "Apatani" Lhoba folk circulated a Lhoba language called "Morang" festival, the festival in the lunar month or the first month of the Chinese lunar calendar by the sorcerer to choose, the popular area is Tibet Lhoba Yu area of the West Baxia Qu area. At that time, the village male teenagers arranged in a line, dressed in full costume, led by the sorcerer to the neighboring villages, passing through the fields, the sorcerer scattering rice grains, teenagers waving long knives, banging on the copper plate, an old man at the end of the line along the way to sprinkle rice flour. As they pass by land that is about to be sown, youths holding bamboo male genitalia go out into the field and perform a reproductive dance. Every time they arrive at a village square, they sing and dance, and the people of that village prepare wine and hospitality. The parade goes through all the tribes of the tribe. This festival is meant to be a celebration of a good harvest. Because it is thought that the reproduction of crops is the same as human fertility, the fertility dance is performed in the ground.
The above are the Lhoba
The Menba are one of the ethnic groups in China with a long history and culture, mainly distributed in the Tibet Autonomous Region in the Menshou and upper Lhoyu of the Mutuo and the northeastern edge of the adjoining area. The Menba have their own language - Menba language, but there is no national script, general Tibetan. The Menba people mainly believe in Benjaminism (a kind of primitive Wicca) and Lamaism. The Menba have rich folk literature, and their folk songs are beautiful and have been passed down for a long time, among which the "Sama" wine song and the "Garu" love song are the most unrestrained and touching. Menba people mainly engaged in agriculture, planting rice, but also part-time animal husbandry and hunting, specializing in bamboo and rattan ware weaving and making all kinds of wooden bowls. Menba people and Tibetan people live together for a long time, intermarriage, in politics, economy, culture and life customs have very close relationship.
Marriage
The Menba people's marriage is free, mostly monogamous, and the marriage ceremony is quite dramatic and interesting. The day of the wedding, early in the morning the bride dress up, by parents, siblings and aunts and other relatives escorted to the husband's home, before the line of the bride reluctant to confess to her parents, the two old man raised me but have to leave both parents, I'm really sorry. The bride's family generally want to send her daughter bracelets, rings, headdresses, belts, etc. as a dowry, and sometimes bring one or two pieces of labor tools. The groom's side has long asked the matchmaker to bring a few smart and good people waiting on the road to meet the bride, they take bamboo wine, on the way to the bride to drink three times. Arrived at the groom's house into the house to sit down, set up wine, meat, oil cake hospitality. The bride's uncle is the most respected, he spoke on behalf of the father's side, then he picked up the problem, the wine is not good, the meat is not uniform in size, and questioned: is my daughter which is not good-looking ...... every sentence on the fist vigorously hit the table, pretending to be furious look. So the groom's family even accompanied the salute, rushed to offer the hatha, re-added wine and food, until the bride's uncle nodded satisfaction. In fact, this dramatic nitpicking, the purpose is to test the sincerity of the male party. Wine to half-full, the crowd impromptu singing and dancing, enjoy the fun, all night long. Wealthy family wedding often lasts three or four days. It is also a good opportunity for young men and women to socialize and fall in love with each other.
Festivals
There are two main types of Menba festivals, one is the religious festivals, and the other is the annual festival. Religious festivals are mainly in Quke Festival, Saga Dawa Festival, Lord Ba Grand Puja, and Dawang Grand Puja, and the yearly annual festivals are mainly the Menba New Year.
Quko Festival: It is held in June every year when the crops are ripe. Festival people gather, hold a grand pilgrimage ceremony, and then in the lama and zaba under the leadership of the back of the scripture to raise the flag, around the village and crop fields around the week, praying for divine blessings, prosperous people, crop harvest. The masses bring their own food and wine, and sing and dance in the fields, and the whole event lasts for 2-3 days.
Saga Dawa Festival: According to legend, the birth of Tibetan Buddhism's Buddha Shakyamuni and the day of the passing of the Tibetan calendar April 15, in order to commemorate this day, all the monasteries in the Menba area chanting prayers, held a variety of religious activities. At that time each family should take out a certain amount of tsampa, ghee and barley wine, to the temple, the temple lama and then made tsampa "wor" to everyone to eat, people toast each other to eat and drink, to the night, each house in front of the house and also point ghee lamps, to show the celebration, and this day as a sign of the entry into the agricultural time, from this day onwards, people will have to The day is the beginning of the agricultural work.
The Lord Ba big puja: is the Murdock Zong whole sect of the big puja, in the harvest year of November to December held between, lasted 3-18 days ranging, the poor harvest year is not held. The main activities include chanting sutras, jumping to the gods, and performing religious dramas, etc. People bring their own wine, meat and food. People bring their own meat and wine, food, get together, drink during the day to watch the jumping god performance, night in the field lit bonfire, singing and dancing, celebrate the festival.
Dawang Grand Puja: It is held on the 29th day of the 11th month of the Tibetan calendar every year and lasts for three days. During the festival, people not only watch the performance of jumping god, traditional drama "Zhuo Wa Sangm", dancing yak dance, etc., but also hold some self-entertainment activities, such as horse racing, tug-of-war, archery and so on.
New Year's Day: New Year's Day of the Tibetan calendar is the most important festival of the Menba people, the Menba language is called "Losa", the wrong Menba New Year's Day is from the first day of the first month of the Tibetan calendar, to the end of the fifteenth day of the first month of the end of the New Year's Day, and the Tibetan people over the New Year is basically not much different from that of the Murmuru region of the Menba people's New Year is different, there are two years in the year. They have two New Years in a year, one is January New Year, which starts on the first day of the first month of the Tibetan calendar and lasts for 2-3 days; the other one is December New Year. The December New Year is the most characteristic annual festival of the Mutuo Menba, which starts on the first day of the twelfth month of the Tibetan calendar and lasts for 10-15 days. Before the festival, families clean their houses, kill cows and slaughter goats, and make sumptuous food and wine and invite guests. During the festival, people wear costumes, visit each other to celebrate, singing and dancing, drinking and reveling. In addition, there will be a variety of recreational activities, such as tug-of-war, jousting, holding stones, archery and so on.
Burials
The funeral of the Menba ethnic group shows the characteristics of diversity and complexity, in terms of burial, there are earth burial, water burial, cremation, sky burial and cliff burial, as well as the roof burial and under-the-house burial; there is a burial, and there are also two or three times the type of burial of the compound burial. The funeral process is more ceremonial and elaborate, a lot of activities. The complexity of the Menba funeral, but also in different regions of the Menba view and choose the concept of burial on the different.
Burial choices are different, but before the funeral of the body's treatment and the ceremony is basically the same: after the death of a person, the body will be tied with a rope or the dead belt, and legs or squatting leg bends, hands across the chest, the male deceased, the left hand on the chest, the female deceased, the right hand on the chest, like a fetus. Set up for the dead spirit place, put offerings, mortuary for several days. During the morgue, please lama chanting puja, choose the way of burial, funeral hour and burial place position, and determine the back of the body and the direction of the body out of the house.
Among the many types of burials, earth and water burials are the most common and are used by the general public. Cremation, sky burial and cliff burial are mostly used by rich families, headmen and lamas. Rooftop and under-the-roof burials are only for underage children who die young.
Taboos
The Mutuo Menba believe that a month of five, ten, fifteen, twenty-five, thirty days for the "funeral day", these days can not be introduced to the marriage, prohibit people from working on the ground, prohibited to go up to the mountains to collect firewood and catching fish in the river, and also not allowed to kill animals, can only be at home to do household chores.
Three days before a hunter goes on a hunting trip, the family can't cook wine and outsiders can't enter the house.
Family members traveling or exchanging, the same day can not sweep the floor, violating the belief that people and animals can not be safe, the exchange will not go smoothly.
Someone in the family is sick, to insert thorny branches at the door to indicate that outsiders do not enter, so as not to bring the ghost into the aggravation of the disease. In the middle of the night, it is taboo to hear the dog barking chicken, rooster barking omen of bad luck, things do not go well; snake drilling into the house or see a dead snake is considered a bad omen.
Some places have taboos on the male and female marriage of the genus, such as rats and horses, cows and sheep, dogs and dragons, pigs and snakes, monkeys and tigers, and other phases touching the men and women can not be married. Think people meet twelve, twenty-five, thirty-seven, forty-nine, sixty-one, seventy-three, eighty-five years of age may meet with disaster. The Menba people call these ages "Ga".
The bride to get married, the groom into the family line to the way, taboo meet back empty basket or empty water cylinder people, such as avoidance, foretells the marriage is ominous.
The above is the Menba tribe
You can Baidu Encyclopedia specific understanding, or read the folklore books
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