Hugo was born in the eastern part of France next to Switzerland in the province of Besan?on, his father was a general under Napoleon, childhood Hugo with his father stationed in Spain, 10 years old back to Paris to go to school, graduated from secondary school into the law school, but his interest lies in writing, 15 years old in the French Academy of Poetry Competition will be awarded the prize, at the age of 17, in the "Hundred Flowers Poetry Competition" won the first prize, 20 years old in the "Hundred Flowers Poetry Competition" won the first prize, and the first prize. "At the age of 20, he published a collection of poems, Ode to the Bourbons, which was rewarded by Louis XVIII for his praise of the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty, and he wrote a great deal of exotic poetry later on. Later he was disappointed with both the Bourbons and the July dynasty, and became a ****harmonist, he also wrote many poetic dramas and plays. He also wrote many poems and plays. He wrote a large number of novels with distinctive features and carried out his ideas
Elected as a member of the Académie fran?aise in 1841, he was elected to the House of Lords in 1845, and was a representative of the Parliament of the **** and the National Assembly after the February Revolution of 1848. 1851, Napoleon III claimed to be the emperor, and Hugo was forced to go into exile, during which time he wrote a political satire, "The Collection of Punishments", each chapter of which is accompanied by a provision of the policy program of Napoleon III. Each chapter is accompanied by an article of Napoleon III's program of governance, and satirized, but also with the achievements of Napoleon I and Napoleon III's shame contrast.
After the revolution of 1878 overthrew Napoleon III, he returned to Paris. Hugo, who wrote extensively on virtually all areas of literature and whose creative ideas, according to critics, are the closest to modern thought, was buried in the Pantheon, a collection of plaques commemorating France's great personalities, following his death.
Hugo's most talked about romantic deeds in France is: he was 30 years old when he met 26-year-old actress Juliette Drouet, and fell in love, and later, no matter whether they were together or apart, Hugo every day to her to write a love letter, until her death at the age of 75, nearly 50 years without interruption, wrote nearly 20,000 letters.
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Works
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Play
Cromwell A rhyming play published in 1827. The "Preface" to the play is considered to be the manifesto of the French Romantic theater movement, and is Hugo's most important literary treatise.
The premiere of Elnani in 1830 marked the complete victory of French Romanticism over Classicism.
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Novel
Notre Dame de Paris 1831, is a famous novel by Victor Hugo, a representative of Romantic fiction. The two characters in the novel, Quasimodo and Vice Bishop Crowder, are a contrast; the former is ugly in appearance, but pure and kind-hearted. The latter is moralistic. The heroine, Esmeralda, on the other hand, is the embodiment of beauty.
The Laughing Man was published in 1869 The novel has the same contrast of beauty and ugliness as Notre Dame. The main character, Gwynplaine, was born into the aristocracy, but was disfigured as a child because of the rivalries at court. She is later adopted by the folk artist "Bear" (or "Ursus"). So Gwynplaine is the son of the people. Later on, the novel takes a turn for the worse, with Gwynpland's fate going up and down, but because of the death of his lover, "Goddess" (pronounced "Tee"), he completely despairs and throws himself into the river. The creation of The Smiling Man marks a major step towards realism.
Sea Laborer
Les Miserables lasted more than thirty years, from the idea in 1828, to 1845, until 1861, Hugo finally wrote the book. It is a literary masterpiece that best reflects Hugo's literary methods and ideological concepts. In the novel, Hugo describes the deep suffering of the lower class people. And through the main character Jean Valjean's encounter, expressed Hugo's compassionate thought.
The Ninety-Three Years is Hugo's last novel. The two opposing characters of the novel, the revolutionary Guo Wen and the royalist Marquis de Lantenac, are another contrast between good and evil in Hugo. After capturing the Marquis de Lantenac, Guo Wen, remembering that the Marquis de Lantenac had saved three children, went so far as to send himself to the guillotine and let the enemy leader go. This arrangement best reflects Hugo's belief in compassion and purity of conscience.
1793 was the era of terror of the French Revolution, and the complicated class struggle was extremely intense. In the novel "Ninety-three Years", Hugo depicted a real and vivid historical picture of the bourgeois revolution with profound social and historical vision and majestic vigor. The book's thrilling plot, sharp conflicts, majestic momentum and strong colors make this book an immortal masterpiece.
"93 Years" takes the **** and the army to quell the Vendée rebellion as the central event, and expresses the author's humanitarian ideals through the portrayal of the three main characters.After the overthrow of France's feudal dynasty in 1793, the ex-courtier de Londresnac gathered thousands of peasants in the small town of Vendée to rebel. The National Guild sent the clergyman Simulden to be the political commissar of a counter-insurgency unit in Vendée. The young commander of this **** and army, Kwok Man, was a humanitarian who was given good ideals by the author. Later, when Rondenac is besieged, he takes the three children he has taken hostage and demands his freedom in exchange, which is flatly refused by Kwok Man. Due to chance, Rondenac is able to escape, and when he sees the tragic situation of the three children trapped in the fire, his humanity makes him come back to free the children and voluntarily fall into the hands of the **** and the army. Guo Wen was shocked by Rondnak's humanitarian spirit, and after a fierce ideological struggle, he let him go and took full responsibility himself. As Kwok Man's teacher, Simulden, who regarded Kwok Man as his own son, understood Kwok Man's humanitarian impulse to let Landenach go, but the iron discipline of the National Guild and his strong will to carry out the revolutionary discipline overcame personal feelings. Simulden finally ordered Guo Wen to be executed, and the moment Guo Wen's head hit the ground, he could not bear the heavy blow and raised his gun to kill himself.
This dramatic and heart-wrenching story is a symbol of the author's humanitarian ideals, and is considered to be a self-summary of Hugo's lifelong pursuit of humanitarianism. This ideal, cultivated with blood and tears and sacrificed with life, contains the writer's painful reflection on the revolution and his deep consideration of revolutionary violence. Hugo supported the revolution, praised the revolution, its humanitarian ideal first from the affirmation of the revolution embodied.
In Hugo's eyes, the bourgeois Revolution, which freed France from the slavery of feudal despotism, was a great victory for humanitarian principles. In 93, it angrily accuses the inhumanity of the feudal rule through the images of Retreating Mark and Fraser's mother and son. The sketches of Parisian street scenes show the immense joy that the revolution has brought to the masses.
At the same time, he also recognized the important role and significance of revolutionary violence. Before his death, Guo Wen said, "Civilization had its plague, and this gale (revolution) cured it. Perhaps the gale was poorly chosen. But did it have any other way? In the face of the horrors of the plague, I understand why the storm is so violent." Hugo's belief that the use of bourgeois revolutionary violence to destroy feudal despotism is the vocation of revolution to realize the ideals of mankind is another important premise of his humanitarian thought. On this basis, Hugo's in-depth thinking and relentless search for how to use revolutionary violence is rare among 19th century European humanitarian writers.
Simulden is an archetypal revolutionary shaped by the author with considerable ingenuity. After practicing his promise to the National Guild and sentencing Kwok Man to death, he really feels the cruelty and ruthlessness of this law. His death, in addition to the unbearable pain of the heart, also stems from the confusion of the cruel and changeable reality: yesterday he was a comrade in arms who lived and died with ****, but today he ordered the execution. The revolution in the fight against the enemy at the same time, why also against their own comrades? Hugo pointed out that the tragedy of Simulden lies in "he has the same blind accuracy as the sword, only to the target flying straight away, in the revolution there is nothing more terrible than a straight line!"
Guo Wen is more of Hugo's humanitarian ideas. In the revolutionary struggle, he was able to both heroically dedicate himself to the revolution and have the ability to uphold humanitarian principles. However, when faced with the return of the human nature of Landenach, he was caught in a huge contradiction: against a "with a sacrificial act to redeem his barbaric behavior" Landenach, the revolution, if "with a barbaric means to answer this generous behavior," that is the "weakness" of the revolution. That would be the "weakness" of the revolution, the "devaluation" of the **** and the State. In the end he chooses to devote himself to humanism, but Kwok Man's answer is not Hugo's answer. The author punishes him for his mistake by sending him to the guillotine because he "forgot that France had been betrayed to England and let the murderers of the fatherland go free". Hugo also affirms his reflection: was it only right to execute Landenac after he had sacrificed his life for the three children? Here, Hugo points out that violence is not everything, and that revolution is not only the physical destruction of the enemy, but also the spiritual and moral victory over the enemy.
"Above the absolutely correct revolution, there is an absolutely correct humanitarianism", Hugo's humanitarianism and revolution, progress is not antagonistic, it is not overriding the revolutionary struggle above the baton, on the contrary, Hugo's humanitarianism is built on the basis of the revolution, it is the thinking about the future of the revolution and the meaning of the revolution On the contrary, Hugo's humanism is based on the revolution, is a reflection on the future of the revolution and the sublimation of its significance, and is a historical necessity for the complete victory of the revolution and the continuous progress of society. This makes Hugo far superior to those revolutionaries who were fanatically superstitious about violence and those humanitarians who opposed any violence at that time.
"Above the absolutely correct revolution, there is an absolutely correct humanitarianism" can be a key to deciphering Hugo's thought, and he became a pioneer of the growing Western left-wing thought that followed. Hugo promoted freedom of thought and speech, appreciated all social progress, his ideal was to put an end to the fight against evil with evil, and he saw the untold suffering that war brought to the people, and thus hoped for the creation of a European federation someday. Hugo's real role was his promotion and influence on the progress of society as a whole through his literary works. Humanitarian thinking about human beings in modern western society began with Rousseau, but the one who really carried it forward was Hugo. Over the past two hundred years, Hugo's humanitarian ideals have not died out, and the history of social development in Western society has indeed followed the path of Hugo's ideals step by step
The widest part of the world is the ocean, wider than the ocean is the sky, and wider than the sky is the heart of man.
The future will belong to two kinds of people: those who think and those who labor; in fact, these two kinds of people are one kind of people, for thought is also labor.
On top of an absolutely correct revolution there is an absolutely correct humanism.
Man's intelligence holds three keys, one unlocking numbers, one unlocking letters, and one unlocking notes. Knowledge, thought, and fantasy are in them.
What the world lacks is perseverance, not stamina.
What the world lacks is perseverance, not boldness.
Boldness is the price to pay for making progress.
It should be believed that one is strong in life.
The avenue of art is thorny, and that's a good thing; regular people shy away from it, with the exception of the strong-willed.
Whoever wastes their time, their youth will fade, and life will abandon them.
Laughter is like the sunshine that drives away the winter from people's faces.
It is better to refuse than to agree.
It is the human heart that releases infinite light, and it is the human heart that creates infinite darkness.
Books are the tools of the soul.
People can only survive with material things; people can only live with ideals.
Footsteps can not reach the place, vision can reach; vision can not reach the place, the spirit can fly to.
One more school, one less prison.
Life is to face the smile.
Man has two ears, one to hear the voice of God and one to hear the voice of the devil.
I would rather open my future by my own strength than to seek the favor of the powerful.
The first human hunger is ignorance.
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About the author:
Victor Hugo was the leader of the French Romanticism movement and one of the greatest writers in the history of French literature. His life spanned almost the entire 19th century, and his literary career spanned 60 years of enduring creativity. His Romantic
novels are wonderfully moving, eloquent, and have a permanent fascination for readers.
Hugo was born in 1802 in the city of Chausson in the south of France. Grandfather was a carpenter, his father was an officer in the army of the **** and the country, had been Napoleon's brother, King Joseph Bonaparte of Spain, awarded the rank of general, is this king's close and important ministers.
Hugo was gifted and began to write poetry at the age of 9. At 15, he wrote "The Joy of Reading", which was rewarded by the French Baccalaureate; and at the age of 20, for the publication of his collection of poems, "Ode and Miscellany", King Louis XVIII granted him an annuity.
In 1827, Hugo published the play Cromwell and its preface. Although the play was not performed, the preface was
considered to be the manifesto of French Romanticism, and became an epoch-making document in the history of literature. It played a great role in promoting the development of French Romantic literature.
In 1830, Hugo's play "Eunanes" was staged in the Grand Theater of the House of France, which had a great impact and established the dominant position of Romanticism in the French literary scene.
"Eunanes" is a story about a noble-born bandit Eunanes who rebelled against the king in 16th-century Spain. Hugo praised the bandit's chivalry and nobleness, and showed a strong anti-feudal tendency.
July 1830, France, the "July Revolution", the feudal restoration dynasty was overturned. Hugo enthusiastically praised the revolution, glorified those revolutionaries, and wrote poems to mourn those heroes who died in the street battles.
Notre Dame de Paris, published in 1831, is Hugo's most romantic novel. The plot of the novel has twists and turns,
is tense, vivid, unpredictable, dramatic and legendary.
The story takes place in the Middle Ages. "On April Fool's Day, wandering gypsies performed songs and dances in the square, and a gypsy girl named Esmeralda attracted passers-by with her beautiful and graceful dance.
At that moment, Claude Frollo, the deputy bishop of Notre Dame de Paris, was instantly enamored of the beautiful Melada, and, with the fire of lust burning within him, fell madly in love with her. So he ordered the church bell-ringer, the strangely ugly-looking Quasimodo, to snatch Esmeralda. As it turned out, Fabi, the captain of the French king's bow, saved Esmeralda and captured Quasimodo. He takes the bell-ringer to the square to be flogged, and the kind Gypsy girl brings water to Quasimodo to drink instead of forgetting her former grudge.
The bell-ringer, who was ugly on the outside but pure and noble on the inside, was very grateful to Esmeralda and fell in love with her. Naive Esmeralda falls in love with Fabi at first sight, and when the two go out on a date, Frollo quietly follows behind, and out of jealousy, he stabs Fabi with a knife and escapes. Instead, Esmeralda is sentenced to death for murder. Quasimodo snatched Esmeralda from under the gallows and hid her in Notre Dame de Paris. Frollo took the opportunity to threaten the Gypsy girl to fulfill his lust, and when he was refused, he handed her over to the king's army and the innocent girl was hanged. Quasimodo, enraged, pushes Frollo off the church and falls
to his death, and he embraces Esmeralda's body and dies as well.
The novel shows Hugo's strong hatred for the feudal government and the church, but also reflects his deep sympathy for the lower classes.
After the July Revolution, France established the "July
Dynasty," which was ruled by the big bourgeoisie led by the financier Louis Philippe. The July dynasty continued to woo Hugo, who was elected to the French House of Bachelor in 1841, and in 1845, Louis Philippe made him Secretary of the Nobility of France, and a member of the House of Peers. Hugo's passion for struggle in his writing waned, and in 1843 he wrote a mystical play, The Garrison Officer, which was a failure when staged and applauded by the audience. Hugo was silent about this and did not write for almost 10 years.
In June 1848, the people of Paris held a revolution, overthrew the July dynasty, and established the **** and state. At first Hugo did not understand the revolution, but when the big bourgeoisie plotted to destroy the **** and the State, Hugo became a staunch **** andist.In December 1851, Louis Bonaparte staged a coup d'état, and Hugo took part in the anti-coup uprising organized by the **** andists. Louis Bonaparte came to power and established the Second French Empire. He practiced a policy of terror and ruthlessly suppressed the rebels. Hugo was also persecuted and had to go into exile.