According to the main expressions used in poetry, poetry can be roughly divided into lyric poetry and narrative poetry.
Lyrics mainly express the feelings aroused by poets in real life. In lyric poetry, the poet's focus is to express his subjective feelings through some events or scenes, or to express his feelings directly, or to integrate them into the scene, or to recite the past, or to express his will through objects. Lyrics are one of the most personalized arts. A poet is often the hero of lyric poetry, his feelings often determine the style of poetry, and his personality often determines his poetry.
Narrative poems objectively describe social life and historical events, with complete stories and vivid characters.
China is a country of poetry, but a large number of lyric poems are the most developed. There are almost a handful of narrative poems handed down in history. For example, the only known narrative poems are Yuefu folk songs "Peacock Flying Southeast" and "Mulan Poetry" in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and Bai Juyi's "Pipa (Parallel Order)" and "Song of Eternal Sorrow".
Second, according to the form of expression (genre)
1. Classification summary table
Classical poetry
Poetry in ancient style
Four-character ancient poems: the earliest published (Book of Songs)
Five-character Ancient Poems: Matured in Han Dynasty (Du Fu's Three Poems of Qiang Village)
Seven-character Ancient Poems: Matured in the Tang Dynasty (Du Fu's Imperial Army Recovered the Banks of the Yellow River)
Ancient Poems with Miscellaneous Words: (Li Bai's Dream of Climbing Mount Tianmu)
Yuefu Poems: Some titles are Song, Xing, Song Xing, Preface, Yin and Qu.
Modern poetry (formed in Tang Dynasty)
classical poem with four five-character lines
(Wang Zhihuan's "Ascending the zygomatic sparrow building")
Seven-character quatrains (Bo Qinhuai by Du Mu)
Lvshi
Five-character Rhyme (Du Fu's Spring Hope)
Seven-character Rhyme (Du Fu's Lonely Search for Riverside Flowers)
A long metrical poem (usually five characters per line)
Words (also known as "poetry", "long and short sentences", "relying on sound" and "lyrics");
Tone has a fixed frame, sentences have a fixed number, words have a fixed tone, and the achievement is the highest in the Song Dynasty.
Qu (also known as Qu) was the highest achievement in Yuan Dynasty.
Sanqu Poetry (Short Tone) (Ma Zhiyuan's Tianjingsha Qiu Si)
The number of sets (scattered sets) (Sui Chenjing's "The Return of Gaozu")
Drama (just a script for performance)
zaju
Myth; legend
2. Characteristics of various categories
(1) Classical Poetry Classical poetry is a poetic style relative to "modern poetry". Before the formation of modern poetry, all kinds of poetry genres except "Chu Ci" were collectively called "ancient poetry". Also known as "ancient poetry" and "ancient style". There are many five-character and seven-character poems in ancient poetry, which are referred to as "five ancient" and "seven ancient" for short. The number of sentences in ancient poetry can be more or less, and the number of words in each sentence is not limited. There are four characters, five characters, six characters, seven characters and miscellaneous characters, and five or seven characters are often used in later generations. There is no certain requirement for the word "flat", and the rhyme is relatively free. You can rhyme sentence by sentence, rhyme every other sentence and rhyme to the end. You can also change the rhyme from a few words to antithesis, and you can use all sentences, half sentences or none. The names of ancient poems first appeared in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang dynasty, poems that originated before the Tang dynasty and were not bound by metrical rules were called classical poems, as opposed to modern poems. Following the theory of the Tang Dynasty, later generations called Yuefu folk songs before the Tang Dynasty, literati poems and poems written by literati after the Tang Dynasty as ancient poems.
(2) Modern poetry, also known as "Modern Poetry", is a new poetic style that appeared in the Tang Dynasty. In order to distinguish it from the previous classical poetry, the Tang people named it "modern poetry", which is relative to the classical poetry that is not bound by metrical rules. The meter of modern poetry is very strict, including fixed sentences (except for the meter arrangement, the number of each poem is fixed), fixed characters (the number of poems is fixed), fixed rhymes (the rhyming position is fixed), fixed tones (the horizontal tone of each poem is fixed) and fixed couplets (the couplets in the middle of rhymes must be correct). Compared with classical poetry, it is more orderly in form and harmonious in rhythm, but more restrictive. Modern poetry can be divided into metrical poems and quatrains. Each quatrain has four sentences, and each rhyme has eight sentences. More than ten sentences are called excluded law or long law.
-Flat tone: refers to flat tone and flat tone. The ancients divided the tones of Chinese characters into four categories, namely, flat tone, rising tone, falling tone and entering tone, and the last three tones were collectively called Nuo tone. There are no Rusheng characters in Putonghua, and the ancient Rusheng characters are pronounced as (such as Wu and Chu), Yang Ping (such as Guo and Zhi), Shang Sheng (such as Tie and Bei) and De Sheng (such as Ke and Qing).
(3) Metric Poetry is a kind of modern poetry, which originated in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and matured in the early Tang Dynasty. It was named after its rigorous meter. Eight sentences each. According to the number of words, it can be divided into five-character poems and seven-character poems, referred to as five laws and seven laws. In addition, there is exclusion. According to the phonology of metrical poetry, no matter whether it is five-gauge, seven-gauge or arrangement, it must rhyme to the end. Usually the rhyme is flat, and no rhyme is allowed. The position of rhyme is fixed, that is, two, four, six and eight rhymes. Whether the first sentence rhymes freely. The first sentence of the five laws does not rhyme, on the contrary, the first sentence of the seven laws rhymes. At the same time, there are strict rules on the arrangement of flat lines in regular poems, and they also require confrontation. Usually eight sentences are used to complete a poem, and every two sentences are connected into a couplet, which counts as four sentences. Traditionally, the first couplet is called head couplet, the second couplet is called parallel couplet, the third couplet is called neck couplet and the fourth couplet is called tail couplet. Among them, parallel couplets and neck couplets require that they must be seated accordingly. Duel is dual, such as noun to noun, pronoun to pronoun, verb to verb, numeral to numeral, locative word to appositive word, etc.
The basic requirement of antithesis is that the couplet and neck couplet of metrical poems and the corresponding words should have the same part of speech, but they should be level and parallel. For example, in Li Shangyin's Yi Xian, the couplet "God pities the grass, and the sun shines on the earth" in the poem is divided into two parts of speech: God pities the grass (noun), and the earth (noun) emphasizes the sun shines (noun), and the words corresponding to the preceding and following sentences have the same parts of speech. From the perspective of peace, they are: providence (peace) pity (peace) quiet grass (peace), human feelings (peace) heavy (peace) sunny (peace). The words corresponding to the preceding and following sentences are flush. Among them, "heaven", "seclusion" and "night" in the sentence can be even. Knowing the general meaning of antithesis can tell whether an eight-sentence poem is ancient or modern.
(4) quatrains are a kind of modern poetry, which prevailed after the Tang Dynasty. Every four sentences are equal to half of the metrical poems, so they are also called "broken sentences" and "broken sentences". It originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and flourished in the Tang Dynasty. There are five-character quatrains and seven-character quatrains, which are divided into ancient quatrains and modern quatrains. Antique quatrains are a kind of antiquated poems, which do not pay attention to flat and even rhyme. This kind of quatrains appeared earlier. There are four archaic quatrains in the Poem of New Yutai edited by Chen in the Southern Dynasties. Later, someone wrote it, such as Li Bai's Thoughts on a Quiet Night and Questions and Answers in the Mountain. Modern quatrains are a kind of modern poems, usually called metrical quatrains, which require parallelism and alignment according to metrical rules, and are limited by levelness. As for antithesis, the law is by no means as strict as metrical poetry. Whether to use it, whether to use it partially or fully is free. Is this quatrain produced after the rise of metrical poetry? For example, Wang Zhihuan's "Climbing the Quelou" and He's "My Homecoming Book". As a kind of poetic style, quatrains are flexible and light, suitable for expressing fleeting feelings in life, so they are widely used by poets, and their creation is more prosperous than other poetic styles.
⑤ A kind of rhythmic poem. It is arranged and extended according to the format of general metrical poems, so it is called exclusion and long law. The arrangement of rhyme feet, like a regular poem, should strictly abide by the rules of leveling, antithesis and rhyme, but it is not limited to four rhymes. Each poem has at least five rhymes and ten sentences, and many rhymes are as long as 50 (100) or even 100 (200). Except for the beginning and end couplets, antithesis is used in the middle couplets. Every sentence should also follow the format of flat paste and flat paste. Due to too many restrictions, it is easy to appear rigid, and there have been few famous articles. The arrangement is generally five words, and seven words are rare. Five-character poems evolved from five-character poems in Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. Although Xie Lingyun's "Looking at the Lake" and Liang's "The Wind and the Mountain Pool" in the Southern Song Dynasty have a rudiment of arrangement, their systems are short and limited to five rhymes and ten rhymes. After Du Fu, Fang Gao became mature, the system became longer and the melody became more mature. In the mid-Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi's poems on behalf of books were as long as 100 rhyme. Han Yu, Meng Jiao, etc. Even made a long story in the form of couplets (such as "South of the City Couplet"), the form is more skillful, but the content is increasingly poor.
(6) Song Ci is a poetic style that represents the highest achievement of Song literature. Song Ci began in the Southern Dynasties, was shaped in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, and prevailed in the Song Dynasty. It originally refers to the lyrics of chorus singing, and then gradually separated from music, becoming a kind of metrical poem with uneven sentence length. Song Ci has many nicknames, such as Yuefu, long and short sentences, poetry and so on. The characters are divided into minor (less than 58 words), alto (59 to 90 words) and long (more than 9 1 word).
There are many different tones in Song Ci, and each tone has its own specific name, such as Xijiangyue and Manjianghong. There are strict rules on the number of paragraphs, sentences, words and rhythms. In words with different tones, we should strictly observe when filling in the words. Judging from the poet's creation, some poems only contain epigrams, such as Yan Shu's Broken Array; Some poems have both titles and epigrams, such as Wang Guan's "Booming Operator to Send Bao Haoran to East Zhejiang", in which "Booming Operator" is an epigram and "Sending Bao Haoran to East Zhejiang" is the title.
Song ci is mostly divided into paragraphs, and the paragraphs of the words have special names. A paragraph is called "pian" or "pian". There is only one word called monotony, and all monotonous words are poems. The characters in the upper and lower films are called disyllables, and the number of disyllables is the largest. There are three words called three stacks, and there are very few words. There are four words called four stacks, with the least words.
(7) Yuanqu is a new style since Jin and Yuan Dynasties, which can be sung with music and matured in Yuan Dynasty. It is generally called Yuanqu. Yuanqu quickly flourished and achieved a position comparable to that of poetry. Today, most of the music of Yuanqu has not been handed down, and all we can see is the lyrics. Yuanqu should be filled in according to tunes, and each tune has a name called Qupai. Qupai only indicates the musicality of the song, which has nothing to do with the content; The topics below the Qupai are related to the content. Music is divided into northern music and southern music (also known as legend). Beiqu includes Sanqu (New Poetry of Yuan Dynasty) and Zaju: Qu, Ke and Bai. Sanqu is divided into: Xiao Ling (monotonous) and several episodes (several Xiao Ling with the same tune). )
Third, according to the content (theme)
Different kinds of poems have different ideological content and writing skills.
1, narrative poetry Narrative poetry is mainly about writing things and remembering people. One kind is mainly about writing things, because one thing causes the poet's feelings, or nostalgia for relatives and homesickness, or presents them to friends, such as Moonlit Night and Passing through the Old Village. One is mainly about remembering people, showing the character's character in the development of the character's fate, such as Peacock Flying Southeast. To appreciate narrative poems, we should be able to analyze the general situation and ins and outs of events; Second, we should be able to read the characters' personalities, thoughts and destinies. (such as caring for people's feelings and people's livelihood, etc.). ); Third, we should be able to taste the meaning of the event and the thoughts and feelings that the author places on it.
For example, Meng Haoran's "Passing the Old Village": "Prepare chicken rice for me, old friend, you entertain me on your farm. Green Woods surround the village and green hills are located outside the city. Open the window facing the valley vegetable garden and pass the glass to talk about crops. Wait until the mountain is on holiday, and I will come back in chrysanthemum time. " This poem tells the story that the author was invited to an old friend's house in the country for a drink. From "being invited to start" to "scenery outside the village", to "going in for a drink" and then to "say goodbye to each other", what the poet saw and heard along the way was recorded. The simple story contains the profound friendship between the host and the guests: "We open the windows of your garden and field and talk about mulberry and hemp with cups in our hands". After entering the room, they sat on the porch with the window open, facing the big yard in front of the house, toasting each other and chatting about the great growth of crops this year. When I left, I also agreed that it was the Double Ninth Festival in autumn, and I would come to your side to enjoy chrysanthemums. The leisurely farm life and simple farm feelings constitute beautiful countryside in Meng Haoran's works, which reflects the poet's thoughts and feelings of loving farm life.
2. Landscape Poems Ancient poets used to visit landscapes, write landscapes and express their feelings. Landscape poems occupied a large proportion in China's ancient poems. Generally speaking, landscape poems usually praise the scenery and describe charming scenery, vast frontier scenery and romantic scenery, such as Jiang Xue by Liu Zongyuan, a night-mooring near maple bridge by Zhang Ji and Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains by Wang Wei. Landscape poems often shape images in art, or outline artistic conception, or use contrast and contrast, or blend feelings with scenes, or use sketching methods, or convey the spirit with things; The two couplets in the middle of a poem are often neat, and the language characteristics of the poem are bright, fresh, concise and simple. To read landscape poems, we must first grasp the characteristics of the scenery and analyze the changes of the scenery (such as distance, height, movement, reality, square, etc.). ); Secondly, we should understand the subjective feelings condensed by the author in the description of the scenery (some are positive and optimistic, such as loving the great rivers and mountains of the motherland, yearning for an ideal life and eager to make achievements; Some are negative and pessimistic, such as seclusion in the mountains, lack of talent, loneliness and sadness. ); Finally, we should taste the artistic conception of poetry (the main characteristics of artistic conception are the blending of scenes, the coexistence of reality and reality, and endless charm).
3. Friendship farewell poem (Somewhere tomorrow, "We met. We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? " ; "People have joys and sorrows, and the moon is full of rain or shine. This accident is very difficult. " The people of China have a long tradition of attaching importance to friendship and friendship. In China's ancient poems, there are many poems expressing friendship and describing parting. ) In the content of friendship farewell poems, there are sadness of traveling, sadness of parting, nostalgia of relatives and friends, etc. For example, Liu Yong's Yulin Ling, Wang Wei's Farewell to Twenty Years of Peace (also a famous song), Li Bai's Farewell to Nanjing Restaurant and Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou are all reluctant to leave. Wang Bo's "Send Du Shaofu to Sichuan" and Gao Shi's "Biedongda" set up profound encouragement; Wang Changling's "The Parting of Lotus Inn and Xin Jian" is an honest confession. Friendship farewell poems mostly use artistic techniques, such as touching the scene, containing feelings in the scene, blending scenes and so on.
4. Patriotic homesickness poems (no one can remember the homesickness in this nocturne) Throughout the ages, human beings have many lofty and beautiful emotions, and homesickness and patriotism are one of them. Patriotic homesickness poetry is a poem that mainly expresses the feelings of loving the motherland and missing hometown. For example, Spring Watch embodies Lao Du's thought of worrying about the country and the people, Bo Qinhuai reveals Xiao Du's concern about the fate of the country, The Storm on November 4th describes Lu You's anguish and ideal, and Crossing the Zero and Ding Yang embodies Wen Tianxiang's Dan Xin. Another example is Li Bai's Thinking on a Quiet Night, Zhang Jiuling's Looking at the Moon and Thinking Far away, Du Fu's Remembering Brothers on a Moonlit Night, and Wen's Going on a Good Journey. Patriotic homesick poems are also written in such ways as touching the scene, lyrical scenes, blending scenes, etc., and sometimes they use the ancient to satirize the present.
5. Poetry about things (every grass and tree always concerns feelings) Poetry about things refers to poems describing living plants, animals or inanimate objects (such as "stones") and phenomena (such as "clouds") in nature. Different from ordinary landscape poems, the "object" in object-chanting poems usually focuses on one thing in nature (more than two object-chanting poems are rare). By describing the shape, characteristics, charm and personality of the object, the poet's thoughts and feelings (poet's emotion, spirit, quality or ideal) are implicitly expressed. Poetry about things mostly describes ups and downs of feelings, the pain of leaving chaos, the world image of the world, and so on. Chanting about things is a common feature of poems about things, but in fact it is chanting about people, relying on things to support aspirations, comparing things with people, and reasoning into things. For example, Li Gang's poem "Sick Cow" wrote: "If you plow thousands of acres and boxes, who will be injured if you are exhausted? But all sentient beings are full and do not hesitate to lie in the sun. " Poetry shows the character of hard work, selfless dedication and dedication. It's called writing cattle, but it's actually the poet himself. Another example is Yu Shinan's "Cicada". It's not the autumn wind that makes you afraid to speak loudly. ), Luo's Political Prisoners Listen to Cicada, Huang Chao's Chrysanthemum, Lu You's Yongmei, etc. There is also a pure image, but there is no sustenance, how to sing the willow. Reading object-chanting poems should start with the characteristics of object-chanting poems, grasp the author's mind and understand the author's writing intention.
6. Poem chanting is a kind of poem describing historical figures, historical events and historical sites. Generally speaking, poems with the words "visiting the ancient times", "remembering the ancient times" and "chanting history" in the title belong to this category, such as Li Bai's Yue revisiting the ancient times. Of course, the basic basis for judging the epic is mainly the content of the poem. Chant about history and cherish the memory of ancient poems, and write more about the bitterness of the decline of mountains and rivers, the depression of frustrated official career, and the feelings of satirizing the present through the past. Although the poems about history and homesickness sing about ancient monuments, the poet's foothold is "today". Singing the praises of history and cherishing the memory of ancient poems is touching the reality, and it is the poet who expresses his attitude towards reality in a tortuous way. It expresses the poet's ideal and yearning by admiring and appreciating historical figures; Or express their political beliefs by commenting on the merits and demerits of historical figures; Or with the help of sympathy for the unfortunate experiences of historical figures, express their sense of life experience. Therefore, it is the poet's original intention to satirize the present, learn from the past, cherish the past, hurt the present, praise history and express his feelings. Compare the past with the present, satirize the present with the past and express your resentment.
In terms of expression techniques, poems about history and nostalgia generally integrate narration, discussion, lyricism and description, which determines that poems about history and nostalgia are often not as vivid as poems about scenery. When reading poems about history and nostalgia, we should first understand the ancient monuments chanted by the poems, secondly understand the poet's realistic situation or the background of poetry creation, and thirdly, further ponder the author's feelings about reality behind chanting ancient monuments.
7. Frontier poems (the bright moon in Qin Dynasty, the custom in Han Dynasty, and the people who didn't return from the Long March) refer to poems that mainly reflect the life of frontier wars, and reflect the mental outlook of soldiers from scenes such as desert, beacon smoke, the Great Wall and yellow sand. Specifically, frontier fortress poems mainly have the following characteristics in content and thought: reflecting the landscape, customs and military life of frontier fortress soldiers; It shows the will to join the frontier fortress to kill the enemy and serve the country, eulogizes the fighting spirit of the frontier fortress soldiers who have made unremitting efforts to defend the frontier, and expresses their desire to make contributions; Reflect the homesickness of soldiers, expose the unreasonable phenomenon of disparity between soldiers and soldiers, and reflect the profound disaster brought to the people by war.
Frontier poems can best reflect the rise and fall of national luck. Poems on frontier fortress in the prosperous Tang Dynasty (who knows that I don't suffer from frontier court, but I still smell chivalrous when I die. -Wang Wei was drunk and lying on the battlefield. He didn't laugh. He fought several wars in ancient times. -William Wang Huangsha wore shining armor in hundreds of battles, but Loulan was not returned. -Wang Changling) Most of them are brave and indomitable! Even a hard war is magnificent; Even if it is far away, it is lively and lively; Even if it is a heroic sacrifice, it will die without regret. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, there were 300,000 frontier poems. I looked back at the bright moon for a while. -Li yiqiong, there is no bone by the river. He is still a dream girl. -Chen Tao) Although poets still maintain a high-spirited tone, they are inevitably mixed with a lot of sadness and sorrow. Song dynasty frontier poems (the great wall is empty and confident, and the temple in the mirror has long faded. -Lu You Ran Yan didn't return and accomplished nothing, but the tube was covered with frost. -Fan Zhongyan) Although he is still full of patriotic enthusiasm, he is more angry about serving the country and hopeless grief about returning home. Compared with the prosperous Tang dynasty, it is inevitable that there will be more sadness and melancholy.
In art, frontier fortress poems are characterized by bold and unconstrained style, or lyrical by scenery, or satirical by ancient times, or both narrative and discussion.
8. Landscape pastoral poetry (the water is bright and sunny, the mountains are cloudy and rainy; Open the window facing the valley vegetable garden and pass the glass to talk about crops. Landscape pastoral poetry refers to poetry with landscape, pastoral scenery and pastoral life as its main aesthetic objects. China's pastoral poems have a long history. Cao Cao's Looking at the Sea is the first landscape poem in the history of China's poetry, and the poet who laid the foundation of landscape poetry was Xie Lingyun in the Southern Dynasties. Pastoral poetry, represented by Tao Yuanming, a poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, created a school of poetry that expressed quiet feelings by describing pastoral natural scenery. Generally speaking, pastoral poets take natural scenery, rural scenery and rural life as the performance objects of their poems, and throw delicate brushstrokes into quiet mountains and leisurely fields to create a kind of rural life, so as to express their dissatisfaction with reality, their love for nature, and their yearning for returning to nature and quiet simple living, which reflects the poet's broad-minded mood of not seeking fame and fortune and his resentment against social reality.
In terms of artistic techniques, it advocates plainness and richness, and pursues simplicity and nature. When reading pastoral poetry, we must appreciate the artistic conception of the blending of scenes in the poem [the most commonly used artistic technique is to express emotion through images or described scenery, or to melt feelings into scenery, or to express emotion through scenery, or to express emotion in scenery. "All the scenery is in love." Once the natural scenery is absorbed by the poet, it will inevitably bring the poet's emotional color to serve the expression of the poet's specific feelings, thus making the poem have artistic conception. To appreciate the artistic conception of poetry, we should be able to grasp what kind of scenery and life pictures are described in the poem. For example, Li Bai's "Yellow Crane Tower Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou" "The old friend resigned from the West Yellow Crane Tower, and the fireworks went down to Yangzhou in March. The lonely sail is far from the blue sky, and only the Yangtze River flows in the sky. " This is a good poem that blends feelings into the scenery and contains feelings in the scenery. Fireworks are full of sadness, solitary sails, clear water and sky, which take away the poet's endless thoughts and feelings of parting and penetrate from every picture. Second, we should understand the feelings expressed by the poet's landscape writing [to understand the feelings expressed by the poet's landscape writing, especially some pure landscape poems. For example, Li Bai's "Send Bai Di City Early" says: "Thousands of miles away in Jiangling, I will return it in one day. The apes on both sides of the strait can't stop crying, and the canoe has passed Chung Shan Man. " The whole poem is rich in color, vivid in poetry and rich in images. On the surface, it seems to be a simple scenery narrative, but in fact it expresses the author's mood. Another example is Du Fu's quatrain: "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets go up to the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. " What we directly feel about this poem is the author's love for mountains and rivers. Further contact with the writing background of this poem (after the Anshi Rebellion was put down), we can also realize that the author's improvisation actually contains a kind of expectation and joy for the renewal of Vientiane. Thirdly, it is necessary to analyze the writing skills and language characteristics of poetry. We should pay attention to the angle of the author's observation and description of the scenery (such as height, low, far and near), master and analyze the specific methods of the author's description of the scenery (such as drawing shapes, drawing sounds and drawing colors), and understand and explain the specific methods of describing the scenery (such as the combination of static and dynamic, contrast between light and dark). ]
9. No matter whether it's a poem of palace resentment or a poem that will always be in my heart, it's all about women's mentality. Palace resentment poems, dedicated to the maids in the ancient palace and the grievances after falling out of favor; In my heart forever's poems mainly describe the sadness that ancient folk women abandoned their wives and missed their wives (including recruiting wives, businessmen and vagrants). ), or miss the girl's feelings of lovers. From the content, both poems have a word "resentment", which reflects the social phenomenon that imperial power is supreme and men are superior to women under the feudal patriarchal clan system and the complex mentality of ancient women in dealing with marriage problems. "Your kindness is like water flowing east, and you are out of favor" (Li Shangyin's Gong Ci). These two poems generally reveal that "your kindness is impermanent" is the fundamental reason for the feelings of ancient ladies. "If you don't be a woman in life, others will be happy for a hundred years" (Bai Juyi's Taihang Road). These two poems generally reveal that "men are superior to women" is an important reason why ancient folk women are full of worries and grievances. The reality that men are superior to women makes many women and unmarried girls who travel abroad often worry about their husbands and lovers. In the poem "Always in My Heart" written by a businesswoman, her lyric hero's sorrow focuses on her husband's preference for profit and his failure to keep his promise.
Judging from the creative characteristics, both Poems of Complaining about the Ancient Palace and in my heart forever are full of folk songs. One is a strong sentimental tone. The second is delicate psychological description. The third is right contrast. Fourth, we don't attach importance to the use of Canon, even if we use it, we are familiar with it from birth. Nothing more than Gillian, Banji, Zhaojun, Wen Jun, wife of Qi Liang, Wang Fuzhi, Cowherd and Weaver Girl.
10. All ancient poems that reflect the miserable life of working people and the extortion of people by the ruling class can be called poems for farmers. In poems describing farmers, poets either pity and sympathize with the people, or describe the decadent life of rulers and the bitter and miserable life of laborers, or expose the suffering brought by war and the oppression of exploiting the ruling class. For example, Li Shen's two poems "Compassion for Agriculture" say: "When a millet is planted in spring, 10,000 seeds will be harvested in autumn. There are no idle fields in the four seas, and farmers still starve to death. " "After cutting the grain at noon, sweat dripped into the soil. Who knows that the Chinese food on the plate is hard. " Mei Yao Chen's Pottery Man: "Pottery is in front of the door, and there is no tile on the house. Fingers are not stained with mud, and scales live in the building. " There is also Du Fu's "Military Vehicle Shop". In art, poems expressing sympathy for farmers are often combined with narration and discussion, and various techniques such as comparison, questioning and questioning are used.
1 1. Philosophical poetry is not an independent category of poetry in the strict sense. If it is a category, it only belongs to lyric poetry. Philosophical poetry, as its name implies, is a poem with profound and universal life truth. For example, Du Fu's Looking at the Moon, Wang Zhihuan's Lodging at the Heron, Su Shi's Poem on Xilin Wall, Ye Shaoweng's Garden Worth Visiting, Yang Wanli's Pond, etc. Excellent philosophical poems all have the same characteristics: philosophy is embedded in images, and philosophy and images are integrated. This feature makes philosophical poetry have implicit and meaningful artistic charm. Most ancient poets in China were afraid of the naked preaching of poetry, but especially liked to integrate philosophy into landscape description. Therefore, it can be said that philosophical poetry is the crystallization of ancient poets' wisdom in understanding nature.
To appreciate philosophical poetry, we need to start with the image of the poem, carefully taste the characteristics of the image, and pay attention to various phenomena related to real society and life, so as to deeply understand the implication of philosophical poetic image and grasp philosophy through the image in the poem.
12. As the name implies, love poems are poems that praise the love between lovers and lovers. They are called "love songs" and are the natural expression of lovers' feelings. For example, concurrent wars, Altair all the way, untitled (time was long before I met her, but it was Li Shangyin after we broke up), Queqiaoxian (Bo Yun clever) and so on. Love, as an eternal theme, has been sung by poets throughout the ages, and has devoted their emotions, life and art to it. The content of love is almost as broad as life, but as unpredictable as disaster. It came and went suddenly, and only the people in it can report the real news to us. China's ancient love poems have distinct aesthetic characteristics. The essence of love she praises is pure and sincere, the form of love she expresses is subtle and elegant, the quality of love she embodies is loyal and firm, and the will of love she shows is affectionate and persistent.
13. Art poetry is a poem that comments on works of art such as poetry, object-chanting calligraphy, painting, music and dance.
14. Life pictures In lyric poetry, there is another kind of poetry, which mainly depicts the activities of characters, in addition to the poems that usually depict natural scenery. What it shows is a vivid picture of life, such as Meng Jiao's Wandering Songs.
Generally speaking, due to the limitation of space, this kind of poetry focuses on expressing some typical details of life, expressing the rich and complicated inner world of the characters and expressing the poet's feelings by depicting their portraits, demeanor, movements and psychology.
When reading this kind of poems, we should pay special attention to the poet's writing style of seeing the big from the small and seeing the big from the small. Through the gestures and smiles of the characters in the poem, we can understand the profound meaning contained therein, and then understand the poet's thoughts and feelings.
15. In addition to natural scenery or life pictures, dream poems also take dreams as the content of poems. Dreams, with human beings, are also with poetry. Dreams always shine with charming light beyond reality. It is a master key to solve the reality embarrassment. Wishes that cannot be realized in reality can be realized in dreams. The repressed emotions in reality can be vented in dreams, and various shortcomings in reality can be transformed into perfection through dreams.
These characteristics of dreams make it extremely beneficial for poets to express their feelings. Therefore, it is naturally a common phenomenon in ancient poetry to express the poet's feelings in the realm of dreams-expressing feelings through dreams. The specific situation of the poet's dreams and lyricism mainly includes the following aspects:
First, through the description of dreams, we can expose the darkness and ugliness of reality and express the poet's depressed mood. Secondly, through the description of dreams, the poet's life ideal and pursuit are expressed. Third, through the description of dreams, express the poet's good wishes for affection, friendship and love.
Because of the uniqueness of dreams, most of the poems with dreams as the main content show the poet's transcendental imagination and have a distinct romantic color.
There are a vast number of ancient poems, from the Book of Songs to the poems and songs of the Qing Dynasty, with a large number and a wide range of themes, which are amazing. But in terms of what it writes and the feelings it expresses, it can be summarized as follows:
(1) When you worry about your country and hurt it.
Expose the fatuity and decay of rulers, such as Du Mu's Crossing the Qing Palace; Reflect the pain of leaving chaos, such as: Du Fu's Spring Hope; Sympathize with the sufferings of the people, such as: "The hut was blown by the autumn wind" and Bai Juyi's "Selling Charcoal Weng"; Worrying about the country and the people, such as Du Fu's "Going upstairs"
(2) meritorious service to the country
The desire to contribute; Such as: Cao Cao's "Although a turtle is a longevity" and Lu You's "Book Anger"; The determination to defend the country is as follows: Wang Changling's "Joining the Army"; The sadness of serving the country without a door; For example, Xin Qiji's Nostalgia for the Ancient Pavilion in Jingkou and Ugly Slave Boys Don't Know the Taste of Sorrow; The pain of the decline of mountains and rivers is as follows: Lu You's Xiuzi, Wen Tianxiang's Crossing the Zero Ding Yang; Over time, the sighs of hard-earned ambition are as follows: Sushi's "Mink Head Red Cliff Nostalgia"; Exposing the belligerence of rulers: Du Fu's Military Vehicle Shop: Sadness with unclear ideals, such as Qu Yuan's Crossing the River.
③ Nostalgia and nostalgia
Such as Meng Haoran's "Sleeping in Jiande" and Wen's "Journey to the Good".
Miss your relatives and friends, such as Wang Wei's "I miss my Shandong brothers on vacation in the mountains" and Su Shi's "Ten Years of Life and Death".
Frontier homesickness, such as: Fan Zhongyan's "The Pride of Fisherman, Qiu Lai's Scenery is Different"
People in the boudoir are: Wang Changling's in my heart forever, and Li Bai's Yuefu (a bright moon hangs in the capital, and a hammer washes the face)
④ Miscellaneous feelings of life
I like the leisure of landscape and countryside, such as Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains by Wang Wei and Passing the Old People's Village by Meng Haoran.
The past triumphs over the present, such as Jiang Kui's Slow Yangzhou and Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Lane.
The feeling of satirizing the present through the past is as follows: Xin Qiji's "Nostalgia at Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou"
The sadness of youth is fleeting, such as Li Qingzhao's "Like a dream, it rained suddenly last night"
The career is bumpy as follows: Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip, Su Shi's When is the Bright Moon?
Comfort the joy of life, such as: Du Fu's "The banks of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army" and Xin Qiji's "Xijiang Moon Surprised Magpie".
⑤ Long Pavilion Farewell
Unwilling to remember, such as Liu Yong's Yulin Order, Wang Wei's Weicheng Qu, and Li Bai's Parting in Nanjing Restaurant.
Profound encouragement, such as Wang Bo's Send Du Shaofu to Ren Shuchuan.
Frank Chen Xinzhi's confession is as follows: Wang Changling broke up with Xin Jian at Furong Inn.