Sculpture, whether housed outdoors or indoors, the volume is also whether large or small, also known as sculpture, but there are some different requirements between them. Some large sculpture in the outdoor look very good, if it is scaled down to get indoor, it is not good. There are also small sculptures that look lovely indoors, but if they are scaled up and placed outdoors, they don't feel so flavorful, just like a person in a particular place to wear different clothes. Whether one wears a dress to bathe in a bathtub, or dresses naked in a bathtub, strolling through the downtown Wangfujing will cause unimaginable reflections and results. That is to say that different sculptures in a particular environment, to have a form in line with the environment, outdoor large-scale sculpture also has its particularity and requirements.
Small sculpture indoors is a personal collection, others can not just enter the collector's residence to observe and appreciate, it is a part of the individual's private property. But outdoor large-scale sculpture and the opposite, it is installed in the outdoors, day and night to see it to the people "speech", exchange of feelings. And it can be retained for a long time, day and night to the audience to repeatedly appreciate, it is one of the most audience art varieties, is an important weapon of the plastic arts. Successive rulers have valued it, and as a form of expression of faith, political, economic and cultural awareness, Lenin also developed a monument plan because of the importance of it, outdoor large-scale sculpture of the social nature of the people known as "the symbol of the times". Large-scale sculpture is a broad field, there are many issues that can be studied, here to talk about a few experiences. Because of the disparity between indoor and outdoor environments, the sculptures displayed indoors and placed outdoors have formed their own different character traits. In addition to the grottoes, the environment of indoor sculpture is the wall and accessories within the building, is the owner of the house of appliances or decorations, these constitute the environment of indoor sculpture are relatively small, generally only a few meters high elevation, the plane is also limited; and outdoor sculpture of the environment is the vast sea, towering mountains, the boundless wilderness. The sculpture established in these places is to the sky and miles of mountains and rivers as the background of the sculpture. As for the center of the building complex square, or affect the outline of the city's monumental sculpture, their environment is also a tall building and wide plaza, these environments stipulate that the outdoor sculpture should have a relatively large size, especially with the mountains, rivers, cities as the environment of the sculpture, and the environment to form an organic whole. Sculpture should be echoed with the environment, due to the opportunity to see more from a distance, to emphasize the effect of seeing from afar. In this regard, such as the Tang Dynasty in Sichuan, Leshan Buddha, the United States, the four presidential statues are made of mountains into sculpture, and mainly from a distance.
Garden sculpture is an important part of outdoor sculpture, it is complementary to the garden, constituting a whole, its size is smaller than the above sculpture, but also much larger than indoor sculpture. Different types of sculpture and the environment have special rules. The background of the sculpture on the plain is the sky, surrounded by fields, wilderness and horizon. There is a group of stone beasts in front of the Qianling Mausoleum in the Tang Dynasty, which are more than three meters high, they are in the plain, as if they grow there, and from a distance, they look like the masters of the plain. They are the right size and harmonize well with the environment, and the roaring stone lions among them have more of a topsy-turvy look and seem to be patrolling the earth. Outdoor sculpture should have a different design in every different environment. Sculptures that affect the contours of a city are like the eyes of the city. General architecture is geometric or straight lines, while the sculpture is a varied curved form, set against each other, can make the city's silhouette become more beautiful. The environment on the outdoor large-scale sculpture has both a huge impact, the use of the original scenery to set off the sculpture, so that it is cleverly combined, it is even more to create the outdoor large-scale sculpture of the techniques. Sculptor Gartson Borglum used the Black Hills region of South Dakota, the United States of America, Mount Rushmore, carved Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln, four in the history of the United States national democracy has contributed to the image of the President, so that the mountain into a statue, and the statue has become like a mountain peak as majestic, which is still racial discrimination exists in places in the minds of the people to set up a mountain like a tall image. Dazu County, Sichuan Song Dynasty stone carving "nine dragons bathing Prince" is a sculptor in the Baodingshan a spring mouth carved nine dragons, so that the spring from the dragon's mouth, the dragon's mouth of the water sprinkled in a naked child (that is, Sakyamuni infant), constituting a nine-dragon bathing Prince's wonders. This kind of borrowing spring and rocks of the scene clever carving, both labor-saving, but also constitute interesting scenery, is one of the examples of garden carving borrowed from the natural scenery.
Garden sculpture emphasizes the borrowed scenery, but not necessarily a suitable natural scenery, the author can also use artificial scenery constitute natural interest, so that the sculpture of the content and the surrounding artificial scenery, rhyme connected. Beihai Park in the Nine Dragons is artificial statues, the Nine Dragons was built in the North Sea's north shore, was north-south, the wall in front of the North Sea. The left is the Hall of Heavenly Kings, the right side of the wall is the Hall of Ten Thousand Buddhas, surrounded by lush trees, stacked stones next to the lining, this environment is exactly the legendary dragon game where the game is infested. Relief on the top of the glazed tiles and relief carved into the beams, square, arch, below the Sumeru seat, these architectural images and materials and the buildings around the same kind, the Nine Dragons Wall and the surrounding unity in a landscape, the feeling that the dragon in the wall, just temporarily, like the legend of the "man in the painting," as, when no one will leave the wall to the North Sea! Swimming, to the stacked stone in the woods to play, or through the temple between the halls, for clouds over the sea of the play. Scenery around the bas-relief, and the Nine Dragon Wall echoes each other. Nine Dragon Wall by the surrounding scenery, expanding the scope of the activities of the Dragon, the Nine Dragon Wall and the environment into a whole. If the nine dragon wall moved to wangfujing, in the car and the noise of people, the relief can not borrow scenery is not interesting. Borrowed scenery is the art of large outdoor sculpture skills. Nine dragon wall make garden relief more full of life. But there are a lot of large sculpture does not take into account the scenery, and even sculpture and scenery confusion error. There is a park next to the forest Yin Road, there is a gun to kill the iron statue, the tip of the knife to the tourists, black iron statue and dark green trees, chromaticity approximation, far look at the disappearance of the approach suddenly appeared, startled people. A garden for people to play into a place of terror. Architecture and sculpture are two different disciplines, but there is a subtle ****existing relationship between them, and many famous buildings and sculptures in history are often linked together. Buildings are for people to live, but it also has the characteristics of the visual arts, especially large buildings and monumental architecture is the most obvious, and in the history of monumental architectural form and sculpture as much as the expression of a certain consciousness (for example, the luxury and solemnity of the court building, mausoleum building of the heavy seriousness and stability, etc.), they have a permanent character. The source of light does not affect the image of the painting, but the source of light can affect the architecture and sculpture, which are composed of undulating volumes. The dislocation of the light source affects their shape. Moreover, architecture and sculpture have many ****same characteristics, and they have had thousands of years of ****life. And in recent times there are some city planning or large buildings have been placed on the sculpture requirements. Usually outdoor sculpture, there is the center of the square sculpture, street garden sculpture, before the building (or around) sculpture, building sculpture, etc., these are installed in different occasions of outdoor sculpture, there are various requirements.
Square center sculpture, belonging to urban planning, it is placed in the middle of the square, surrounded by buildings, so there is a sculpture with the square around the relationship between the building, but also due to the sculpture in the center of the square, facing the audience around to see the center of the square, the center of the square, or a single round sculpture of the audience is from a distance, distance, distance, distance from the three distances to appreciate. Distance only see the statue's big outline, big outline of the background is often the sky or big buildings. Because, usually people in and statue height into 20 times the distance outside and three times the distance outside is the big outline in the role, in three times to one and a half times for the middle distance, then, see the whole also see the details to one and a half times the distance is the best. To the high distance and statue, can only see the details for the close distance. Square carving not only to adapt to three distances, but also suitable for four sides to see, because of this, square sculpture composition, need to expand, is to focus on three or four sides, so that more angles, the composition is clear and reflect the author's intention as well, but also to take into account a few major angles with the background combined with some good.
Sculpture in front of the building: there is a fixed building as a background, the location if not well chosen will be drowned out by the building or it and the building is not coordinated. To see from afar when the sculpture image is distinctive and can accentuate the building should pay attention to the choice of sculpture location and background, the background to a simple wall or dark and light contrasting colors is appropriate. If the distance, size, shape is appropriate, but also increase the building's sense of space. This type of sculpture should also note the unity of the details and the whole, in order to facilitate the close look. Building before the sculpture is mainly from the front or half side to appreciate, because the composition of the expressive force should be concentrated in the front, often with the help of contrasting techniques. Michelangelo's "David" like, strengthen the front of the expressive power, sculpture materials, techniques, and the building constitute a contrast, sculpture like the building before the pearl, set off each other, the building appears more solemn and beautiful and dynamic. Beijing tiananmen building such as no sculpture, from a distance can not see the size of the scale, due to the tiananmen gate in front of a group of columns, lions, huabiao composed of alabaster decorative sculpture (the original huabiao and lions position than now close to the axis, the square expanded when moved) and the wall of the contrasting red color, so that the building is more beautiful and rich, and strengthens the central axis and the role of the scale. In the long-distance view of the Tiananmen facade, Jinshui Bridge on both sides of the columns on many columns, because shorter than a little bit of people, it looks like the ranks of the people, the columns of these columns of the columns of the columns of the carvings play a taller effect of the building set off. Huabiao mainly clouds appear in front of Tiananmen Square, in the distance when the clouds seem to swim in the building, the building seems to be built in the clouds, constituting a palace in the sky illusion. By the time a person walks to a certain distance, the clouds on the Huabiao leave the building and rise into the air, at which time, the Huabiao has completed its mission. The scale of the building itself is high, large and has been shown. The high walls and very thick gateways as well as the deep central axis formed by one gate are very imposing. From a distance, the basic shape of the stone lions is a mass, very integral, and its shape and the geometric linear plane of the building all constitute a contrast. Close look, stone lions have shown majestic, also played a role in strengthening the sense of architectural space. These sculptures set off the building tall and far-reaching, in every distance play a role in accompanying, and these changes in the decorative image, is the curve of the flexible shape, is a "walking" modeling. It forms a contrasting unity with the buildings composed of straight planes and basic patterned forms. Sculpture of the columns and Huabiao columns are changes in the columns, there is a sense of solemnity and sublime, the lion is on the round below the volume, Huabiao is the shape of the dynamic, the three constitute a group, the shape of the characteristics of a very distinctive, architectural crimson walls also make the sculpture appear brighter. In short, the building before the carving, whether it is mainly architecture, or sculpture-based, should play a role in the building with each other, set each other off, highlighting the role of the theme and strengthen the sense of beauty. Carved before the building, to avoid repeating the lines of the building and disturbing the building, destroying the shape of the building.
Outdoor round sculpture on the building should pay attention to the relationship between the guest and the master and the organic combination of the two. Mushina's "workers and collective farm women" placed on the stepped building, and the building with each other to create a sense of progress. It is an excellent work of art that constitutes the coordination of architecture and sculpture. Outdoor large-scale sculpture size and location of the decision is appropriate, for the performance of the sculpture has an important significance. The same sculpture placed in different locations, will produce different effects. Such as Mushina made "workers and collective farm women," originally in the international exposition, placed in the propulsion of the terraced building on top, as if the whole house is designed for it, the characters in the sky Mercedes-Benz, appear very strong, every angle is very good. But then it was taken down and placed on the street in Moscow, very short, the position, environment, background, perspective have changed, the effect of the work is obviously inferior. Large sculptures have different effects when placed in different locations. Originally placed in front of the building of the statue of David, placed in the square after some of the angle is very awkward, so the choice of the appropriate place to place for large sculptures is very important. The right size sculpture, in addition to the environmental background and other factors related to the audience's point of view and the sculpture composed of different perspectives, the effect on the work has a great impact. The former example described above is largely the result of a change in perspective.
The angle of view is the angle between the human eye and the object of observation. Generally large sculpture from a distance when the angle of view is small or close to the horizon, close up to look up, then the angle of view is large. Look at the sculpture from a distance, small angle of elevation or close to the horizon, it is easy to feel friendly, elevation angle of view in order to see the sculpture, it is easy to produce a majestic and unattainable and mysterious feelings. Yungang Tanya five caves of the main Buddha position and the cave is a very short distance, and into the cave is to look up to 45 ° above the perspective to see the face of the main Buddha, it uses the science of art to force the viewer to make themselves feel small in front of the Buddha and feel the Buddha statue of the majestic, the general angle of view of 30 ° to 45 ° is the object on the sense of majesty, more than 60 ° elevation of the object on the unattainable, therefore, the European sculpture in front of the building or memorial statues Therefore, the European sculpture or memorial statue in front of the building, in order to produce a feeling of reverence, always find the necessary angle of elevation when you look at it, if the size of the statue is not enough, increase the higher pedestal, so that the statue is elevated. Angle of view in addition to the pitch angle, there is a wide angle, that is, from all sides to see the angle. The designer of a large sculpture, to note which angles often come into contact with the audience, such as roads, squares, etc. ...... sculpture to pay special attention to these angles and directions. To fully realize the content and technology of the sculpture, the repeated study of the relationship between the point of view and the sculpture is an important aspect of improving the artistic effect of the work. We need to understand how big the angle of looking up is, as well as noting whether these sculptures are people looking around the sculpture, or whether the sculpture surrounds the people. Sculptures that are viewed by people around them are taken care of as much as possible from all sides, whereas relief sculptures are viewed from one direction, and this type of sculpture should be focused on one side to enhance the frontal expression. Enlargement of the finalization is an artistic practice, but it is also a theoretical problem. Already adopted the final draft of a large sculpture, is the basis for the production of the finished product, due to the enlargement into the need for large-scale sculpture, often less vivid and coherent than the draft. In order to avoid these shortcomings, sculptors have introduced and created all kinds of mechanical enlargement method, in order to avoid the enlargement caused by out of shape, such as "drawing grid, hanging line, seeking point", "set circle" "welding fixed point "and so on enlargement method, is commonly used part. Although the author strives to make the enlarged sculpture faithful to the final draft, but always still "out of shape" and "lost God", therefore, the sculptor had issued a zoom in to "invoke the soul" of the call, that is, the requirements of large Sculpture and the final draft of the same vivid and evocative. Enlargement from the small often out of place, mostly dynamic becomes small, expression becomes dull, the reason is mostly from the model against the correction of sculpture dynamics of the author by the model dominated, although enlargement when reference to the model has the advantage, but enlargement of the work of a loss of soul on the lack of attraction, in order to make the work of the "spirit" it must be In order to make the work "spiritual" it must be "inviting the soul". In order to make the work "soul" the key is to grasp the momentum, strengthen the writing "God", do not be governed by the movement of the model and the natural form. The "Soul" is only faithful to the final draft of the form and spirit. As a large outdoor sculpture, to be faithful to the final draft, is only the first step in the enlargement process, the more important task is "sublimation". "Sublimation" is more refined, more perfect technology, more meaningful. "Sublimation" often involves two technical reasons, one is a small sculpture into a large sculpture, resulting in perspective and visual changes, often the proportion and composition of the three-dimensional-oriented adjustments, just as the Peking Opera stage to sit on the chair of the official in order to adapt to the audience's point of view and cushion heightened. As for the adjustment of how much, it is determined by the size, content, location (audience viewing position and sculpture placement) and posture. Secondly, in addition to the site of the stone sculpture, general stone sculpture, bronze statues, metal casting statues, cement statues and other large outdoor sculpture, are made in the studio. Most of the indoor sculpture is not adapted to the outdoor light, often with the natural environment is not compatible, because of the enlargement should be made beforehand simulation test, can also be placed in the final draft of the sunlight observation, in order to adapt to the outdoor light improvement, so that the sublimation, perfect.