(A) the historical development of the construction of community sports in China
In the mid-1980s, as China's modernization was carried out in-depth, the process of urbanization continued to advance, the emergence of the sprout of urban community sports, which is the main sports associations of the urban street committees and the rural townships, but the scale of the development of this type of community sports However, the scale of development of this kind of community sports is relatively small, and the distribution of organizations is scattered. In the late 1990s, as the country deepened its economic and management reforms, a series of policies were introduced to promote the rapid development of urban community and community sports. At this stage, community sports in China were mainly carried out in some big cities and economically developed rural towns, and community sports took shape, but there still existed features such as unbalanced development, imperfect system, and immature organization, etc. For quite a long period of time, China's community sports have been carried out by the unit, industry, and system organizations. With the establishment of China's socialist market economic system and operating mechanism, gradually changed the single mode of state-run sports, formed the state (unit), society and individual tripartite collaboration sports development model, began to move towards the national macro-management, social demand regulation, individual initiative to participate in the socialization of the sports development path, for the great development of community sports to create a historical opportunity.
The 21st century is an important period of China's social and economic development and modernization, and the country has entered a new development stage of building a moderately prosperous society and a harmonious society. With the rapid development of China's economy and social progress of civilization, promoting people from the "unit of people" gradually to the "social" change; material and cultural living standards, changes in the mode of production and lifestyle, determines people's sports needs to leisure, The improvement of material and cultural living standard, the change of production mode and life style determines that people's sports demand is developing towards leisure, entertainment, self-improvement and other diversified and personalized trends. When people's sports needs are difficult to meet in the unit, the government is no longer providing many specific sports services, people's sports interests will begin to shift from the unit to the community, with the proximity of the characteristics of the community sports, will become an important way for people to meet the demand for sports, community sports in the status of social sports will continue to improve.
With the development of economic globalization, the development level of sports has gradually become an important symbol of a country's comprehensive national strength and urban civilization. The success of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games will be a good opportunity for China's urban development to play an active role in community building and community sports development. Urban community sports will be the hotspot of China's urban community building and sports development in the next 50 years. Community sports will receive unprecedented attention in the context of social transformation.
(II) Practical experience of some foreign sports communities
Foreign community sports research emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, the reason for which is more related to the era of rapid economic growth and social change, and community sports are highly valued as an important way of social control. From the research situation in Europe, the United States and Japan in recent years, the use of social action theory on community sports participation, community sports organizational structure, community sports model, community sports methods and evaluation of the effects of the more common research. Theoretical research on community sports has greatly promoted the development of sports practice. The United States of America's national body-building movement from the end of the nineteenth century "recreation movement" (recreation movement) began, now the United States community has realized that every 1,000 people have a mile of camping, bicycling or fitness paths, every 25,000 people have to build a public **** swimming pool, every 1,000 people have four acres of open of recreational parks. American communities have many sports: soccer, table tennis, badminton, basketball, tennis, softball, rugby, swimming, gymnastics, ice skating, skiing, golf, taekwondo, there are many sports venues, such as golf courses, tennis courts, swimming pools, fishing ponds, campgrounds, etc., can be carried out in horseback riding, hang gliding, model airplanes and other sports activities activities.
About 29 million adults aged 16 and over in the UK take part in physical activity. Basic sports and fitness facilities in the community are mainly provided by local authorities and the Government encourages each local authority to develop a leisure strategy to ensure that there are sufficient sports facilities to meet local needs. There is one community sports center for every 25,000 people in a community in the UK. It is capable of running 17 sports, namely badminton, basketball, bowling, squash, 5-a-side soccer, aerobics, indoor field hockey, judo, karate, fitness, dance, tennis, disco, roller skating, table tennis, trampolining and volleyball.
Singapore in 1975, the country's population distribution into 15 sports facilities district, the provisions of about 200,000 people in residential areas, there must be a sports center. Its standards are: three 50-meter swimming pools, three badminton court-sized gymnasiums, 29 tennis courts, six basketball courts, and one fitness room. As of 2000, 15 regional sports and fitness centers have been built. Sports centers can offer the following programs: badminton, volleyball, basketball, English women's basketball, ping-pong, mini-tennis; jogging and walking paths in a park-like environment, relatively centralized fitness points for tai chi, martial arts, etc.; modern gyms with equipment for lowering body weight and improving cardiorespiratory fitness; and instructional films and videos on dance and aerobics shown to residents. Beginners' courses are offered to teach housewives, the elderly and others the basic skills of more than one physical activity, so that physical education can play a key role in shaping the nation's healthy lifestyle.
After the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, the focus of Japanese sports was transformed from competitive sports to popular sports, and it was at this time that community sports developed in Japan. The organizational carriers of community sports in Japan mainly include comprehensive community sports clubs, community sports centers and various types of community sports clubs. The construction of community sports centers is hierarchical, divided into three levels: grass-roots communities, urban areas, towns and villages, and prefectures. in the mid-1980s, people regarded sports as a means of enriching their cultural life in their spare time, and sought to realize their self-worth through sports, emphasizing self-discipline, autonomy and creativity in the process of participating in sports, a change that had a great impact on the fitness of the population.
The Japanese fitness movement is centered on softball, baseball, billiards, and also widely practiced table tennis, badminton, running, gateball, as well as cosmetic gymnastics, aerobic gymnastics, ice skating, swimming, golf and so on.
The experience of the development of foreign community sports practice is our inspiration that the development of community sports, the need for reasonable integration of limited community sports resources, and constantly improve the community sports management system, and gradually improve the organizational system of community sports, enriching the content of the activities, and to achieve the potential cultural and educational functions of community sports. The construction and development of community sports is an important element in the process of social transformation in China. Taking the community as a unit and sports culture as a carrier, promoting sports participation of community residents, forming a healthy sports lifestyle, strengthening the organizational structure and cultural integration function of the community, meeting the ever-growing diversified and personalized sports needs of community residents, improving the health quality of the whole nation, and cultivating the comprehensive and harmonious development of physical and mental development of the community are the important tasks for the development of sports in China for the 2008 Olympic Games. This is an important task for the development of sports in China for the 2008 Olympic Games, and it is also the core issue for the construction and development of community sports in Beijing.
Second, the current situation of community sports development in Beijing
In the development of national fitness, "Beijing Olympic Action Plan Sports Special Planning" (hereinafter referred to as the "Plan") pointed out that the implementation of sports organizations, fitness facilities, fitness testing, social sports instructors, fitness guidance, group activities, "six into the community projects ". The six community activities should be combined with the construction of the cultural environment of the Olympic Games to enrich the connotation and practice of the "Humanistic Olympics" and promote the development of sports culture. At present, Beijing's community sports construction in these six aspects have made some progress.
(1) Community sports organizations are taking shape. The goal of the Plan is to establish sports organizations in 100 per cent of community residents' committees. At present, the city's 126 street offices and 2,401 community residents' committees have set up sports associations, and sports clubs have been formed spontaneously in the community. 12 community sports and fitness clubs with different programs have been set up in the 10 community residents' committees belonging to the Andingmen Street Office in Dongcheng District. Xuanwu District, Guangwai Street, Honglian community neighborhood committees to establish membership fitness club.
(ii) equipped with a corresponding number of fitness facilities. The objectives of the Plan to implement the Beijing National Fitness Facilities Allocation Plan, each year to complete the allotment area of more than 700,000 square meters, so that every 2,500 citizens have a national fitness facilities. By 2008, more than 50% of the equipment used in national fitness facilities will be renewed. In the past few years, the city has built 3,874 national fitness projects, with a total area of 2.83 million square meters. In 2003, the city built 31 national fitness standard projects and equipped 500 basketball boards and 500 badminton net frames. Now, 100% of the city's streets, 100% of the townships and community committees with conditions are equipped with national fitness projects. The yellow and white community fitness facilities have become a scenic spot in the city. There are nearly 1,000 cultural squares of more than 500 square meters in the Beijing municipal area. Chongwen District to go all out to promote the "Beijing Olympic Excellence Corridor" construction, Haidian District, Qinghe Street Yanqing Sports and Culture Park has been put into use, Tianqiao Street fitness center, youth outdoor activities camp and Muxiyuan glossy gym basketball plaza, Olympic demonstration community and Longtan Lake Sports Theme Park, Zhongguancun Sports Mansion, Beiqing Sports and Fitness Park, Bei'anhe Sports Park and so on will be built one after another.
(3) Establishment of national physical fitness testing stations. The Plan states that in the next six years, a citywide tracking survey of physical fitness monitoring will be conducted every two years to dynamically observe changes in people's physical fitness and to publicize the results of the monitoring of Beijing's people's physical fitness. By 2005, 50% of the neighborhood committees and 20% of the townships will have set up national physical fitness testing stations, and by 2008, we will strive to reach 100%. 2008 will see the establishment of a well-equipped and advanced national physical fitness mobile testing station in each district and county. At present, the city's sports population in 2000 was 41.83%, in 2002 has reached 49.47%, in 2003 the average daily participation in fitness activities for more than 20 minutes more than half of the total population of the city, the city's 126 street offices have been built on the national physical fitness testing stations, and has been 50 of them have been updated equipment testing stations. By 2005, the city's sports population reached 50%, of which 55% in urban areas, and 60% by 2008. 2010 to reach about 70%, the national fitness test pass rate is expected to reach more than 80%.
(d) a certain number of social sports instructors engaged in fitness guidance. Beijing has 17,410 social sports instructors, of which 7,622 work in the city's 3,811 morning and evening exercise counseling stations, providing fitness guidance for more than a million fitness practitioners. The social sports instructors in Beijing include two types of instructors: organizational and managerial instructors and technical instructors, and there are now 85 national-level, 809 first-level, 4,939 second-level, and 11,577 third-level certified instructors. The Plan aims to reach 22,000 social sports instructors in the city by 2008.
(5) Group activities of a certain scale have been carried out. Beijing is actively exploring and promoting easy-to-carry out, small and practical, healthy and civilized methods of physical fitness, and constantly introducing forms of activity organization that meet the needs of the masses in fitness. 1997 saw the start of the National Fitness and Sports Festival, which has been expanding in scale year by year. In 1997, the festival began to be held, and its scale has been expanding gradually. The first festival held more than 5,000 activities, with more than 2 million participants; in 2003, the fourth festival held more than 7,000 activities, with 3.865 million participants; and in 2003, the city's population of nearly 7.7 million people participated in national health and fitness activities. In 2003, nearly 7.7 million people in the city participated in the national fitness activities. Madian community set up the street dance, Latin dance and other fitness programs favored by young people in the counseling station, and more than a hundred dance enthusiasts participated in the fitness activities in the Madian Qiaotou and Yuandaidu Ruins Park etc. In 2004, Beijing held the activity of "Charming Beijing, Cultural Olympics - 10,000 People's Taijiquan Performance at Juyongguan Great Wall".
(VI) Formulation of a series of plans to carry out sports culture and publicity activities. Since 1995, Beijing has been carrying out the National Fitness Publicity Week, which has led to the development of mass sports, boosted the sports economy, and promoted the development and improvement of the national fitness service industry. Beijing advocates "six combinations", that is, the combination of fitness for all and Olympic counterparts, the combination of fitness week and group work, the combination of large-scale activities and grass-roots small-scale activities, the combination of fitness week and the promotion of fitness methods, the combination of publicity and setting up the image of Sports Lottery and the combination of fitness week and fitness week, the combination of fitness week and scientific guidance, which is a certain degree of guidance for the good fitness week activities. This has certain guiding significance for good fitness week activities. Through the formulation of a series of plans, community sports are made to be carried out in a targeted and planned manner. For example, Haidian District has formulated the "Haidian District Olympic Action Plan", the "Haidian District Sports Industry Plan" and the "Management Measures for Haidian District's National Construction Project", which have vigorously promoted the building of the whole population and the development of mass sports activities. 2004 saw the beginning of Haidian District's shift of publicity centers down to the community, and the opening of fitness classes in the community to provide direct guidance to residents on fitness. The Haidian District has moved the center of publicity down to the community since 2004, opening fitness classes in the community to directly instruct residents on fitness.
While Beijing's community sports work has been carried out to a certain extent, there are many shortcomings, such as the limitations of the community sports service targets, community sports are mostly for the elderly and pre-school children, as they have more time to participate in this. For young and middle-aged people, their busy work makes them have no more time to exercise, and they also lack the awareness of physical exercise, which makes community sports can not maximize the effectiveness, and is far from the goal of national fitness. Community sports work, especially the lack of funds, venues and equipment equipment is not sound, community sports management is not perfect, the lack of professional sports instructors and other issues need to be improved in practice.
Three, Beijing community sports development countermeasures recommendations
Beijing 2008 Olympic Games will provide a rare opportunity and impetus for the development of community sports in Beijing. The following is a few suggestions on how to promote the development of community sports in Beijing, mainly based on the experience of community sports in foreign developed countries.
(1) Push forward the development of existing sports programs on the basis of vigorous development. Now most community sports centers have gyms, swimming pools, ball games halls, etc. With the development of the economy and the improvement of people's needs, unique sports activities that can attract different groups should be introduced. For example, most of the new fitness programs added to community sports centers in Japan are emerging fitness methods, such as water aerobics, dumbbell exercises, soft volleyball, board curling, women's boxing, and so on. We should also focus on meeting the sports needs of different social groups, according to the sports needs of different groups of people, the appropriate addition of some emerging sports projects, such as health and wellness, sherbin, yoga, slimming gymnastics, combat gymnastics, street dance, expanding, rock-climbing, shuttlecock and so on. In the selection of community sports activities, the need to build a well-off society and meet the arrival of the leisure era, the development of diversified, personalized leisure sports projects that can meet the needs of the public at different levels.
(ii) Focus on developing the comprehensive functions of community sports centers. U.S. community sports centers have locker rooms, halls, game rooms, club meeting rooms, fast food restaurants, reading rooms affiliated facilities. The interior of the community sports hall generally includes: rest rooms, caterers and refreshment rooms, locker rooms and restrooms, offices, equipment storage rooms, first aid facilities, laundry and plant rooms. Community sports halls of a slightly larger scale also include: club meeting rooms, gymnasiums, multi-purpose second sports halls and fitness video rooms, staff rooms, physical therapy rooms, and all-weather outdoor stadiums. Foreign community sports center sports facilities with multi-purpose features, such as indoor stadium in addition to carry out a variety of ball games, but also can run exhibitions, rallies have and open tuxedo other community cultural activities. We also need to develop the comprehensive function of the community, so that it becomes the people fitness, leisure, entertainment venues, become the residents to rely on the place of advice, community building and other content of the meeting, the study of the development of community building and so on, so as to better improve the construction of community sports. In this regard, guangzhou city pray for the new village large housing estates community sports construction has walked in the forefront of the country, in the development of community sports integrated function of experience and practice is worth learning.
(3) community sports centers should be integrated with the city's humanistic landscape. The combination of sports and aesthetic education has a more important role in promoting the physical and mental development of people. Most foreign community sports centers are designed to become a part of the community park, many facilities are integrated with the park into an organic whole, for example, many community sports centers fitness paths are built in the park, swimming pools often at the same time as the park's water recreation facilities. Britain's community halls are built in the center of the community, and their beautiful appearance gives people a pleasant feeling. Now many sports centers in Beijing, in addition to hanging a sign outside to show that it is a place of fitness, not a humanistic landscape. This requires that special attention be paid to the combination of sports centers and humanistic landscapes in future planning to make the city of Beijing more beautiful.
(4) The construction of community sports should be combined with cultural construction. Community sports culture in foreign countries mostly uses sports as a carrier, integrates music, drama and other activities, and carries out rich and colorful community sports and cultural activities. Athens in order to do a good job of the 2004 Olympic Games, pay attention to the school, the community to carry out a wide range of Olympic education, received better results. The Beijing Olympic Games should draw on the successful experience of Athens, reflect the characteristics of combining Olympic culture and community culture in community sports construction, promote the construction of community spiritual civilization through sports culture construction, and promote community humanism through the Olympic spirit. The objectives set out in the Plan are: to select representative communities in the city's eight districts to carry out the creation of Olympic sports communities with complete sports facilities, rich sports activities, sound sports organizations and outstanding sports characteristics. At present, Beijing has already had some successful experiences in building Olympic brand cultural communities, forming Olympic cultural communities with different cultural characteristics, for example: the Andingmen Street Office and the Humanistic Olympics Research Center of Renmin University of China have taken the lead in joining hands in China to create China's first "National Cultural Community", and the Anyuanli Olympic Cultural Community in Asian Games Village Street in Chaoyang District has been the first to establish an Olympic cultural community in China. For example, the Andingmen Street Office joined hands with the Humanistic Olympic Research Center of Renmin University of China to create China's first "National Culture Community", the Asian Games Village Community in Chaoyang District, the Anyuanli Olympic Sports Brand Community in Chaoyang District, and the Dongsi Olympic Community in Dongcheng District. In the construction of community sports culture, we should closely integrate the development of sports activities and community culture construction, mobilize all positive factors to further promote the traditional Chinese culture.
(V) Establishment of a qualification and qualification examination system for community sports club instructors. At present our country's sports instructor qualification and sports personnel training in colleges and universities, and sports social instructor career is basically disconnected, on the one hand, the community sports industry lack of specialized sports management personnel, become a bottleneck restricting the development of the community sports industry; on the other hand, sports professionals trained in colleges and universities and can not be accepted by the community sports industry, or are not willing to work in the community. Nowadays, most of the community building instructors are part-time, with large differences in age structure, gender structure, technology and cultural level. In contrast, the United States community amateur coaches, must be trained for a certain period of time, after passing the examination, licensed to work. Japanese sports associations to train sports instructors to provide services for community sports, according to the Japanese Ministry of Statistics in 1994, Japan's social instructors have 69,633 people, including sports set up district instructors 52,862 people, the ratio of community instructors and the population: 1:1500, while China and its difference is huge, from 1994 to 1996, although 60,000 people in our country to obtain the social instructor Grade title, but compared to our population, an average of 20,000 people, more than 7,000 participants in sports exercisers can only have 1 instructor, which has become a constraint affecting the development of urban community sports in China.
(F) the integration and comprehensive utilization of community sports resources. Japan's "School Education Law" stipulates that school sports facilities must be open to the public. This makes it possible for many community sports clubs and recreational activities to take place. The United States in order to carry out community sports activities, the government and the school jointly formulated a plan to make the school facilities as much as possible open to the community residents. 1927 in the United States, 32 states passed a law that provides that "the community can use the school building as a community center". Primary and secondary schools in the United States have 30,000 gymnasiums and nearly 20,000 comprehensive sports facilities. These provide a wealth of resources for the development of community sports. There are schools in the community and sports facilities in the schools. At present, community sports do not make effective use of the schools as a resource. We should mobilize residents and organizations in the community to participate extensively in the development of community sports, maximize the integration of community resources, and use policies to promote the aggregation of community sports resources and the sustainable development of community sports, so as to achieve the **** enjoyment of community sports.
The development of community sports in Beijing will have an important impact on the development of community sports in the whole country, so it is necessary to attach great importance to the problems in community building. The above countermeasures to be realized, need a lot of conditions, such as the state, local sports departments and leaders of the importance of community sports, the guidance of the scientific concept of development, the participation of social forces, the community sports organization, funding and implementation, people's awareness of participation in sports, etc., so as to make the construction of community sports continue to develop and improve, and really become the fitness of all people to rely on the place and the important places, also for the construction of a harmonious society for all to participate in. Also for the construction of a harmonious society in which everyone participates to play a greater role.