The national flag: a horizontal rectangle, the ratio of length to width is about 3:2. The flag consists of three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles linked together, from top to bottom, respectively, white, blue and red. Russia's vast territory, the country across the frigid, sub-frigid and temperate climate zones, with three-color horizontal rectangles connected in parallel, indicating the geographical location of Russia's this feature. White represents the year-round snowy natural landscape of the frigid zone; blue represents both the sub-boreal climate zone and symbolizes Russia's rich underground mineral deposits and natural resources such as forests and hydropower; red is the symbol of the temperate zone and also symbolizes Russia's long history and contribution to human civilization. The white, blue and red tricolor flag came from the red, white and blue tricolor flag adopted during the reign of Peter the Great in 1697, which was known as the Pan-Slavic colors. the tricolor flag was abolished after the victory of the October Revolution in 1917, and the new flag was adopted by the Soviet government in 1920, which consisted of a red and blue flag, with a vertical blue stripe on the left side, and a five-pointed star and a crossed hammer and sickle on the right side of a red flag. This flag became the flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist **** and State, and after the establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist **** and States in 1922, the flag design was modified to a red flag with a golden five-pointed star, sickle and hammer in the upper left corner.After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist **** and State was renamed the Russian Federation, which then adopted a white, blue, and red flag as the national flag. national flag.
National coat of arms: for the coat of arms. November 30, 1993, Russia decided to adopt the pre-October Revolution Ivan the Terrible era, with a double-headed eagle as the pattern of the national coat of arms: a red shield with a golden double-headed eagle, the eagle head of Peter the Great's three crowns, the eagle's claws grasping the scepter symbolizing the imperial power and the golden ball. On the eagle's chest is a small shield shape with a knight and a white horse. The origin of the double-headed eagle dates back to the 15th century AD. The double-headed eagle was originally the emblem of Constantine I of the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine Empire spanned two continents, one looking west and the other east, symbolizing the unity of the two continents and the union of peoples. 1453, the once glorious Byzantine Empire was destroyed by the Ottoman Turkish Empire, and the Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI died in a heroic battle. His two younger brothers, one of whom submitted to the Ottoman Empire, and the other fled to Rome with his two sons and daughter Sophia Paleologue. The two sons and one daughter were later raised by the Pope after their father's death. The Roman politicians of the time, in order to use the military power of Russia to defend themselves against the Turks, betrothed Sophia by marriage to Ivan III, Grand Duke of Moscow. Sofia thus came to Russia wearing the majestic double-headed eagle emblem of the Byzantine Empire. Sofia helped her husband, Ivan III, to unite the lands of Russia into a large and united country. 1497 saw the first appearance of the double-headed eagle as a national emblem on the seal of the Russian state, which remained on the seal until 1918, and on November 30, 1993 the double-headed eagle, a symbol of the unity and solidarity of the Russian state, "flew" back to the Russian coat of arms. On November 30, 1993, the double-headed eagle, symbolizing the unity and solidarity of the Russian nation, "flew" back to the Russian state seal. At the end of the twentieth century, the State Duma legally recognized the double-headed eagle as the national symbol of Russia.
National Anthem: Song: Alexandrov / Lyrics: Mikhalkov
Lyrics:
"Russia, our sacred motherland,
Russia, our lovely home.
Strength of will, great honor
are your unchanging treasures!
Be proud, our free homeland,
a union of brotherly peoples, passed on from generation to generation,
the wisdom of our forefathers!
Be proud, Motherland! We are proud of you!
From the southern sea to the Arctic frontier
Our forests and fields are everywhere.
You are unique!
You are the only fertile ground God has ever blessed!
Be proud, our free homeland,
the union of brotherly peoples that has been passed down from generation to generation,
and the wisdom that our forefathers have given to our people!
Be proud, Motherland! We are proud of you!
Infinite ideals, vast living space
The time has opened up the future for us.
Loyalty to the motherland gives us strength.
Past, present and forever!
Be proud, our free homeland,
the union of brotherly peoples has been passed on from generation to generation,
and our forefathers have given wisdom to our people!
Be proud, Motherland! We are proud of you!"
Day of the Defender of the Fatherland: February 23 (former Soviet Army Day)
Day of Victory in the Patriotic War: May 9
Day of the adoption of the Declaration of National Sovereignty: June 12
Day of Harmony and Reconciliation, the Day of the October Revolution, the Day of Military Honors: November 7 (the former Memorial Day of the October Revolution)>>
Day of the Constitution. Day: December 12
Astronautics Day: April 12 (set in 1962 by the Soviet Union to commemorate Gagarin's first space voyage)
National dignitaries: President Vladimir Putin (Vladimir Putin), Acting President of Russia on December 31, 1999, reelected President in March 2004; Chairman of the Federation Council (Upper House of Parliament) Sergei Mironov, who took office in December 2001 and was re-elected in January 2003; Boris Gryzlov, Chairman of the State Duma (lower house of parliament), who was elected in December 2003; Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov, who took office in May 2004 Secretary of the Security Council Igor Ivanov, who took office in March 2004; and Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, who took office in March 2004.
Population: 142.2 million (as of January 1, 2007) There are more than 130 ethnic groups in the country, of which 82.95% are ethnic Russians, and the main minorities are Tatars, Ukrainians, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Belarusians, Moldovans, Germans, Udmurtians, Armenians, Avars, Malians, Kazakhs, Ossetians, Buryats, Yakuts, Kabardians, Jews, Komyns, Lezgins, Kumeiks, Ingushetes, and Tuvs, etc. The population is very unevenly distributed. The distribution of the population is extremely uneven, with an average of 52-77 people per square kilometer in the developed western regions, and up to 261 in individual places, while in the northeastern tundra zone there is less than one person. The Caucasus has the most complex ethnic composition, with about 40 nationalities living here. The population is mostly Orthodox, followed by Islam. Russian is the official language throughout the Russian Federation, and each *** and state has the right to prescribe its own state language, which may be used in conjunction with Russian in the territory of that *** and state. The major ethnic minorities have their own languages and scripts. The main religion is Orthodox Christianity, followed by Islam.
Physical geography: With an area of 1707.54 million square kilometers (76% of the territory of the former Soviet Union), it is the largest country in the world. Located in eastern Europe and northern Asia, most of its European territory is the Eastern European Plain. East of the Pacific Ocean, west of the Baltic Gulf of Finland, across the Eurasian continent, the longest east-west 9000 kilometers, the widest north-south 4000 kilometers. Land neighbors to the northwest of Norway, Finland, west of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, southwest of Ukraine, south of Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, southeast of China, Mongolia and North Korea. To the east, it is separated from Japan and the United States by the sea. The coastline is 33,807 kilometers long. Most of the area is in the north temperate zone, with a varied and predominantly continental climate. Temperature differences are generally large, with average temperatures ranging from -1°C to -37°C in January and 11°C to 27°C in July. Annual precipitation averages 150-1000 millimeters. Experience the real Lake Baikal
Capital: Moscow, population about 8.5 million (as of December 2002). on May 16, 1995, it became a sister city with Beijing.
Krasnaruzhsky Bridge over the Moscow River
Brief history: The Russians are of Eastern Slavic Rus ancestry. At the end of the 15th century A.D., Grand Duke Ivan III established a centralized state - the Grand Duchy of Moscow. 1547, Ivan IV made himself "Tsar" and his state was called Russia. 16-17 centuries, the Volga River Basin, the Ural and Siberian regions, and the Russian Federation were the most important regions in the world. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Volga Valley, the Urals and Siberia joined Russia, making it a multinational state, and in the middle of the 17th century Ukraine and Russia were united into a single state; in August 1689, Peter I officially came to power. After the Northern War of 1700-1721, Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea, transforming it from a landlocked state to a sea-faring one. in the 17th century it defeated the invasions of the Polish and Swedish feudal lords, and in 1812 it annihilated the invading Napoleonic armies. in December 1825 the aristocratic revolutionaries revolted in Petersburg (i.e., the December Party Revolt), which was suppressed. In February 1861 the agrarian system was abolished in Russia. In 1898 the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (the predecessor of the USSR ****producers' party) was founded, under whose leadership the Russian workers and peasants achieved the great victory of the October Socialist Revolution on November 7, 1917, after the First Russian Revolution of 1905 and the bourgeois-democratic revolution (i.e. the February Revolution) that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in February 1917, and established the Russian Socialist Revolution. On November 7, 1917, the October Socialist Revolution was won and the world's first socialist state was established. Soon after the establishment of the *** and State, after three years of hard internal war, the Soviet power was defended by crushing the armed intervention of 14 imperialist countries and the armed rebellion of the landlord-capitalists. on December 30, 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist *** and States was formally established, and the Russian Federation, together with the Ukraine, Belarus, and Transcaucasian Commonwealth (including Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia), joined. On June 12, 1990, the First Congress of the People's Assembly of the Russian Federation adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Federation.On December 21, 1991, the leaders of the eleven ****hestates of the former USSR decided in the capital of Kazakhstan, Almaty, that the seat of the former USSR on the United Nations Security Council was to be inherited by Russia.On December 25, the Supreme Council of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist ****hestates of the Russian Federation decided to give the country its official name. Soviet decided to change the official name of the country to "Russian Federation" (Russia).On April 16, 1992, the 6th Congress of the Russian People's Assembly decided to change the name of the country to "Russia", thus restoring the historical name; on April 17, 1992, it was finally decided to use two official states of equal status. On April 16, 1992, the 6th Congress of the People's Assembly decided to change the name of the country to "Russia", thus restoring the historical name; on April 17, it was finally decided to use two official names of equal status, "Russian Federation" and "Russia". North Ossetia*** and the State of
St. Petersburg
Politics: On December 12, 1993, the Russian Federation held a referendum to adopt the first constitution of independent Russia. On December 25 of the same year, the new constitution came into force. The Constitution establishes a presidential system of federal statehood in Russia. The Constitution provides that the President of the Russian Federation is the head of state and the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen; the President determines the internal and external policy of the country in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws; the President appoints the Prime Minister of the Federal Government, Deputy Prime Ministers and Ministers of all ministries, and presides over the meetings of the Federal Government; the President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the country and heads the National Security Council; the President is empowered to dissolve the parliament, and Parliament may impeach the President only on charges of treason or other very serious crimes, which are confirmed by the Supreme Court. Under the Constitution, the Federal Assembly is the representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation. The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers, the Federation Council (upper house) and the State Duma (lower house). The Council of Federation consists of two deputies from each constituent entity of the Russian Federation: one from the representative and one from the executive power of the state, and its main functions are to approve federal laws, changes in the boundaries of the constituent entities of the federation, presidential decrees on the state of war and the state of emergency, to decide on the stationing of troops outside the borders of the Russian Federation, the election and impeachment of the President, and issues of relations between the center and the localities. The State Duma, Russia's legislative body, consists of 450 deputies elected every four years, half of whom are elected by one deputy from each of the country's 225 large electoral districts, and the other half of whom are elected by the parties that contested the election with more than 5 percent of the vote, distributed according to the number of votes they received. In accordance with the Russian Constitution, not only does a party that has not crossed the 5 per cent mark not participate in the allocation of party seats, but also deputies elected as independent candidates in local constituencies do not have the right to form a separate group of deputies in the State Duma. The main duties of the State Duma are to draft and enact national laws, to consider the President's appointment of the Prime Minister and to decide on the confidence to be placed in the President. The State Duma has more than 20 committees, including the Committee on International Affairs, the Committee on Security, the Committee on National Defense, the Committee on Legislation, the Committee on Economic Policy, and the Committee on Nationalities. (The State Duma was first established in 1906 as an elected legislature during the Tsarist era and was dissolved in March 1917.After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia elected its first State Duma in December 1993.) However, a decision of the State Duma to institute proceedings and a decision of the Federation Council to remove the President from office must be approved by a two-thirds vote of all the members of both houses of parliament and must be recommended by not less than one-third of the members of the State Duma. The Constitution provides that the Government of the Russian Federation is the executive power of the Russian Federation. The Federal Government consists of the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers and Federal Ministers of the Federal Government. The Constitution also provides for the equality of rights and status of the subjects of the Federation (*** and States, krais, oblasts, autonomous oblasts and autonomous regions). The status of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation can be changed only after mutual consultation between the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Federal Constitution.
Electoral system of the President of the Russian Federation Successive elections of the President of Russia The decision of the Russian People's Party to merge into the Just Russia Party
Russian servicemen training for the parade in honor of the anniversary of the Victory in the Patriotic War on May 9
Judiciary: the main organs of the Russian Federation's judiciary are the Constitutional Court of the Federation, the Supreme Court of the Federation, the Supreme Federal Arbitration Court, and the General Prosecutor's Office of the Federation. Special courts are not permitted. The Federal Constitutional Court decides on cases concerning the conformity with the Federal Constitution of laws and decisions of the Federation Council and the State Duma, of orders of the President of the Federation, of documents of other federal bodies, of the constitutions of *** and states, of laws, statutes, and other regulations of the constituent entities of the federation, of the conformity with the Federal Constitution of intra-federal and international treaties, and of the conformity with the Constitution of the founding and activities of public associations. The Federal Constitutional Court also adjudicates on disputes of competence between organs of state power of the Federation, between organs of state power of the Federation and organs of state power of the constituent entities of the Federation, and between organs of state power of the constituent entities of the Federation. The Federal Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in civil, criminal, administrative and other cases. It exercises judicial supervision over the activities of the courts in accordance with the procedure established by federal law and interprets questions of trial practice. The Federal Supreme Court of Arbitration is the highest judicial authority deciding on economic disputes and other cases heard by arbitration courts. It exercises judicial supervision over the activities of the arbitration courts in accordance with the procedure established by federal law and interprets questions of trial practice. The Office of the Procurator-General of the Federation supervises the legality of the investigation of criminal cases, supports public prosecutions in the courts, institutes proceedings in the courts in defence of the interests of the State and of the rights and freedoms of citizens, and contests violations of the law by State bodies, local self-governance bodies and public officials in the courts. The system of public prosecutors' offices has a centralized and unified leadership system. The Federation Council appoints judges of the Federal Constitutional Court, the Federal Supreme Court and the Supreme Federal Court of Arbitration, as well as the Federal Prosecutor General, on the basis of nominations by the President.
Economy: Russia is a vast country with a wealth of natural resources. Its forested area of 8.67 billion hectares, accounting for 51% of the land area, timber reserves of 80.7 billion cubic meters; proven natural gas reserves of 48 trillion cubic meters, accounting for more than one-third of the world's proven reserves, ranked first in the world; proven reserves of 6.5 billion tons of petroleum, accounting for the world's proven reserves of 12% to 13%; coal reserves of 200 billion tons, ranking second in the world; iron, aluminum, uranium, gold and other reserves, The reserves of iron, aluminum, uranium, gold, etc. also rank among the top in the world.
Abundant resources for the development of Russia's agriculture and industry to provide a solid backing. Russia's industrial base is strong, the sector is complete, with machinery, iron and steel, metallurgy, petroleum, natural gas, coal, forest industry and chemical industry, etc. The Russian agriculture and animal husbandry is also important, the main forest industry and chemical industry. Russia's agriculture and animal husbandry, the main crops are wheat, barley, oats, corn, rice and beans, animal husbandry is mainly cattle, sheep and pigs.
Russia's main export commodities are mineral products such as oil and natural gas, metals and their products, chemical products, machinery, equipment and transportation, gemstones and their products, timber and pulp, etc.; the main imports are machinery, equipment and transportation, food and agricultural raw materials, chemicals and rubber, metals and their products, textile and apparel commodities, etc. The GDP of the Russian Federation reached 765.8 billion US dollars in 2005, a real growth compared with 1999. In 2005, Russia's GDP amounted to 765.8 billion dollars, which is a 50% real growth compared to 1999. Russia's Yukos Oil Company
Currency: ruble>>
Russian soldiers in World War II-era Soviet uniforms
Military: Russia's armed forces are mainly composed of the army, the air force, the navy, and the strategic missile corps, the space corps, and the airborne corps. The number of military personnel in the armed forces is 113.4 million. In addition to the regular army, the armed forces include border guards, internal affairs, security, government communications, civil defense and railroad forces. The armed forces are commanded by the parliament, the president and the government in accordance with the constitutional authority***, the president is the supreme commander of the armed forces; the task of the army is to resist foreign aggression and fulfill Russia's international obligations; the number of military personnel shall not exceed 1% of the country's total population; the implementation of conscript and contractual military service system of two types of military service, the duration of the service are: two years for the fleet sailors, one and a half years for other soldiers, one year for those who have received higher education. The length of service is 2 years for sailors in the fleet, 1.5 years for other soldiers and 1 year for those with higher education. The Russian Navy has the Pacific Fleet, the Northern Fleet, the Baltic Fleet, the Black Sea Fleet and the Caspian Sea Independent District Fleet. Russia's new naval development plan
News: The main newspapers are as follows: Rossiyskaya Gazeta, founded in 1991, government-sponsored; Red Star, founded in 1924, run by the Ministry of Defense; Labor, founded in 1921, run by the Confederation of Independent Trade Unions; Independence, founded in 1991; Kommersant, founded in 1917; Kommersant; and Pravda, founded in 1912. Pravda, founded in 1912; Today, founded in 1993; Soviet Russia, founded in 1956; Workers' Tribune, run by the Union of Industrialists, Entrepreneurs, and the Federation of Independent Trade Unions; ****Youth League Pravda, founded in 1925; the weekly newspaper Moskovskie Novosti, founded in 1930; Literaturnaya Gazeta, founded in 1830 and reopened in 1929 , run by the Writers' Liberal Forum; Summarize magazine, with a circulation of 85,000; Starfire magazine, founded in 1923; New Era magazine, founded in 1943; Regime magazine; Anatomy magazine; and Economy and Life weekly magazine, founded in 1918. RIA-Novosti TASS is a Russian state news agency, formerly known as RIA Novosti, founded on January 23, 1992, and officially named on January 30, 1992 as RIA-Novosti TASS. RIA Novosti, or RIA Novosti for short, is one of Russia's two main state news agencies, founded in 1961 as the Soviet Union's news agency, and was recognized as a state news agency in 1993, with the same status as RIA Novosti-TASS, and with a wide range of services. Interfax was founded in January 1990 and is privately owned. The main broadcasters are: Radio One (formerly the Central Radio of the USSR), Voice of Russia (private), Radio Russia (state-run), Radio Youth, Radio Lighthouse, Radio Echo Moscow, etc. Echo of Moscow", etc. The main television stations are: the Russian State Television and Radio Company (also known as Russian Television, State Television), Public **** Television (formerly known as Soviet Central Television, state-controlled), Independent Television (private), Sixth Television (private), Moscow Center Television (Moscow City).
Study in the former residence of Russian poet Pushkin
Culture: Russia's territory spans two continents, Europe and Asia, and naturally blends the two cultures of the East and the West. Russia attaches great importance to the development of cultural programs, a large number of books and newspapers, the establishment of many libraries, museums, cultural centers, clubs and other mass cultural facilities. Russia also attaches importance to the protection of museum treasures and historical buildings, and has expanded and built many new museums. Russian museums can be divided into revolutionary history museums, history museums, art museums, specialized museums and other museums according to their specialties. Famous large-scale museums of revolutionary history include the Central Museum of the Russian Revolution, the State Historical Museum, the Kremlin Museum, the Central Naval Museum and others. Larger art museums include the Koltsev State Painting Gallery in Moscow. Russian literature has a long history and enjoys a high reputation in the world, with the emergence of such world-famous literary figures and writers as Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Belinsky, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Gorky, and Sholokhov. Russian art has a long history, painting has a long history, the famous masters of art are Levitan Leben, Surikov, Kramskoy and so on. Russian religious music and folk music have a profound historical tradition, opera, symphony and chamber music have a distinctive national temperament, unrestrained and heroic. Russia's theater art genre and form, the earliest appeared in the court, the 19th century into a period of prosperity, Gogol's "Chinchilla" and other social theater is full of strong flavor of the times, with a distinctive national characteristics, at the same time, emerged a number of outstanding masters of the art. Y. N. Ostrovsky is the most outstanding representative of the many drama writers in the Russian literary world after the 1850s, and is known as the "father of Russian drama". The Russian circus is also very popular in Russia, and its members are well-trained and skillful. The Russians have excellent folk art. Practical decorative arts include the artistic processing of metal, animal bone and stone, wood carving, wood carving frescoes, embroidery, textiles with floral patterns, and lace weaving. The most famous crafts are wooden nesting dolls, wood-carved spoons, wooden boxes, wooden plates and other wooden products.
Customs: Russians usually use "you" in three situations: 1) to children under 16 years of age; 2) between close relatives and colleagues (between young people); 3) from young people to young people. "You" is used with older people, strangers (except children) and leaders. Children are addressed by their first name, while older persons, strangers and leaders are addressed by their first name and father's name. Currently, the terms "Mr.", "Comrade" and "Citizen" coexist in Russia. Generally, in business organizations, the press and official institutions, people are accustomed to calling each other "Mr."; "comrade", which used to be commonly used during the Soviet period, is still in use in state enterprises, the army, and public security departments; and "citizen" is usually used in the public service, whereas "Mr." is usually used in the public service, whereas "citizen" is usually used in the public service. Citizen" is usually used in public places, such as train stations and stores. In public speeches, generally in the speaker's last name followed by "Mr.", "comrade" or its corresponding title "professor", "engineer "etc., e.g., "I would now like to invite Prof. Zarov to speak". When writing an official letter, the addressee's name is usually written with a patronymic; in very formal letters the addressee's surname should be preceded by "Mr." or its corresponding title. Most Russians eat at home and go to restaurants only during lunch breaks at work. In case of celebrations or weddings, Russians usually hold them in restaurants at the expense of the inviter. Gatherings of friends usually take place in a home environment. Guests usually bring their hosts small gifts (cakes, wine) and flowers.
Places of interest: The Kremlin, in the center of Moscow, on the Moscow River, was once the palace of the Moscow Principality and the Tsars until the 18th century. After the victory of the "October Revolution", it became the seat of the Soviet Union party and government leadership. Built in 1156, the first wooden walls, after repeated expansion, to the 1840s to build the Kremlin, an ancient architectural complex, mainly the Grand Kremlin, multi-palace, the Church of Our Lady of the Nine Heavenly Kings, the Senate Building, Ivan the Great Clock Tower and so on. Among the most magnificent towers of the palace are the Spartak, Nikolai, Troitsk, Paulovitz, Vodovzvod, etc. In 1937, the five-pointed ruby star was installed on the tower. Kremlin Great Hall
Peter the Great Summer Palace (Peter the Great's Summer Palace) is located in the forest on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland, about 30 kilometers from the city of St. Petersburg, covers an area of nearly 1,000 hectares, is the suburb of the successive Russian tsars away from the palace. The Summer Palace is an early example of St. Petersburg's architecture, which was built in the early 18th century by order of Tsar Peter the Great, with a simple and dignified exterior and a richly decorated interior. Many large balls and court festivals were held here, and Peter the Great came here every year during his lifetime to spend the summer.After 1934, the Summer Palace was turned into a folklore museum. Today, the Summer Palace has become a complex of 18th and 19th century palaces and gardens, and because of its architectural splendor, the Summer Palace has been called "Russia's Versailles". The main representative building of the summer palace is a double-storey palace, when Peter the Great lived in the first floor, his wife Ekaterina I (Peter the Great's second wife) lived in the second floor, upstairs decoration is extremely gorgeous, between the columns of the ballroom, are to Venetian mirrors for decoration.
Winter Palace (Winter Palace) is located in St. Petersburg Palace Square, originally the Russian Tsar's Palace, after the October Revolution for the St. Petersburg State Hermitage Museum part. Originally built between 1754 and 1762 as the greatest monument of Russian baroque architecture in the mid-18th century, the Winter Palace was destroyed by fire in 1837 and rebuilt between 1838 and 1839. During the Second World War, the Hermitage was again severely damaged and was restored after the war. The Winter Palace is an azure and white building, three stories high, the palace is about 230 meters long, 140 meters wide, 22 meters high, was closed rectangular, covers an area of 90,000 square meters, building area of 4.6 million square meters. Palace has 1057 rooms, doors 1886 seats, windows 1945. Alexander columns of the Winter Palace was built in 1830 to 1839, to commemorate the 1812 Alexander I led the Russian army to defeat Napoleon's army of this great achievement. the mid-19th century, the then Russia has a special law, St. Petersburg, all the buildings, in addition to churches, should be lower than the Winter Palace. The Hermitage faces the Neva River and has a slightly protruding center with three arched iron gates and an entrance with a group of giant gods of Atlas. The palace is surrounded by two rows of colonnades, majestic. Inside the palace with various colors of marble, malachite, lapis lazuli, porphyry, jasper inlays; to gold-plated, copper-plated decorations; to a variety of textures of sculpture, frescoes, embroidered drapery decorations; colorful, grandiose. The second half of the eighteenth century, the Russian Empress Yekaterina II reign, had ordered a part of the house to collect the world-famous art treasures, and these houses called "Ermidazhi" (Hidden Palace), and later as the collection continues to grow, in 1764 to 1789 years and has built a small Ermidazhi and large Ermidazhi Elmidázh. Nowadays, in the spacious and bright exhibition hall of the Hermitage, *** there are 2.7 million pieces of various kinds of cultural relics, of which about 15,000 paintings, sculptures about 12,000 pieces, prints and drawings about 620,000, about 600,000 pieces of unearthed artifacts, 260,000 pieces of practical works of art, and about 1 million coins and medals. The collection is divided into primitive cultural history, ancient Greek and Roman culture and art, oriental national culture and art, Russian culture, Western European art history, coins, craft 7 parts, and according to the geographical, chronological order displayed in more than 350 exhibition halls, exhibition line adds up to 30 kilometers long, thus the world's longest gallery called. After the October Revolution, the Soviet Union established the State Hermitage Museum in 1922. The Hermitage became part of the museum, and the "Bloody Sunday" incident of 1905, when the tsarist government shot and killed the petitioners to the Winter Palace, took place on the square in front of the Winter Palace. The former palace was returned to the hands of the people.
Smolny Palace (Smolny) is an elegant three-story building located in St. Petersburg. Built in 1806-1808, it was originally a noble women's college. The word "Smolny" comes from the Russian word for "asphalt", which belonged to the asphalt factory when it was first built. The front of the Smolny Palace is 220 meters long, and the two wings of the main building, each 40 meters long, extend out to form the main courtyard of the palace. In the 1960s, eight magnificent columns and seven arched porticoes were added to the main entrance, and the Smolny Monastery on the right side of the building was integrated into the Smolny Complex, which was called the Smolny Complex. On November 7, 1917, Lenin issued a call to Russian citizens in the Smolny Hall, announcing the return of all power to the soviets, and from mid-November 1917 to March 1918, Lenin lived and worked here.
The Bolshoi Theatre of Russia, founded in 1776, is Russia's oldest theater, located on Moscow's Sverdlovsk Square. 1780, the theater was relocated to a newly built stone theater on Petrov Street, called the Petrov Theatre, which burned down in 1805. 1824, the theater was destroyed. In 1824 the talented architect Beauvais built a new theater on the site of the stone theater, called the Great Petrov Theater, or simply the Bolshoi Theater, which was inaugurated on January 28 of the following year.The Bolshoi Theater suffered a fire in 1853, and was restored in 1855-1856, with minor alterations, to become an example of Russian architectural art in the mid-19th century and one of the largest theaters in Europe. It is one of the largest theaters in Europe and has been the State Model Bolshoi Theater since 1919. Its architecture is both majestic and magnificent, yet simple and elegant, and its interior is well-equipped with excellent acoustics. The theater is oval in shape, the front is a large stage, up to 18 meters high, in front of the stage is a deep music pool, the middle is a row of audience seats. The other three sides are wall-to-wall boxes, total **** five floors, 21 meters high. Presidential box in the center of the second floor, there are two VIP boxes located on the left and right sides of the stage. Boxes put a few gilt satin chairs, usually only for viewing. The theater can accommodate 2,200 spectators, the entire interior decoration is completely courtly, only the roof of the chandelier on the thirteen thousand crystals and countless small candlesticks shine brightly.
Pushkin Square (Pushkin Square) is located in the center of Moscow, formerly known as the austerity square, because the square was built on the old austerity convent and got this name. 1937, in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the death of the great Russian poet Pushkin, the then Soviet government to the austerity of the square was renamed as Pushkin Square. On the square stands a 4-meter-high bronze statue of Pushkin. The statue was scheduled to be built in the Tsar's village in 1860 and was to be unveiled on the 50th anniversary of the founding of the high school where Pushkin studied, but was later moved to Moscow. On July 18, 1880, the statue was unveiled in a ceremony using a design by the sculptor Opekushen, who later received the title of "Super Artist". On the base of the statue is engraved a poem by Pushkin, which says: "In this cruel century I have sung the praises of freedom, and I have prayed for mercy and sympathy for those who have been stranded". The square has a small garden with granite steps, a red marble fountain, and ornamental lamps.
"Aurora" cruiser (Aurora Crusier) was originally the Baltic Fleet cruiser, the ship is 124 meters long, 16.8 meters wide, in service since 1903. 1905, it participated in the Russian-Japanese Tsushima sea battle. "Aphrodite" means "dawn" or "light", in Roman mythology, "Aphrodite" is the goddess of the morning. On November 6, 1917, the ship's officers and men took the ship to the Nikolaev Bridge in Petersburg (now Lt. Schmidt's Bridge), and at 10:00 a.m. on the 7th (October 25th, Russian calendar)