1. The bottleneck in the development of Confucianism prompted reforms within Confucianism
2. The impact of Buddhism and Taoism on Confucianism.
3. The ideology of the unity of the three religions.
4. The imperfection of Confucian cosmology, ontology, and teleology after the separation of Confucianism, Taoism, and the sons of pre-Qin.
5. The personal efforts of the rationalists who proposed to revive the science of reasoning.
6. The orthodox status of Confucianism was dealt a blow.
7. It catered to the demand for the revival of Confucianism in the chaotic social situation and state of mind since the Tang and Song dynasties.
Question 2: Reasons for the emergence of Song and Ming Confucianism 1. the bottleneck in the development of the scriptures prompted reforms within Confucianism 2. the impact of Buddhism and Taoism 3. the ideology of the unity of the three religions 4. the imperfections of the Confucian cosmology, ontology, and theory of the nature of the mind after the separation of pre-Qin Confucianism and Taoism, and the separation of the sons of the world 5. the personal efforts of the rationalists to put forward a revival of the rationale 6. the orthodoxy of Confucianism was dealt a blow.
Question 3: Briefly analyze the social background of the Song Dynasty rationalism, and the reasons for the rise of the background, 1 Buddhism Taoism spread so that the development of Confucianism crisis
2 The trend of the unity of the three religions pervaded all areas of society
3 Confucian scholars continue to think and explore
Reasons for the rise of rationalism in the Song Dynasty:
(a) The Song monarch's advocate After the unification of the Song Dynasty, in order to change this social and political decadence, the monarch advocated the importance of moral integrity and the policy of emphasizing literature over the military.
(2) The prevalence of private teaching: In the Song Dynasty, the wind of private lectures was very prevalent, and private lectures emphasized the study of "cultivating one's own body" and the study of governance, and emphasized the study of the development of scriptures and the importance of moral education.
(3) the development of printing: before the Tang and Song Dynasty books are copied by hand, so the circulation is not wide, and to the Tang Dynasty has developed engraved printing, to the Song Dynasty Bisheng invented the art of printing, so that the popularity of books to a wider range of science to spread more easily, more widely, and to promote the development of the science of
Problem 4: summarize the background of the emergence of Song and Ming ethics 1. the background of the emergence of the Song and Ming ethics: the three religions of the society. Turbulence, so that since the Wei, Jin and North and South Dynasties, Confucianism faith crisis, and Taoism's practice of elixir of immortality, Buddhism's karma reincarnation of the idea of the afterlife spread rapidly in society. With the political stabilization, the three religions interpenetrated with each other and gradually became united. Confucianism emphasized that the fundamental goal of the world was to strengthen the nation. Individual energies should be dedicated to the state. Taoism emphasizes freedom, with the goal of transcending the earthly world to achieve greater freedom. Buddhism emphasizes liberation. Confucianism focuses on human affairs among the three religions. Confucianism is the foundation of Buddhism and Taoism. The scholars who came out of the imperial examinations emphasized moral and cultural cultivation and moral integrity, and it became fashionable to keep exploring the Confucian classics. (2) The main schools of Song and Ming philosophy (1) Cheng and Zhu science: ① "Cheng and Zhu science" said the origin: the founder of the science of the Northern Song Dynasty, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi and others, to the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi for the master, collectively referred to as "Cheng and Zhu science". ② conditions for the emergence of science: the strengthening of authoritarian centralized power in the Song Dynasty, the attention focused on how to prevent the usurpation of the civil and military ministers of the scourge of the elimination of potential local forces for the development of folk culture did not give more intervention; Song Dynasty, very few people were convicted of felony because of the debate, so the Song Dynasty scholarly group has a high degree of participation in politics and political activism; because of the imperial examination to enter the career of the intelligentsia, the classic text of the constant exploration, the search for the ultimate, overall, and the most important thing is that the scholarly community of the Song Dynasty is not only a group of intellectuals, but also an organization. They explored and sought for the ultimate and overall fundamental explanation of the classic texts. This led to the birth of Rigaku. ③ The main content of Rigaku and its development and change process: "Rigaku", is the origin of all things, is a kind of what can exist independently from things, is the master of nature and human society, is the eternal universal principle of all things under the sun. It is embodied in the society is Confucianism three principles and five moral ethics; embodied in the human body is human nature; through the "material knowledge" method, that is, contact with all things in the world to deepen the experience of the innate existence of the "reason" and ultimately through; personal cultivation should be based on the principles of heaven. D. Zhu Xi, with reference to the doctrine of Er Cheng, edited the Four Books and Five Classics into the Four Books and Sentences Collection, which was used as the content of the imperial examinations in later generations. It laid the foundation for the dominance of Cheng Zhu's rationalism in the ideological world. ④ Social influence of rationalism: at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi's doctrine gradually became the mainstream of thought. In the Yuan Dynasty, the science of reasoning was recognized as the official school. In the Ming Dynasty, the science of reasoning became the ideological weapon of the rulers. (2) Lu Wang Xinxin: ①Lu Jiufuan and his thought: Lu Jiufuan, a master of science in Southern Song Dynasty. He put forward the idea that "the heart is the reason". He believed that the reason of heaven, the reason of man, the physical is only in the human heart, "the universe is my heart, my heart is the universe". He claimed that "heart" and "reason" are permanent and unchanging, thus proving that all the feudal moral dogmas are inherent in the human heart and are unchanging. He also believed that in order to understand and realize the objective things, people only need to realize their own mind, and they don't even need to read more books. So he said, "The six sutras are all my footnotes". In order to maintain the feudal ethics, Lu Jiubuan called on people to "keep the heart" and "remove the desire", put forward the "invention of the original mind" in order to seek the truth, and Zhu Xi Ge Shi Zhi Zhi Zhi Zhi Zhi, there is a difference, but they are essentially the same. is the same, are for the feudal rule to provide the theoretical basis, against the people to improve the situation of oppression to fight with the feudal rulers. Wang Shouren and his thought: Wang Shouren, known as Mr. Yangming, was a master of science in the Ming Dynasty. The core idea is "to conscience" that is the heart and conscience is the reason, the reason is in the heart of man himself, do not need to seek outside, only need to overcome selfishness, return to the conscience can become a sage. It emphasizes the importance of self-cultivation and motivates people to be ambitious.
Question 5: Reasons for the Rise of Science Reasons for the Prosperity of Song Lyrics
Pan Deyi of the Qing Dynasty said, "Lyrics of the Northern Song Dynasty are like poems of the Sheng Tang Dynasty. Song is the flourishing period of lyrics, from the emperor and ministers, down to the advocate of courtesans, all competing for new voices. According to Tang Guizhang's "All Song Lyrics", there were more than 1,200 lyricists in the two Song dynasties, with more than 21,600 lyrics. It can be seen that the number of lyricists and the richness of lyrics in Song Dynasty could not be compared with any other era. There are many reasons for the prosperity of Song lyrics:
(1) Economic Prosperity
In order to consolidate the political rule, the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty strengthened the centralized power system, suppressed the rise of local forces, and stabilized the domestic situation; the Song Dynasty also adopted a series of measures to promote the development of agricultural production, and the emergence of handicrafts and commerce, and the prosperity of the city's economy. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the central region was not affected by the scourge of war for more than a hundred years, and social and economic prosperity in line with the rapid development of art and culture, especially in the form of a short, singing as the characteristics of the lyrics, like the poetry of the Sheng Tang Dynasty, has been a very prominent development.
(2) The Establishment of the Church and the Song House
In order to meet the needs of the rulers of the time to entertain the guests and make fun of the people and make peace with the songs and dances, not only the palace had the "Church", but also there were brothels in the big cities, and there were many courtesans in the houses of the nobles and gentry ***, which contributed to the more general development of lyrics.
(3) Literary development
By the end of the Tang Dynasty, poetry had reached a stage of maturity where writers could no longer make new breakthroughs, and another form of literature emerged to replace poetry. In the Late Tang and Fifth Dynasties, the lyrics were specialized in the depiction of love affairs, while in the Song Dynasty, they became part of the pleasures of the scholar-adults. The narrowness of the lyric in the late Tang and Wu dynasties left the Song writers a wide field for their talents to flourish. They used natural and commonplace tone to express their sincere and frank feelings, so the subject matter of the words became more and more extensive, the system of the words became more and more complete, and the artistic style was diversified, which can be said to have entered the golden age of the words.
Overview of the development of Song lyrics
The first half of the Northern Song Dynasty
In the first half of the Northern Song Dynasty, the upper echelons of the literati generally inherited the style of the Southern Tang Dynasty and Feng Yansi, and there was not much new development. The writers of this period include Yan Shu, Ouyang Xiu, Zhang Xian, Yan Guidao, Liu Yong, Su Shi and so on, with Liu Yong, Su Shi more outstanding achievements.
Yanshu's lyrics mainly express the feeling of sadness and loneliness of the loss of time, and his lyrics are elegant and thoughtful, elegant and clear style, language, harmony, and more artistic characteristics. His "Raccoon River Sand", "A Cup of Wine with New Words", and "New Society at the Coming of the Swallows" are all famous pieces that have been widely recited by the public.
Ouyang Xiu's words are narrow in subject matter, mostly about women's physical appearance, men and women's love, sadness, and drinking, etc. He prefers to use the common language into his words, which is fresh and natural, and sincere and lingering, which is best represented by his "Takesha Hsing".
Zhang Xian's lyrics are mostly about the life of the scholar and his love for men and women, and also reflect the life of the metropolis. He liked to write slow lyrics, which played a role in the development of the form of lyrics.
The appearance of Liu Yong's lyrics changed the style of the Northern Song Dynasty. He inherited and developed the fine tradition of folk lyrics and literati lyrics, and with his simple and natural style of lyrics, he brought a new face to the Euphemism of lyrics, and developed the system of slow lyrics, which made an important contribution to the development of the lyrics later on.
Su Shi revolutionized the lyrics, using poetry as lyrics, making the lyrics poetic, loose culture, argumentative, expanding the subject matter of the lyrics, and improving the mood of the lyrics. The mood of his words is bold and majestic, so that the Northern Song Dynasty began to change in form, content and style, and opened up a healthy and broad road for the Song Dynasty.
Late Northern Song Dynasty
In the late Northern Song Dynasty, there were some developments in the mood and sound. The most representative writers were Qin Guan, the founder of the Yuanyao school of poetry, Zhou Bangyan, the founder of the metrical school of poetry, and He Zhi, whose style was similar to Qin Guan's. The most representative writers were Qin Guan, the founder of the metrical school of poetry, and Zhou Bangyan, the founder of the metrical school of poetry.
Qin Guan's words are mostly about tenderness, love between men and women, sadness, but also sentimental works, such as "Takesha Xing Chenzhou hostel", "Full Court Fame", "mountain smeared with clouds", etc., all of them are sincere, weak style, language, and has a strong artistic impact.
Zhou Bangyan is proficient in music and rhythm, can measure their own music, the lyrics made by the law is extremely refined, for the later generations of lyricists model, the impact is enormous.
He cast word content and rhetoric and important, both euphemistic and bold style, for the late Northern Song Dynasty important writers. His works are mostly about love between men and women, feelings of separation, and a few works about the vicissitudes of the world and personal sadness is more outstanding, such as "The Case of the Green Jade".
Early Southern Song Dynasty
At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jin State, founded by the northern female nobility, occupied ...... >>
Question 6: The historical causes of the formation of the science of reasoning and the historical impact of Song and Ming ethics 1. Historical causes:
(1) Since the Wei, Jin, and North and South Dynasties, Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism have appeared to influence each other and integrate with each other. In the Tang and Song dynasties, the trend of "unity of the three religions" pervaded all areas of social life.
(2) In order to revitalize Confucianism and answer the questions raised by the people in the worldview under the atmosphere of "unity of the three religions", the Tang and Song Confucians kept thinking and exploring, and absorbed the philosophical ideas of Buddhism and Taoism, and tried to build up a doctrine that was not only consistent with the universe, nature and destiny of life, but also inherited the orthodoxies of Confucianism and Mencius and was able to rule the country. As a result, the science of science was gradually established in the Song Dynasty.
2. Historical impact:
(1) Rigaku is the mainstream of Confucianism in the Song and Ming dynasties, in essence, the new development of Confucianism in this period.
(2) The Song and Ming philosophies used the Three Principles and Five Constants to maintain authoritarian rule, suppressing and stifling people's natural desires, which had a negative impact.
(3) The science of science attaches importance to the power of the subjective will, pay attention to temperament, moral integrity, seek to unify feelings with reason, self-regulation, and ambition, emphasize the social responsibility and historical mission of people, but also highlight the solemnity of human nature, and play a positive role in shaping the character of the Chinese nation.
Question 7: What is the background of the rise of the Song and Ming philosophies The background of the rise of the Song and Ming philosophies: the unity of the three religions The social upheaval and unrest, so that since the Wei, Jin and the North and South Dynasties, Confucianism beliefs appeared to be in a sense of crisis, and Taoism's cultivation of potions and immortality, the Buddhist karma and reincarnation of the afterlife of the idea of the rapid dissemination of the society. With the political stabilization, the three religions interpenetrated with each other and gradually became united. Confucianism emphasized that the fundamental goal of the world was to strengthen the nation. Individual energies should be dedicated to the state. Taoism emphasizes freedom, with the goal of transcending the earthly world to achieve greater freedom. Buddhism emphasizes liberation. Confucianism focuses on human affairs among the three religions. Confucianism is the foundation of Buddhism and Taoism. The scholars who came out of the imperial examinations emphasized on moral and cultural cultivation and moral integrity, and it became fashionable to keep exploring the Confucian classics.
Question 8: Reasons for the emergence of Song and Ming philosophy 1. The bottleneck in the development of scripture prompted reforms within Confucianism 2. The impact of Buddhism and Taoism 3. The ideology of unity of the three religions 4. The imperfections of the Confucian cosmology, ontology, and theory of the nature of the mind after the separation of pre-Qin Confucianism and Taoism, and the separation of the sons of Zhou 5. The personal efforts of the rationalists to propose a revival of the science of reasoning 6. The orthodoxy of Confucianism suffered a blow.
Question 9: The reasons for the rise and development of Song dynasty rationalism The rise of Song and Ming rationalism (also known as Song and Ming Daoism) has profound historical and social reasons:
1. The bottleneck in the development of scripture prompted reforms within Confucianism
2. The impact of Buddhism and Taoism on Confucianism.
3. The ideology of the unity of the three religions.
4. The imperfection of Confucian cosmology, ontology, and teleology after the separation of Confucianism, Taoism, and the sons of pre-Qin.
5. Individual efforts of the rationalists, who proposed the revival of rationalism.
6. The orthodox status of Confucianism was dealt a blow.
7. It catered to the demand for the revival of Confucianism in the chaotic social situation and state of mind since the Tang and Song dynasties.
Question 10: Briefly analyze the social background of the Song dynasty science, and the reasons for the rise of the background, 1 the spread of Buddhism and Taoism so that the development of Confucianism appeared to be in crisis
2 the trend of unity of the three religions pervades all areas of society
3 Confucian scholars continue to think and explore
Reasons for the rise of the science of the Song dynasty:
(a) The Song dynasty monarchs to advocate the rise of science. After the unification of the Song Dynasty, in order to change this social and political decadence, the monarch advocated the importance of moral integrity and the policy of emphasizing literature over the military.
(2) The prevalence of private teaching: In the Song Dynasty, the wind of private lectures was very prevalent, and private lectures emphasized the study of "cultivating one's own body" and the study of governance, and emphasized the study of the development of scriptures and the importance of moral education.
(3) the development of printing: before the Tang and Song dynasties, books were copied by hand, so the circulation is not wide, and to the Tang dynasty has developed engraved printing, to the Song dynasty, Bisheng invented the printing of movable type, so that the popularity of books is more widespread, the dissemination of science is easier and wider, and promote the development of science