1. Offering Hada
Hada is an indispensable item in the daily rituals of Mongolians. Offering Hada is a ritual used by Mongolian herdsmen in welcoming guests and daily interaction. When offering the Hada, the host holds the Hada with both hands open and chants an auspicious toast or hymn, rendering an atmosphere of respect, and at the same time folds the Hada toward the guest who receives it. The guest should stand up and face the person offering the hatha, concentrating on listening to the benediction and accepting the toast. When accepting the khata, the guest should bow slightly forward, and the khata giver will hang the khata around the guest's neck. The guest should put his hands together in front of his chest to express his gratitude to the person offering the khat.
2, tea
To the herdsman's home guests or in the tourist spots, the host or the service lady will first give the guests a bowl of milk tea. Guests should be slightly yawning up with both hands or right hand to receive, do not use the left hand to receive, otherwise it will be regarded as do not understand etiquette. The host or the service lady poured tea, if the guests do not want tea, please use the bowl edge gently put the spoon or pot mouth a touch, the host will instantly understand the intention of the guests.
3, toast
The traditional way of hospitality for Mongolian people is to pour wine to the guests. They believe that wine is the essence of food, the crystallization of the grains, out of the most precious food offerings, is to express the grassland herdsmen to the guests of respect and love. Usually the host is the wine poured in a silver bowl, gold cup or horn cup, resting on a long haida above, singing a moving traditional Mongolian toast, the guest is not drinking wine, it will be considered to be the host look down on, unwilling to treat with sincerity. Guests should then catch the wine, catch the wine with ring finger dipped in wine to the sky, the earth, the fireplace direction point, to show that honor the sky, the earth, the fire god. Don't force yourself if you don't know how to drink, but dip your lips to show that you have accepted the pure friendship of your host.
4, honoring the gods
Mongolian national ritual feasts have the custom of honoring the gods. According to the description of "Mongolian customs", the chef cut the sheep into nine equal pieces of meat, "the first piece of sacrifice to the sky, the second piece of sacrifice to the ground, the third piece of Buddha, the fourth piece of sacrifice to the ghosts, the fifth piece of people, the sixth piece of sacrifice to the mountain, the seventh piece of sacrifice to the grave, the eighth piece of sacrifice to the gods of the land and the water, the ninth piece of the emperor". Sacrifice to the sky is thrown to the meat above the yurt; sacrifice to the land is thrown into the fire; sacrifice to the Buddha placed in front of the shrine; sacrifice to the ghosts placed outside the bag; sacrifice to the mountain is hung on the branches of the sacred tree, sacrifice to the grave, that is, sacrifice to the ancestors of their own people. Placed outside the bag, sacrifices to the water god thrown in the river, and finally sacrificed to Genghis Khan, placed in front of the shrine. This custom can be traced back to the ancient shamanism, its worship of a variety of gods and goddesses, and then the Mongolian belief in Lamaism and absorbed its ancient folk beliefs, the many gods and goddesses into the track of Lamaism.
5, hospitality
Mongolians have been known for their straightforwardness and hospitality since ancient times. The Mongolian people have been known for their straightforwardness and hospitality since ancient times. They are full of enthusiasm for their guests, whether they are regulars or strangers. First of all, they offer the fragrant milk tea and bring out a plate of white milk skin and cheese. After drinking milk tea, the host will honor the mellow milk wine, the summer season will also invite guests to drink horse milk wine. Some regions use hand-steak meat to entertain guests, there are certain rules. For example, with a pipa bone meat with four long ribs meat meal; beef with a spine meat with half a section of ribs and a section of fat intestines to guests. Before a girl gets married or after she gets married back to her mother's house, she is treated with lamb breast meat, and the lamb's calf bone, chin chin, and neck meat are all for the younger generation and children to eat. The whole goat is served on the day of the reception of honored guests or on the day of celebration.
6. Respect for the old and the young
Mongolians honor the old and the young. To the yurt herder's home as a guest, see the old man to ask for peace. Do not pass in front of the old man, do not sit on his seat, do not sit side by side with the old man without permission. Address the elderly as "you", not as "you" or by their first names. When you see herdsmen's children, don't scold them loudly, and don't hit them. Don't talk about a child's physical defects in front of the family. Being kind and affectionate to a child is considered a sign of respect for the parents.
7, singing
Mongolian people's persuasion of alcohol is often expressed through sincere singing, singing and persuasion of alcohol is carried out at the same time, often a person sings after the main song, everyone raises his glass chorus, and then we all cheers together, so several times, the wine is sound. Singing is ceremonial, but also improvisational, one person or several people, but also the chorus, and its singing is often painful, all night long.
Hospitality: The Mongolian people have the traditional virtue of hospitality, which has been passed down from ancient times to the present.
8, wedding
Wedding is a major ceremonial event organized by the Mongolian people for children to start a family. Wedding (in Mongolian called "good Li Mu") is selected by the lama or the elders of the auspicious day, a solemn wedding celebration. Pastoral wedding generally lasts three or four days.
To the wedding day, the man's family to hold a banquet to send the wedding party on the road, the wedding party is generally night or before dawn, there are also daytime departure, according to the bride's home distance depends on the road. The night of the grassland is always quiet and empty, and the already sparse villages seem more scattered and distant. In order to dispel the loneliness along the way, but not to each other lost, they let go of their voices, all the way Mercedes-Benz, all the way singing ......
Brides on the bride to receive the bride's car before the farewell ceremony to be held. The bride and groom first kneel to worship the fire god. Kneeling after the end of the bride can not take the initiative to get on the car, but crying and parents reluctant to part. At this point, the well-wisher comes and exhorts the bride in the form of a poem.
The mother brings over a bowl of fresh milk and lets her drink it while consoling her, but the girl cannot drink all of it, only a little bit, indicating that the girl is leaving a mouthful for her mother's family. The mother then sprinkled the rest of the milk upwards in all directions. At this time the groom came over to push the bride into the caravan, the procession of the bride from the groom's home is not far away, they have to stop to come down to rest. At this time the groom and the best man first back to report, and then the groom to change riding fast horse, leading the bride to meet the horses and men come to meet.
Mongolian wedding is a poetry is more theater. It is not only the bride and groom, the bridesmaids and the wedding couple, but the whole nation. We can perceive the soul of a nation rich in the spirit of the game through a lively, interesting and colorful scene of the plot of the ceremony. Compared with the weddings of various ethnic groups, Mongolian wedding is different in that it emphasizes on gifts rather than money. Rituals are rituals and rules, and there are many symbols and props, full of drama and virtual questions and answers, overflowing with poetic and romantic atmosphere. Spiritual life is definitely greater than material life, or rather, life is artistic. It seems that the whole nation is still in the lovely childhood. In the wedding ceremony is proposed to go back to the ancient times, the legends and history of this nation, some strange and little-known customs are re-enacted again. Many people have disappeared yesterday's simple and ancient customs, this nation is still intact today.
Mongolians pay a lot of attention to the wedding ceremony, although different regions, the form of different, but are very grand, lively. Pastoral wedding customs are more distinctive, marrying back to the man's home, the bride and groom do not get off the carriage, first around the yurt around three times, and then, the bride and groom both through the fire, to accept the baptism of the God of Fire, said the innocence of love, unswerving and the prosperity of the new life. The bride and groom enter the yurt, first worship the Buddha stove, and then see their parents and relatives and friends, after the ceremony and then comb their hair to change. Wedding banquet with sheep back or whole sheep seat, all kinds of milk food, sweets have everything. Offer Hada, toast, singing, dancing, often all night long, lively.
9, clothing
Mongolian clothing, including robes, belts, boots, jewelry and so on. However, there are some differences in style depending on the region. To women's robes, for example, horqin, karachin area of mongolians, mostly wearing a wide straight to the heel of the robe, both sides of the fork, collar and cuffs more than with the color set of flowers appliquéd; xilingol grassland mongolians are wearing fat, narrow-sleeved set of mongolian robes are not open; buryat women wear girdle skirt type shoulder robes; Ordos women's robes are divided into three, the first for the body suit, the sleeve length of the wrist, the second piece of outerwear, sleeve length to elbow, and the third piece of clothing. The first is a bodysuit with sleeves up to the wrist, the second is a tunic with sleeves up to the elbow, and the third is a collarless, lapeled kangsha with straight rows of glittering buttons; while the Mongols in Qinghai wear robes more similar to those of the Tibetans. Except for Qinghai, men's dress varies little from place to place. In the spring and fall, they wear a robe, in the summer they wear a single robe, and in the winter they wear a cotton or leather robe. Mongolians usually like to wear fabric clothes, festivals or celebrations generally wear brocade bordered satin clothes. Men's clothes are mostly blue and brown, and women's clothes like to use red, pink, green and sky blue. Belt is an important part of Mongolian dress, with a length of three or four meters of satin or cotton made. Men hang knives, fire scythes, snuffboxes and other ornaments on their belts. Mongolian boots are divided into two kinds of leather boots and cloth boots, Mongolian boots with fine workmanship, boots and other places have exquisite patterns. Hanging jewelry and wearing hats are the habits of Mongolians. Hats in various regions also have local characteristics. Inner Mongolia and Qinghai and other places of Mongolia's hat top high side flat, lining made of white felt, the outer edge of the decorated leather or felt dyed purple and green for decoration, winter thick summer thin. The top of the hat decorated with tassels, hat band for silk, men and women can wear. Hulunbeier's Balkhu, Buryat Mongolia, men with shawl cap, women with turned brim pointed cap. Agate, jadeite, coral, pearls, silver and other precious raw materials to make Mongolia's jewelry rich and luxurious. Men's colors are mostly blue, black and brown, but also some with silk wrapped around the head. Women mostly with red, blue head wrap head, winter and men wear the same conical hat.
Mongolian men wear robes and girth, women's sleeves embroidered with lace patterns, tops with high collars, seemingly similar to the race. Women like to wear three pieces of clothing of different lengths, the first piece of fitted clothing, sleeve length to the wrist, the second tunic, sleeve length to the elbow, the third piece of collarless lapel kangs, nailed with straight rows of flash buttons, especially eye-catching.
Mongolian clothing has a strong grassland style. Because the Mongolian people have long lived in the northern steppe, Mongolians, both men and women love to wear robes. Pastoral winter clothing is mostly light plate leather, there are also satin, cotton clothes face. Summer clothing more cloth. Long robe body end fat, long sleeves, more red, yellow, dark blue. Men's and women's robes are not slit at the hem. Red and green satin belt.
Men's belts hang knives, fire scythes, snuffboxes and other ornaments. Like to wear soft boots, long to the knee. Peasants wear cloth, slit robe, cotton clothes, etc., more felt boots in winter Ula, high boots rare, retaining the custom of waist tie. Men wear blue, black and brown hat, some with silk wrapped around the head. Women with red, blue bandana wrapped around the head, winter and men wear the same conical cap. Unmarried women separate their hair from the center of the front, tied on two hair roots, hair roots with two large round beads on top, hair slightly down, and decorated with agate, coral, jasper and so on. There are also more distinctive Mongolian wrestling costumes.
Mongolian wrestling clothes are Mongolian dress craft. The wrestling costume includes kangs, pants, overpants, and colored silk belt. The kangaroo bares the chest. The pants are wide. The pants are richly patterned, usually with cloud pattern, plant pattern, life pattern and so on. The patterns are bold and powerful with strong color contrasts. The underpants are fat and specially made from 10 meters of cloth. Facilitate heat dissipation, to avoid sweat and wet paste on the body surface; also adapted to wrestling wrestling sports characteristics, so that the opponent is not easy to use the leg action. Set of pants with tough and strong cloth or velvet sewing. Knee with various colors of cloth patchwork combination of sewing patterns, patterns generous and solemn, said auspicious. All parts of the garment are properly allocated and matched, all in one, with the national character of courage and strength.
10, dance
Saerdan is the most important folk dance of the Mongols in Xinjiang, and it is widely spread in the Mongolian settlements around the country, and is loved by the people. Xinjiang Mongolian people of both sexes, young and old, almost everyone will jump Saerdan. Sa'urdun is both the name of the Xinjiang Mongolian folk dance and song and dance song, but also the folk dance of the general term. Saerden often in the festivals, men and women married, welcome guests to send guests to the family feast and other recreational activities jump. Activity site, the number of people is not limited, generally in the felt room and felt room near the grass. Saerdon unarmed jumping, jumping with a tool, dancing and dancing to the song and dance jumping several forms
Andai Mongolian traditional folk songs and dances. It is the evolution and development of the ancient collective dance forms such as "Tap Song and Deng Feet", "Dance with Arms" and "Dance around the Tree". The performance form of the An Dynasty, dozens of people in the courtyard, hundreds of people, in a large circle, the circle by two song and dance dancers to the song and dance, the crowd echoed foot-stomping, fluttering lapels dancing and singing, the formation of a warm, joyful scene. After the liberation of the majority of dance workers through the collection, collation, adaptation, innovation, so that the ancient Ande development to reflect the life, the performance of the times of the new art form. There are basically two forms: one is a self-indulgent collective dance in the square, and the other is a performative one on the stage.
Top Bowl Dance Ordos Mongolian traditional folk dance inherited from the Yuan Dynasty. The form of novelty, beautiful movement, elegant, unique style, has a strong national characteristics. It occupies an important position in the development history of Mongolian folk dance. Ordos Mongolians, who can sing and dance well, dance in the wedding banquet and festive party with one or two people holding teacups or bowl-shaped small oil lamps or bowls full of water or milk wine; holding two wine cups or a bunch of bamboo chopsticks with each hand, dancing in the song and music. Top lamp, top bowl dance action is not a fixed number of sets, master the basic movements and hit the cup, hit the chopsticks after the law, the dancers improvise on the spot, the more exciting the mood, the more colorful movements, dance changes, fully demonstrating the skills of the dancers, wisdom, and folk dance is rich, flexible, and changeable characteristics.
The Chopsticks Dance is one of the representative traditional folk dances. The performer holds a chopstick in each hand, holds the thin end of the chopstick and strikes the thick end of the chopstick. The movements include crossing the chopsticks in front of the chest with both hands, or hitting the shoulders; crossing the chopsticks in front of the abdomen with both hands; hitting the chopsticks in front of the chest with both hands, then hitting the shoulders with one hand and crossing the legs with the other; hitting the shoulders with one hand and striking the ground with one hand in a circle in a squatting turn; hitting the chopsticks with both hands in front of the chest and hitting the legs with the other hand and hitting the chopsticks with both hands in front of the chest and hitting the shoulders with the other hand. The footwork can be flat, walking in and out, or a bit on the ground, or a variety of turns and jumps as the dancers improvise. The slow dance is steady and deep, while the fast dance is graceful and vigorous. When the mood is high, the chopsticks fly around the body and hit various parts of the body in various movements, making the scene easy and warm. Chopsticks Dance condenses the Mongolian people's love of life and the wisdom of beautifying life, and is a part of the spiritual life of the Mongolian people.
The Chopsticks Dance is a kind of dance which spreads in Ordos. On the occasion of festivals, celebrations and banquets, people pick up the wine cups on the table and dance to express their joy when they are full of wine and food. Each hand holding two cups, hit a variety of fast, slow, broken, shaking and other sounds, with the music of the hands dancing with the cups hit a variety of rhythms. Movements include the hands around the eight horizontal, the upper body with the left and right eight (Arabic) also swinging left and right; hands up, down, left, right cross-shaped hit cups, the body with the hands up and down; hands from the inside to the outside or from the outside to the inside of the circle; hands to the stage position of the two-point or eight-point shaking cups, the body with the hands up and down, the face and vision and hands in the opposite direction, cups to which side, which side of the ear will be accompanied by the probe over the cups to listen to the sound of the sound; around the circle of the movement of the rhythm of one by one! One hand on the head and the other hand on the front side of the body from inside to outside around the circle; hands from the back to the side slowly swing out, the range of action in the crotch for the small, in the body of the right side of the center, one hand to the head and one hand in the back of the waist for the big, and so on left and right to do that is the so-called horizontal pendulum twisting rhythms. At the end of some movements or at the time of articulation of two movements, there are often beautiful colorful movements, which can be described as wonderful. The lower body movements are kneeling with both legs, and there are also various dance steps such as meandering steps to accompany them. The head can be on top of a bowl or a lamp. The dance is dignified and simple, and the flavor is steady and strong, strong and soft.
The jousting is a kind of simulated dance that has been passed down in the Xilingol Grassland, which is known as the town of wrestling in the Autonomous Region. By a person to perform two people wrestling trekking the dragon and tiger like fighting dynamics, and performance than the life of the wrestling is more vivid, dexterous, humorous, funny, so by the masses of the favorite. Performers should wear special clothing, wearing Mongolian robes of two small dummies set up wrestling trekking posture (hold waist) sewn together, so that the two robes into a tube-like set on the body, tie a good belt on the upper body forward bowed 180 degrees, the two pasted together with a fake head just on the top of the waist and back, with a set of boots on the hands of the two people as one of the feet, in the song or drums, do a variety of wrestling jumping holds, kicks, limbs, hooks and other skills.
The Pushul music dance is also known as Topsul music dance. The Bharat Mongolian folk dance in Mongolian is called Beyil, which means body dance in Chinese. It is called Bei... Beile in Mongolian, which means the rhythmic movement of the body in Chinese. Living in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Alxa League of Bharat Mongolia four major tribes: Jungar, Taolhu, Durbeit, and Shuket, each tribe has an extremely rich folk dance, they have an ancient two-stringed plucked instrument called the Topshur, according to the custom of Bharat Mongolia, the Topshur will be accompanied by the sound of the Bei...
Baiyil, Bei? Beile, Bei? Beile must be carried out in the music of Topshur, therefore, Bharat Mongolian folk dance is also known as Topshur music and dance. The more complete preservation of the music of Topshur has 12-17 songs, each song has its own name and different actions and jumps, such as the Black Jima, Yuk old man, slow withdrawal of Bourdon, etc. Batla Mongolian folk dance reflects the life of the content of the performance of labor, such as shearing, felt, milking, etc.; there are performance of daily life, such as combing, mirror, wearing headdresses, etc.; there are imitation of birds and animals, such as eagles, goats running and jumping, the eagle, the goat, the goat, the goats, the goats, the goats, the goats, the goats and the animals. There are imitations of birds and animals, such as eagles, goats, horses, camels, etc. There are simulations of natural scenery, such as water waves, water waves, grass waves, etc. The forms are divided into unarmed and props. Formally divided into unarmed and with props 2 kinds of props with the top bowl and hands holding a pair of chopsticks jump. Hand holding Topsy turvy jumping while bouncing, its action in addition to the hard shoulder, shrug, turn around in addition to the bounce Topsy turvy dance and action. Jumping method has Daler Lehn Beile (beckoning style, refers to the pressure wrist action), Odelehn Beile (winding jump, refers to the arm action), Acha Beile (support heavy and jumping, nail with legs to hold the waist of B, B support A, the two face-to-face jumping), the whole dance throughout the around around the rhythm to double Teng slightly trembling, the typical action: hard shoulders, shrugs, pressure to raise the wrists, shaking hands, around the arm, in the 2 people, 3 people and more than one person to the dance in the action improvisation can be a thousand. In the two, three and more people in the dance improvisation in the action can be a thousand variations.
The Circle Dance is a Mongolian folk dance. It consists of several movements, such as the alternating footsteps, the bold and unrestrained jumping step, and the bright and elegant running and jumping step of the lower body or the side body. The upper-body movements include shaking hands, holding hands with people behind the back, holding hands with people, and dancing in a circle, which is why people usually call Buryat folk dance a circle dance. The slow dance is lyrical and soft, and the fast dance is cheerful and agile, with strong jumping. The folk style is simple and simple, with ancient colors and warm and bold feelings.
11, festivals
Traditional festivals are "White Festival", Ovoo sacrifice, Naadam, the game of the brave on the grasslands: playing the Mane Festival and so on.
The biggest festival of the year in Mongolian folklore is the Chinese New Year Festival, also known as the "White Moon", which is said to be related to the whiteness of milk and contains the meaning of blessing good luck. The timing of the festival roughly coincides with the Spring Festival. On New Year's Eve, every family eats hand-meat, and also makes dumplings and pancakes, and on the morning of the first day of the new year, the younger generation should toast to their elders.
In addition to the New Year's festival in Xilin Gol League folk, but also in the summer of each year, "horse milk festival". Before the festival, every family should slaughter sheep to make hand-me-down mutton or whole sheep feast, but also squeeze horse milk wine. On the day of the festival, every herdsman's family should take out the best dried milk, cheese, milk tofu and other dairy products on the plate to entertain guests. Horse milk wine is considered a holy drink and is offered to honored guests.
Nadam Assembly: held in the summer and fall every year when pastoral leisure. "Naadamu" in the Mongolian language in the meaning of entertainment or games. The content of wrestling, horse racing, archery, dance, and material exchange. In addition, after the liberation, many new contents were added, such as track and field, ball games, cultural performances, photo exhibitions, film screenings, exchange of production experience, etc., and it became a favorite event of the Mongolian people.
The Luban Festival, a traditional festival of the Mongolian people around the western city of Tonghai County, Yunnan Province, is held on the second day of the fourth lunar month every year for one day. The Mongolian people living here learned construction techniques from other brotherly peoples. The houses they built are not only chic and beautiful, but also durable, and are quite praised by the people of various ethnic groups in the neighborhood. In order to commemorate and celebrate the achievements in civil engineering construction, they set the second day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar as the Luban Festival. Festival day, go out to build the mud, wood, stonemasons, regardless of the distance to come back home to celebrate the festival. All villages to kill pigs and sheep, stage singing. People also put sandalwood carving Lu Ban statue picking up, beating gongs and drums, traveling straight to the villages, and then, everyone gathered on the field, singing and dancing. Their favorite dance is called "jumping music". When jumping, first by the male youth as a pioneer, they embrace the dragon head ukulele, playing and jumping, behind the crowd of people divided into two lines, sometimes in a circle and sometimes interspersed with each other, the formation of the changing, and singing and dancing, the scene is very active.
Lighting Festival, October 25th of the lunar calendar every year, to the nightfall, the family lit lamps, to show the celebration. Nowadays, most of the Mongolians in Hebuksaier Mongol Autonomous County and Emin County do not burn lamps; Mongolians in Wusu County do not burn lamps on the day of the Lantern Festival, which is replaced by various forms of entertainment.
After the festival, the villages were busy collecting wheat and rapeseed, and plowing rice paddies. After these agricultural work, the craftsmen and groups of people go out to contract construction.