According to relevant media reports, the famous impressionist masterpiece painter Van Gogh created in 1887 "Street Scene in Montmartre" will be on display for auction, and the relevant team will be through the video method in Paris, New York, Hong Kong and other three places to conduct online auction.
Because of the rarity of this series of paintings, the professionals valued it at about 5-8 million euros.
It is understood that the painting was owned by a French collector's family in 1920, and has never been exhibited since then, and this is the first time that the painting has been unveiled in front of the public.
The painting depicts a windmill mill in the Montmartre area of Paris, France.
It is understood that in the spring of 1887, Van Gogh went to Paris, although only stayed for a short period of two years, but these two years is also an important period of his creative work, in this period he painted a very legendary series of Montmartre, and then the painting was collected by the collector's family collection, this collection is up to a century long.
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We have been instantly attracted to the painting when we first saw it, a family in France has treasured this painting for a hundred years, and now we are able to bring it to the world in front of the world, it is really a great honor. Most of Van Gogh's paintings from the Montmartre period are in top museums around the world, and only a few are still in private hands. The fact that the hall-of-fame works from this classic series are now on the market is undoubtedly a great story for collectors of Van Gogh's works as well as art connoisseurs in general, as well as an invaluable opportunity to purchase a piece of art.
1887 Paris, Montmartre area can be seen around the old mill and the song and dance store, it is such a unique blend of rural idyll and urban scenery attracted many people to feel, including Van Gogh, this strange city attracted Van Gogh came to explore the life of the expansion of horizons, but also allowed him to make his debut with the other Impressionist painters and pioneers of avant-garde art, exchange of ideas, these delicate, delicate and beautiful, the city of Van Gogh's works, and the art of the avant-garde. These wonderful encounters ignited his creative inspiration, so his early paintings were dark and single-colored, but after this time, Van Gogh gradually fell in love with bright and vivid colors, and this period of his life was the formative period of his creative career, and laid the foundation for his mature and outstanding painting style.
How to describe the urban streetscape in one of the paintingsThe center of the painting consists of a rainbow-shaped bridge and the street of Qiaotou Avenue. At a cursory glance, the people are crowded and disorganized; at a closer look, they are people of different trades engaged in a variety of activities. On the west side of the bridge there are some vendors and many tourists. There are knives, scissors and groceries on the stalls. There are tea sellers and fortune tellers. Many tourists are leaning against the railings on the side of the bridge, either pointing or watching the boats moving in the river. Bridge in the middle of the sidewalk, is a bustling flow of people; there are sedan chair, there are riding a horse, there are picking up burdens, there are driving donkeys to carry goods, there are pushing the unicycle south of the bridge and the street is connected. On both sides of the street are teahouses, taverns, pawnshops, workshops. Street on both sides of the open space and many open umbrella vendors. The street stretches to the east and west, and extends to the quieter suburbs outside the city, but the street is still crowded with pedestrians: there are those who carry burdens to rush, those who drive oxcarts to make deliveries, those who drive donkeys to pull wagons and those who stop to enjoy the scenery of Bianhe River.
There are a lot of boats coming and going on the Bianhe River, which can be said to be a thousand sails and a hundred boats competing with each other. Some of them are moored near the wharf, and some of them are traveling in the river. Some large boats due to overload, the owner hired a lot of fiberglass pulling the boat traveling. A large ship carrying cargo had already entered under the bridge and was soon going to pass through the hole. At this time, the boatmen on this big boat looked very busy. Some of them stood on the top of the canopy, drop the sail; some of them on the side of the boat to vigorously support the pole; some of them with a long pole against the roof of the bridge hole, so that the boat along with the water to pass through safely. This tense scene, caused by the bridge tourists and neighboring boatmen's attention, they stood by shouting and cheering. Qingming Riverside Drawing" depicts the busy and tense transportation scene on the Bianhe River vividly, which adds to the life atmosphere of the painting.
Streets of Guangzhou (9 - Conclusion)』Eternal Wandering between History and FuturePicture/Writing: The Earth Leaning on the River
Streets belong to history, and they also belong to the future, and the "street of the moment" is so short that we often have not had time to look at it, and then the streetscape has become history. The streets of Guangzhou are just like this - as a historical street, every corner here bears the marks of history, and as a future street, every scene here alludes to unknown changes.
Being in the passing streets of this southern city, we are destined to capture and feel the present between history and the future, and to roam eternally in every moment of the present.
The streets of ancient Guangzhou were mostly curved and naturally stretched out along the terrain, and were always not too wide. The layout was also characterized by variations and irregularities according to local conditions. In addition to a few official roads and commercial streets, the rest are usually narrow. The streets were the dynamic part of the city. In the beginning, the city relied more on a dense network of waterways for transportation, but later, with the increase of horses and wheeled vehicles, man-made streets appeared. The streets evolved along with the city.
During the decades between the early years of the Tang Dynasty and the Xingyuan period, the Guangzhou authorities made many improvements and repairs to the city, vigorously promoting brick houses among the ordinary people, and at the same time remodeling the market and widening the streets. At this time, Zhongshan Road and Peking Road, which are the main east-west and north-south streets respectively, were already full of stores. In the west of the city near the present day Gwangta Road also appeared in the foreign merchants gathered "Fanfang".
Guangzhou in the Song Dynasty continued the practice since the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, more actively encourage the public to burn bricks and tiles, brick and tile building materials used in a large number of ordinary homes, brick and tile homes have been widely popularized and popularized, the city buildings and streets have a new look. In the city walls of the three cities of the east, west and center, as well as the east and west Yanying City, along the slightly curved and narrow streets paved with bricks and stones, you can see the brick and tile houses arranged in a staggered manner, as well as the wooden buildings and even bamboo and wood buildings interspersed therein, which were the common streetscapes of that time.
Most of the buildings along the street are low-rise. But in the center of the city and the city near the gate of the neighborhood appeared more and more different shapes and sizes of large buildings. In the original Tang Dynasty Qing Hai Building on the basis of the reconstruction of the double doors of the Gongbei Building, the Hai Shan Building, the Hai Shantou, Hai Hai Hai Building, restored in the Northern Song Dynasty six banyan pagoda and a large number of pavilions and pavilions, staggered all over the city, and the successive generations of the Yuewangdaitai, Yuehua Building, Huai Sheng Guang Tower, etc. *** with the streets of the ancient Guangzhou and the skyline of the urban area. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the city of Guangzhou continued to expand, with the city wall spanning over the Yuexiu Mountain, and the streets evolving as well. Qing Kangxi to Tongzhi years around the west side of the city block further development, built a network of streets, and gradually formed along the street with the characteristics of the late Qing Dynasty, "Xiguan Daiya", became a unique streetscape in the west side of the city.
The streets effectively expanded the city's ability to gather material resources, and therefore a regular product of urban life, namely the market, always appeared in their vicinity. In the Song Dynasty, Guangzhou had two inner harbors, Dong'ao and X'ao, Dong'ao located in the area of present-day Qingshuihao was the salt transportation terminal of Guangzhou, and X'ao located near present-day Nanhao Street was the foreign trade terminal, and both places were prosperous in trade and bustling streets and lanes. During the Ming Dynasty, large-scale markets such as rice market, flower market, tea market, fish market, fruit market, vegetable market, oil market, etc. appeared one after another along and near the streets. South of the city adjacent to the Yudaihao Houshang Street, more developed into a crowded tourists at home and abroad rare groceries trading place, called "department store". As seen from the evolution of the city, many markets, like other elements of the city, have always been closely associated with the streets.
Another element, the temple, which is a sacred place for people to perform rituals, is also closely related to the street. In a sense, the city and its streets began with these permanent sacred places. Streets were formed for transportation, for trade, and for the gathering of the people around them to worship the gods and to hold on to their spirits. Guangzhou's religious life has a long history and has continued through the ages, with five major jungles such as the Guangxiao Temple, the Six Banyan Temple, the Haibang Temple, the Hualin Temple, and the Dafosi Temple, as well as a large number of temples of various sizes, such as the Five Immortals' Guan, the Temple of the City God, and the Palace of the Sanyuan Temple, dotted all over the city and along the streets.
The relatively narrow pavement of masonry and stone paving, as well as the closely spaced residential buildings, markets, temples and pagodas on both sides of the road, also constituted the continuous evolution of the streets of Guangzhou in ancient times, the structural features of the landscape.
With the advent of the global history era, Guangzhou began the process of modernization of the city, and the city streets also began to evolve in modern times. At the beginning, most of the urban arteries, commonly known as roads, were 13-16 meters wide. The construction of these modern streets began in the 1880's. In 1886, when Zhang Zhidong built the Tianzhi Wharf, he constructed a 1.5-kilometer section of road nearby, which became the beginning of Guangzhou's modern streets. ①
In the early years of the 20th century, during the construction of the Pearl River embankment from Donghao Haukou to the vicinity of Sha Mian, a new type of street nearly 1,000 meters in length and 16 meters in width was built along the embankment, including the East Embankment, the South Embankment, and the West Embankment, which were collectively known as the Long Embankment. This street along the river had a wide pavement and was set up as a standard, and later the 13-15-meter-wide East Embankment Second Road, South Embankment Second Road and West Embankment Second Road were constructed.
In 1918, the city of Guangzhou demolished the city wall and the city gate, and used the base of the city wall to build Taiping Road, Fengning Road (now People's Road), Yuexiu Road, Wanfu Road, Taikang Road, Dexuan Road and other **** more than 10 kilometers long, 25-33 meters wide new streets. The first large-scale municipal construction projects in Guangzhou, a short period of time to move more than 4,000 stores, set off a new street construction in modern Guangzhou climax. 1925 into the asphalt boulevard Baiyun Road, road width of up to 50 meters, became a model of the street. By 1928, the city had 62.6 kilometers of new streets. After that, the city continued to promote the planning and construction of the city's main living and commercial development, taking into account the suburban and industrial traffic and access to the city, the layout is roughly checkerboard-shaped.
In the 1930s, during Chen Jitang's rule in Guangdong, Guangzhou's municipal construction speed was further accelerated, and all the main roads in the city were renewed into modern streets. 1932, the "Draft Outline of the Urban Design of Guangzhou" unified the standard of streets in the city, stipulating that the main roads in the administrative district should be 30 meters wide, and that the main roads in the residential district and industrial and commercial districts should be 25 to 30 meters wide. During this period, 24 streets were built, including Xihu Road, and thousands of inner streets were organized. 138.8 kilometers of new streets were built in the city in 1936, and 228 kilometers in 1949, making the speed and scale of Guangzhou's modern street construction one of the fastest among all major cities in the country at that time. ②Importantly, these streets and their networks constituted the basic urban framework of modern Guangzhou, and were an important material and visual symbol of the city's modernization.
Contemporary Guangzhou's urban construction dramatically changed the condition of the city's streets; after the liberation of Guangzhou in 1949, the neighborhoods of Haizhuqiao, Xidi and Huangsha were quickly rebuilt. With the recovery of the city's economy, Guangzhou gradually formed an overall development layout including the central and peripheral districts, in which the road construction became the focus of the city's rapid development. At this time, the streets of Guangzhou had both traditional colors and modern features.
Particularly after the reform and opening up, on the basis of the original streets in the city and the rapid expansion of the city, the streets of Guangzhou entered into a modern metamorphosis and rapid expansion of the development of the period, the new standard and spectacular Guangzhou Avenue, Tianhe Road, Whampoa Boulevard, Sports East Road, Sports West Road, Kangwang Road, station road, station road, and many other arterial streets, as well as the Wuyang New City, Zhujiang New City, the university city, Baiyun New City, the Asian Games City, and many other streets, the city's streets, and the city's streets. New City, Zhujiang New City, University City, Baiyun City, Asian Games City and many other large street network; at the same time and the widening and reconstruction of Dongfeng Road, Jiefang Road, Zhongshan Road, Xingang Road, Wushan Road, Jiangnan Avenue, and other important road sections, comprehensively updated the physical facilities of these streets.
In 2005, the total length of roads in Guangzhou exceeded 5100 kilometers, an increase of 22.3 times over the 228 kilometers in 1949, and an unprecedentedly large modern street system has been presented. Importantly, after decades of development, Guangzhou streets have been from the traditional planar form of the "road era" into the space of three-dimensional era, pedestrian bridges, viaducts, highways, highways, rail transit, BRT expressway and other organic combinations, constituting the new landscape of the city streets in this period.
In fact, when Guangzhou's city streets entered the modernization period, the city streets of western countries also experienced a rich and complex evolution, and formed an equally rich and complex and quite mature street paradigm. Interestingly, at that time, Guangzhou appeared one after another on the ground floor of the public **** colonnade commonly known as "riding" along the streets of the store house type of building, they are closely arranged to become a continuous corridor of the riding street, this riding street is exactly in the style of ancient Rome more than 2,000 years ago, regulating the standard of its streets, a large number of arcade streets echoed.
It is believed that the design and technology of modern city streets have their origins in the street standards and paving ordinances of ancient Rome. These written laws, which date back to more than 100 B.C., set the minimum width of Roman streets at 4.5 meters. Previously, streets had no rules, and the houses on either side of them were short and small. Later on, the tall, columned houses appeared in large numbers and were densely arranged to form arcades similar to those in ancient Greece. Ancient Rome confirmed this style, and at the same time stipulated that the maximum height of these buildings along the street should not exceed 20 meters and could not exceed six floors. According to the normative standards, Roman streets were paved with basalt slabs. On both sides of the street were raised sidewalks, usually also paved with stone, and the width of the sidewalks on both sides was about half the width of the street. The ancient Roman city street with raised sidewalks is the historical prototype of the modern city street.
On the history of urban street design and planning, urban scholars Kerr Southworth and Ivan Ben-Joseph co-authored "streets and towns in the formation of", Lewis Mumford's "history of urban development", and Cliff Munfordin's "streets and squares" are detailed and in-depth discussion. Comprehensive reference to these discussions, we can briefly outline the evolution of the world's urban street development of a rough wheel Guo.
After the dissolution of the ancient Roman Empire, many ancient Roman cities declined, and the city streets deteriorated, including Rome, Bologna, Naples and Paris and other cities, the street space was encroached by private buildings, the road surface is disordered. At this time, the growing power of the merchant class showed its strength and demanded the improvement of street transportation.
During the Renaissance in the 13th century, European urban planners such as Alberti and Palladio re-emphasized the importance of a perfect street layout and called attention to the importance of urban street construction. Although Alberti appreciated that wide and straight streets made the city more magnificent, he strongly advocated curved streets. Medieval European cities usually built the street is not too wide and slightly curved, and often have a sharp turn and follow the gentle slope of the terrain. At that time, the street is mainly pedestrian traffic lines and daily activities of space, vehicle traffic is secondary. Slightly narrower streets made outdoor activities more comfortable in the winter, while in the south they protected people from the sun and rain.
Alberty wrote an analytical defense of the curved street, arguing that it was better to have streets that curved like rivers, and that such streets made the city more remarkable, and that they had a safety and security function, as well as a sense of intimacy and potential aesthetics, which were both pleasing and healthful. Many later urban historians have argued that there is no fairer assessment of medieval city streets than these. Palladio, on the other hand, preferred streets lined with colonnades, which not only allowed the inhabitants to concentrate on what they wanted to do without being disturbed by the weather, but also conformed to the principles of beauty.
There was also a fascination with straight streets of purely geometric shapes, among them the majestic and monumental Via Ruova in the Italian city of Genoa, which was built between the 1650s and the 1770s. This early Renaissance street is lined with opulent mansions of varying styles but spaced at the same intervals along a paved street about 8 meters wide. The Florentine Piorgio Vasari considered it to be the most magnificent and grandiose street in the whole of Italy, and he designed and built the famous Via Uffizi, which is very similar to it.
After that, the French introduced a relatively light but not lose the strong street standard on the basis of the Roman streets; the British paved the streets low and flat, walking paths to the curbstone separation and relatively high, called the "modern" streets; Americans in the 17th century also began to standardize the city streets. The Americans also began to standardize the paving of city streets in the 17th century. There were also picturesque suburbanized streets, straight and orderly but uninteresting "Bayonne" streets, and a return to the medieval style of unruly streets with a sense of freedom
The advent of the motorized vehicle accelerated a profound evolution of the city's streets, and although many people rejected this revolutionary mode of transportation in the early days, they gradually came to accept it as a new form of transportation. only gradually did they come to accept this revolutionary form of transportation. As the automobile became more present in cities, comprehensive street planning emerged in Europe and the United States in an attempt to create a perfect spatial order to shape a more normative and standardized technological urban street in keeping with the age of the motor vehicle.
The scale of cities around the world is expanding rapidly, with London, Paris and New York expanding even more rapidly. In those huge cities, the streets were built wider and wider, lined with not only magnificent new public **** buildings as well as cafes, offices, hotels, department stores, etc., but also Parisian-style pioneering architecture and New York-style skyscrapers. At the same time, the city also appeared on both sides or in the middle of the trees planted in the Parisian-style boulevards or Vienna-style green ring streets, and then, overhead elevated, huge cloverleaf three-dimensional intersections, multi-lane expressway, and other new forms of street appeared in large numbers.
This is both popular in the early 20th century criss-crossed linear grid street model; there are American city planners Stan and Wright based on the British garden city concept of Randleborne city streets - a breakthrough in the limitations of the grid street quiet and green space connected to the end of the road residential street model; there is also the British city planner Le Corbusier, who was the first to use the street model. planner Le Corbusier's elevated streets in a park-like setting based on the American grid city design.
From the 1970s onwards, the concept of *** enjoyable streets promoted a new round of street design revolution in residential neighborhoods, initially resulting in the Ullev street model designed and built by Dutchman de Boer. ④This model unifies transportation and residential activities in the same space, and its design feature is that the street is regarded as residential public ****space, which does not encourage unimpeded traffic; pedestrians and automobiles *** enjoy the road surface, but pedestrians are given priority, and they can walk and recreate everywhere in the street; there is no strict distinction between the carriageway and sidewalks; and the speed of the vehicles and vehicles are subjected to the constraints of the natural state of the barriers and curvature, and so on. Ulef concept soon became the European continent and Japan, Israel and other countries to implement the *** enjoy the streets of the basis of the formation of the street construction in various countries has continued to dominate the impact of the "joint street system".
In the United States, the concept of good streets is also gradually changing. In response to the past, wide streets, urban highways, parking lots and other large-scale development of amazingly land-consuming, objective formation of a large number of unused street space, since the 1990s, a number of cities, "street thinning program", a substantial reduction in the width of the street, the promotion of moderately narrow streets.
The evolution of cities and city streets is long and richly complex. Every historical era has its corresponding city, and streets are the physical record of the city's history. Every street is both a product of history and a bearer of history. History continues to accumulate in the streets, leaving the imprints of different eras. Even after a long period of time, these imprints will still be retained and presented in some way, either in a certain building, or in a certain piece of street stone, or in the form, structure, scale and atmosphere of the street, or even in some traces that have been eroded by the years to the extent that they are hard to detect. History is y dissolved in the streets, and the meandering streets are a river of solidified history.
When we walk on the streets of the city, it is like roaming along the quietly passing river of history. From time to time, when we walk around a corner, around a bend or under the eaves of a house, we can suddenly read about the history of the city and its past life, and experience the sense of the street's history as a solidified memory. This is the most important feeling that the street gives us.
In Guangzhou, not to mention those famous streets, just an ordinary street is enough to give people a deep sense of the existence of a long stream of history. For example, along Liurong Road, among the dense residential buildings on both sides of the road, you can first see the Liurong Flower Pagoda, which was built in the third year of the Daitong era (537 AD) of the Liang Dynasty and rebuilt in the first year of the Yuanyou era (1086 AD) of the Northern Song Dynasty. The 57-meter pagoda, together with the entire Six Banyan Temple named after the early Tang poet Wang Bo, is a simple and solemn place that makes you feel as if you have returned to the Tang and Song dynasties. Further south, the west side of the street is the Ming and Qing Dynasties Nanhai County Yamen is located in the old Nanhai County community, there are a large number of overseas Chinese buildings built in the 1920s and 1930s in the South China Sea style, as well as the former site of Ta Kung Pao Newspaper; the east side of the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the Governor's Office and the Qing dynasty during the Kangxi period of the eight banners of the Guangzhou Generals House in charge of soldiers stationed in Guangdong is the location of the general's residence, and now here is also the restoration of the Generals House of the gate of the red lacquer building. To the south, near General West Road, a series of buildings in a distinctly Western style mark the modern urban neighborhood.
Similarly, entering Paris from the left bank of the Seine and strolling down the Rue Saint-Michel is a journey through history. You'll find Roman ruins on the east side of the street, and the Gallo-Roman Baths, built in the 3rd century, are housed in the Musée de la Cluny, which houses a large collection of medieval art. This former medieval folk house was built between 1480 and 1510. In particular, the St. Geneviève mound, named after the patron saint of Paris, is a constant reminder of the city during the Roman occupation, while the nearby Rue de la Croix is a reminder of the historical splendor of France, which was founded by King Clovis after he defeated the Romans. Nearby is the world-famous Sorbonne University, built in 1253, and the Pantheon, built in 1764, where Voltaire, Rousseau, Hugo and other greats sleep. On the west side of the street, there is the Luxembourg Gardens, built in the 17th century, where you can walk to the splendid Luxembourg Palace. Rue Saint-Michel is considered to be a commercialized street, but the street's intrinsic attributes as a bearer of history have not changed, and it has always been dynamic, presenting a traceable historical lineage.
Many important and unique historical street scenes have always entered our hearts in a moment long ago. It occupies a corner of our memory. When we later stroll, suddenly re-encountered this street scene, or encountered a similar landscape, the memory was suddenly awakened, suddenly we are immersed in the street scene of the identification and contemplation. This kind of identification and contemplation is actually a way for us to know ourselves better. At this point we realize that these things on the street have always been hidden in our consciousness, and that they are so important to us.
The most powerful street scenes are often not single isolated points, but a continuous stream of imagery in the linear space of the street, as we see on Liurong Road in Guangzhou or on St. Michel Street in Paris. The charm of a street full of historical buildings and relics is due to the fact that it embodies the beauty of the continuous meandering of the linear space of the street.
Sometimes the street gives us a wonderful feeling: we come to a place for the first time, but it feels so familiar, the buildings, the windows, the gates, the balconies on the street, the arcades on the corners, everything seems to be already known. Even the atmosphere of the street felt familiar, as if our lives had been connected to it. Is it because we met a long time ago, and those images are already hidden in the depths of our consciousness? Or are we remembering the old street prototype that was copied by our mind's impression? We can only conclude that it has something to do with history. The streets are so mysterious.
There is no doubt that the street is full of lively atmosphere because of human activities. It is history and life, as well as our memories and emotions, that give life to the mystery of the street. Streets are a deep explanation of where and how we came from. If we value history and life and our memories and emotions, then we should value the city and its streets.
(Written in Liuhua Lake)
■Notes
①See Yang Wanxiu and Zhong Zhuoan, editors, A Brief History of Guangzhou, Guangdong People's Publishing House, March 1996, 1st edition, P388; Zhang Zhongli, editors, Southeast Coastal Cities and China's Modernization, Shanghai People's Publishing House, July 1996, 1st edition, P270
②See Zhang Zhongli, editors, Southeast Coastal Cities and China's Modernization, P270
②See Zhang Zhongli, editors, Southeast Coastal Cities and China's Modernization, P270, Shanghai People's Publishing House, July 1996, 1st edition. Coastal Cities and China's Modernization", edited by Zhang Zhongli, Shanghai People's Publishing House, July 1996, 1st edition, P271-272; Yang Wanxiu, Zhong Zhuoan, edited by a brief history of Guangzhou", Guangdong People's Publishing House, March 1996, 1st edition, P482
③See [U.S.] Michael Southworth, Ivan Thorben Joseph, translated by Li Linghong, the formation of the streets and towns China Building Industry Press, September 2006, 1st edition P15
④Dutch, meaning "a garden like a jungle", see [U.S.] Michael Southworth, Ivan Thorburn Joseph, Li Linghong translation of the streets and the formation of towns China Building Industry Press, September 2006, 1st edition P112
■This article may feel unfinished because it is the first chapter of an original text of about 20,000 words. The rest of the article is devoted to analyzing the evolution of the city streets and further describing the streets of Guangzhou. In order to avoid a lengthy posting, these remaining sections may be posted separately in due course.
■On the occasion of the completion of this street series, I would like to thank the photographer Ms. Yang Heping, who provided us with beautiful images (all the photos in series 1-8 were taken by Ms. Yang). Ms. Yang loves "street photography", loves to take pictures of small places and small people, and loves to tell stories with her images, and has used these techniques to tell such ordinary stories as "London: Out of Sight", "SanRemo: Passing Elegance", and "Vienna: There's a Coffee Called Melancholy". The Guangzhou Street Graphic Series would not have been possible without her collaboration. Her beautiful and unique images have greatly enhanced this series. I would like to thank her for her work.
20190429