Early Homo sapiens from Dingcun, Xiangfen, Shanxi, 70,000 years ago, and late Homo sapiens from Dagouwan, Uttarakhand, Inner Mongolia, 30,000 years ago, played the prelude to the ancient Yellow River civilization.
The fine stone culture sites of 10,000~7,000 years ago, the neolithic culture sites of 7,000~3,700 years ago, the bronze culture sites of 3,700~2,700 years ago, and the iron culture sites that appeared in 770 B.C. are almost all over the Yellow River Basin. Since the Mesolithic Age, the Yellow River Basin has been the development center of China's ancient culture. The Suiren's, Fuxi's and Shennong's created and invented artificial fire technology, primitive animal husbandry and primitive agriculture, and they opened the prelude to the development of the Yellow River civilization.
Qin Huang, Han Wu, Tang Zong and Song Zu, the pride of the generation Genghis Khan, these emperors led the Chinese nation to the ancient Yellow River civilization to the world's attention to the peak of the glory. Gunpowder, compass, papermaking, printing, Tang poetry, Song lyrics, Yuan music is the Yellow River civilization in the shining treasure, inventions and scientific achievements not only promote the development of China, but also spread around the world, promoting the progress of all mankind.
One, China's second longest river
The Yellow River, China's second longest river, a 5,464-kilometer-long river, meandering in northern China. From a high altitude, it looks like a huge "several" word, but also hidden is the unique totem of our nation.
Second, the Yellow River's character
It is not just a big river. The Yellow River, the yellow land, the emperor, the yellow skin and the legendary Chinese dragon, all of these yellow symbols, the turbid flow through the heart of China sublimated into a sacred river. The Book of Han - Ditching Zhi" honors the Yellow River as the first of the hundreds of rivers: "China's rivers are counted in hundreds, and there is nothing more important than the four ditches, and the river is the first of them."
Three, loess wind into said
In the long ago geological era, inland Asia's desert Gobi, all over the sand and gravel in the sudden cold and heat of the harsh environment was fragmented and crushed, until the formation of powder. Inland prevailing northwestern air currents, for years and years to blow them to the east, the coarse sand fell on the Mongolian plateau, the most delicate powder with the wind to today's Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia, Henan 6 provinces. Millions of years of handling and accumulation, finally formed a Great Wall in the north, south to the Qinling Mountains, west to the Sun and Moon Mountains, east to the Taihang Mountains of the Loess Plateau.
Four, deep and vast loess layer
This is an unparalleled loess, which covers an area as wide as 410,000 square kilometers, loess covers a thickness of generally more than 100 meters. And Longdong, Shaanxi, Jinxi and other places, loess as deep as 100 to 200 meters, Lanzhou area is thicker than 300 meters.
Five, six thousand years ago in the Garden of Eden
Botanists have found that although the Loess Plateau precipitation is not as abundant as in the south, but the loss of nutrients from the leaching is also less suitable for poplar, birch, oak, pine, spruce, and date, yellow thorns and other growth. At that time, the luxuriant vegetation, nourishing a warm and rainy Garden of Eden. Today, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and other provinces have large tracts of virgin forests. The name of Henan Province, located in the central plains, is simply "Yu," indicating that it was still a place where elephants roamed during the time of Cangjie's creation of characters.
Seven, the enlightenment of civilization in ancient times
In the human activity site of Ruicheng, Shanxi, more than 1.6 million years ago, fossils of animals burned by fire and antlers were found, and in the human site of Lantian, Shanxi, 1 million years ago, many accumulations of carbon powder were found.
Since then, the Lantian people, the Dali people, the Dingcun people, and the Hetao people, have all flourished in the arms of the Yellow River. It was not until 6,000 years ago that the matrilineal clan culture, represented by the Half-slope Civilization, emerged on the Yellow Land.
Our ancestors spent their golden childhood of Chinese civilization hunting and gathering in such a green field.
Eight, the historical account of the transformation of nature
Here is indeed the earliest bathed in the light of civilization, here is inevitably the earliest was subjected to the fire of civilization. Ancient legend has it that Shennong taught the people how to gather crops. What's intriguing is that Shennong was the god of fire, and what he taught was actually the art of burning forests and reclaiming land. Mencius records the "achievements" of the three kings and five emperors who burned the mountains and forests: "At the time of Yao, grass and trees flourished, and animals and birds multiplied. When Yao was in his prime, the grass and trees were flourishing, the beasts and birds were multiplying, the grains did not grow, and the beasts and birds were forcing their way into the forests...". Yao was alone in his concern, and he raised Shun to rule the country. Shun made Yi take charge of the fire. The mountains and swamps were burned, and the beasts and birds fled."
In the Book of Songs, we hear the chanting of the first people as they cut down: "Kan Kan cuts down sandalwood, and places it in the dryness of the river, whose waters are clear and rippling."" Felling trees tinkling, birds calling." Nine, the Loess Plateau vegetation for the first time suffered a major loss of the first emperor to unify the six countries, a large number of people into the Guanzhong, the area of reclamation increased greatly. At the same time, he was a big construction, the construction of palaces and mausoleums, the massive deforestation of Guanzhong mountain forests, thirty-three years after the first emperor (214 BC), Mengtian routed the Xiong Nu, a large area of land in the Loop area, and then the implementation of reclamation and garrisoning, and the Ordos Plateau area many times, each time the number of immigrants, as many as hundreds of thousands of people, the original endless grassland into the farming area.
Eleven, uncovered the bottom of the river
Recently, the Yellow River, the small north main stream (Shanxi and Shaanxi section of the river), Shanxi Hejin section of the big, small Shizui interval appeared a hundred years of wonders, "uncovered the bottom of the river", the bottom of the river silt as a carpet, as the current is swept up.
"Uncovering the bottom of the river" phenomenon is the Yellow River is unique to a kind of sediment movement law, mainly in the Yellow River small north trunk of the Longmen and tributaries of the Weihe River section, which is manifested in a short period of time when the high sand-containing flood peaks through the riverbed suffered a violent scouring of the river bottom of the block, piece of silt like carpet rolled up, and then was washed away by the water flow. Then it is washed away by the current. Such strong scouring can deepen the riverbed by a few meters to a dozen meters in a few hours to dozens of hours. Because of "uncovering the bottom of the river" phenomenon is formed under special conditions, "uncovering the bottom of the river" is known as the Yellow River hundred years of wonders.
According to information, the Yellow River, the last time there is "uncovering the bottom of the river" or in July 6, 1977, the "uncovering the bottom of the river". The "uncovering the bottom of the river" since July 5, 8:10 began, has lasted until 8:40, during which, in the Hejin River section of the Xiaoshizui reconstruction project, No. 1 Dingba section, accompanied by the sound of the surging water, has lifted the height of about 1 meter, the length of about 7-9 meters of the two large lifting things, No. 1 to No. 5 Dingba There are also some small lifts in between.
Early July, the middle reaches of the Yellow River, Wubao - Longmen interval tributaries of heavy rainfall, flooding with a large amount of sediment surging down. the night of July 4, is located in Hejin on the head of the Longmen Hydrological Station peak flow of 4,600 cubic meters per second, the maximum sand content of more than 700 kilograms per cubic meter, so that have a local "uncovered the bottom of the river! "The formation of the phenomenon of conditions.
Poetry of the Yellow River--Ode to the Yellow River
Ode to the Yellow River is one of the movements of the Yellow River Cantata, which consists of the prelude, the main body and the epilogue. The lyricist is Guang Weiran and the composer is Xian Xinghai.
From the content point of view, the first stanza is the recitation, which is the prelude of the whole poem. The author firstly addresses the readers directly as "friends" by calling out the theme of "Singing the praises of the Yellow River", and shows the great strength of the Yellow River.
The second stanza is the lyrics, which is the main part of the poem, mainly "glorifying the Yellow River", but before "glorifying", there is a stage of accumulating momentum, which is summarized in the text by the word "hope". The word "look" is used in the text as a command to glorify the great spirit of the Yellow River. The main part is composed of two parts: Painting the Yellow River and Ode to the Yellow River. The painting of the Yellow River illustrates the majestic momentum of the Yellow River and the heroic spirit of the Yellow River. Ode to the Yellow River praises that the Yellow River has nourished the Chinese nation and points out the historical contribution of the Yellow River; it praises that the Yellow River defends the Chinese nation like a natural barrier and points out the geographical advantages of the Yellow River; it praises that the Yellow River has a wide flow area and is a blessing to all people, and that the Yellow River is a symbol of the spirit of our nation, which inspires the Chinese nation. In the lyrics, "Ah! Yellow River!" plays a very good role, one is to express his feelings, and the second is to divide the part of "Ode" into three levels: Ode to the Yellow River has nourished the Chinese nation, the Yellow River has defended the Chinese nation, and the Yellow River will also inspire the Chinese nation.
The final epilogue calls on us to learn the spirit of the Yellow River. On behalf of the children of China, the poet makes an oath to learn from it, to learn from the spirit of the great and strong spirit of the Yellow River, and in this way the whole poem is echoed at the beginning and the end, all in one.
The poet of "Ode to the Yellow River" adopts a symbolic technique to glorify the Yellow River on the surface, but in fact, it is to glorify our nation, to inspire the children of China to be as "great and strong" as the Yellow River, and to defend the Yellow River and China with heroic spirit and strong determination. Her melodious, magnificent music, majestic, passionate and deep, full of strong impact and shock, shows the unruly blood of the Yellow River and the heroism of the Chinese nation, and glorifies the grandeur of the Yellow River and its long history.
"Ode to the Yellow River" is the ode of the Yellow River, the ode of the times, the ode of the Chinese nation, and the ode of the Chinese nation's unceasing birth, perseverance and everlasting advancement.
<Yellow River Cantata> symbolized by the Yellow River, sings the surging and impassioned voices of the children of China, with a strong flavor of the times and the appeal of the heart.
<Yellow River Cantata> the author Xian Xinghai,*** composed eight movements
1-----Yellow River Boatman's Song
2-----Ode to the Yellow River
3-----Yellow River Water from Heaven
4-----River Counterpoint
5-----Yellow River Grievance
6-----Yellow River Ballad
6-----Yellow Water Ballad
7-----Defend the Yellow River
8-----Roar! The Yellow River
Legends about the Yellow River
1- Legend has it that a long, long time ago, the ancient Yellow River was a wild horse that was hard to be tamed, running at will as if it were a grinning monster, roaring and roaring day and night, devouring ten thousand hectares of good land. Nibbling at the millions of mountains, the Hui and Han people on both sides of the Yellow River can only be in the tip of the mountain, the bottom of the ditch living a life of slash-and-burn farming. At that time, Ningxia was not a flat plain on the river, but overlapping green hills, gullies and ravines, not a flat field, and no field can be irrigated with the Yellow River water. Legend has it that there are a few families of Huihui and Han people living on Niushou Mountain, and they have been picking water at the bottom of the mountain and planting on the hill for generations. Old and small busy, but not enough to eat, wear not ambiguous, day after day, who can not stand this torture. One year, a seventy-year-old Hui Hui, named Erde, opened a melon and fruit garden in the mountains, planted some cucumbers. He got up early and late every day, to the Yellow River to pick water to watering cucumbers, shoulder pressure swollen, the soles of the feet skinned, careful service to nurture the cucumbers, yellow long and tender and sweet. This day Erde old man tired, lying on the vegetable garden door fell asleep. Just as he fell asleep, he dreamed that a white cloud floated in the sky, and gradually that white cloud turned into a white-bearded imam, twitching his silver beard, and said to Elder Old Man: "There are two gales today, so you have to pay attention to them. At noon is a yellow wind that will wilt the cucumbers; in the morning there is a black wind that will cause the cucumbers to drop their tips. No matter how strong the wind is, you should not pick the cucumbers off. Elder old man woke up and looked, disappeared white bearded imam, but see the north of the yellow wind covering the sky, suddenly scraped to the Niushou Mountain. Elder old man carefully look at the cucumbers, really one by one wilted, his heart is very sad, a year's blood and sweat for nothing, but remembered the words of the white-bearded imam, did not move. In the morning, a black wind passed, blowing the mountain shaking the ground, the leaves fell layer after layer. Erde old man look, cucumber is about to fall to the ground, he was so angry that he took off a wilted and small cucumber and threw it into the Yellow River. The Yellow River immediately broke a line. Like a fairy with a knife cut, clearly see the bottom of the river, Elder old man down to pounce, the river "wow" and together. The old man and tired and hungry, sitting on the riverbank, blinking, golden flowers dancing, dizzy and faint do not know anything. At this time, Erde old man heard the white bearded imam said "this cucumber is the key to conquer the Yellow River, it can be called the Yellow River to break the flow of the Yellow River, can also be called the Yellow River to listen to the words of man. But now the Yellow River has been tormented by the two Iblis, the Yellow Wind and the Black Wind. You can't be in a hurry, you have to be patient and put in more effort. Next year, you will plant a garden of cucumbers, and when they are ripe, you will pick the biggest one and throw it into the Yellow River. At that time, you go into the hole at the bottom of the river, the jewels will be picked by you, the grain seeds will be taken by you, and there will be a precious sword to cut down the dragon and kill the demon, and tame the Yellow River, and wherever you point, the Yellow River water will flow to." The next year, the industrious Erde old man planted another garden of cucumbers, he was not afraid of the road, not sweat, from the Yellow River to pick water to water the melons. The work did not disappoint, and finally, the garden bore a three-foot-long cucumber that grew like a key. The old man was so happy that he slept in the melon garden day and night until the melon was ripe. On this day, the weather was so clear that there was not a single cloud. The old man took off the three-foot-long cucumber, recited "Taismi" and threw it into the Yellow River. At that moment, the Yellow River roared, cracked a long slit and the rocks at the bottom of the river could be seen clearly. Erde old man down to the bottom of the river, see against the river bank there is a hole, the hole in the pearl agate everything. The old man took some, just to go out, heard a storm roar, a moment on the river rolling waves, a wave higher than a wave. Elder old man picked up the sword to the black whirlwind and yellow whirlwind around dozens of fierce chopping sword. A moment later, the black wind and the yellow wind blew out of the sky. At this time, the break in the Yellow River gradually closed tightly. Remembering the white-bearded imam's instruction that the swords could conquer the Yellow River, the old man of Erde brightened up in his heart and thought: I will tell the Yellow River to fill up the trenches and silt the mountain beams. The old man holding two swords, to the Yellow River slashed down, the Yellow River water immediately does not flow, as if the front blocked a Great Wall, just section of the rise, from a distance to see really afraid of people. Three days later, south to Liupan Mountain, west to Helan Mountain, everywhere is water, leaving only a few mountain tip. Elderly man then drew out his sword, told the Yellow River to flow forward. From then on, the mountains and ditches of Ningxia, turned into a flat river, living on both sides of the Yellow River, Hui and Han people rely on their own hard-working hands, open ditches to make fields, and live a happy life.
2-Myths and legends: Dayu had three treasures when he ruled the Yellow River, one was the river map; the second was the axe for opening the mountain; and the third was the sword for avoiding water. Legend has it that the river map was granted to Dayu by Hebo, the water god of the Yellow River. In ancient times, there was a man named Feng Yi in Tongxiang, Huayin, who was not at ease with farming and wanted to become an immortal. He heard that a person could be transformed into an immortal body by drinking the juice of daffodil flowers for a hundred days. So he went around looking for daffodils. Before Dayu ruled over the Yellow River, the Yellow River flowed into the Central Plains without a fixed channel, and flowed everywhere, often flooding. The ground was full of water from the Yellow River, with seven streams and eight channels, and all the ditches and branches were full of water. Feng Yi hither and thither to find daffodils, often across the Yellow River, across the Yellow River, across the Yellow River, often dealing with the Yellow River. After ninety-nine days, and then find a daffodil flower, sucking the juice of daffodil flowers for a day, you can become immortal. Feng Yi was very proud, and crossed the Yellow River to a small village to look for daffodils. The water here is not deep, Feng Yi trips across the river, to the middle of the river, suddenly the river rises. He panicked, his feet slipped, fell into the Yellow River, and was drowned alive. After his death, Feng Yi, with a belly full of grievances, gritted his teeth and hated the Yellow River so much that he went to the Jade Emperor to sue the Yellow River. The Jade Emperor heard that the Yellow River had no one to control it, and that it flowed everywhere, endangering the people, and he was also very annoyed. He saw that Feng Yi had sucked the juice of narcissus for 99 days and should become immortal, so he asked Feng Yi if he would like to be the god of the Yellow River and rule the Yellow River. Feng Yi was overjoyed. Full of promise. This one can fulfill his wish to become immortal, two can avenge being drowned. Feng Yi became the water god of the Yellow River, known as He Bo. He has never suffered from the water things, all of a sudden took up the responsibility of governing the Yellow River, helpless, worried. What should he do? He was shallow, and there was nothing magic magic, so he had to go to the Jade Emperor again to ask for advice. The Jade Emperor told him, to manage the Yellow River, we must first find out the water conditions of the Yellow River, draw a river map, the water conditions of the Yellow River as the basis for the map, the management of the Yellow River will save a lot of trouble. Heber according to the Jade Emperor's instructions, bent on drawing a river map, he first went to his hometown, trying to find folks to help. The villagers hated him and no one answered him. He found the old man in the village and told him about his ambition to control the Yellow River. Seeing that he had now become an immortal and wanted to do something good for the people, he agreed to help him. From then on, He Bo and Hou Lao Han traveled in the wind and rain, trekking over the mountains to check the condition of the Yellow River. The two ran for several years, but the old man after the tired and sick. After the old man can only go back, the rest of the Hebo continue along the Yellow River to see the water. When they parted, after the old man repeatedly told Hebo, officers should be done to the end, do not give up halfway, draw a good map on the management of the Yellow River, manpower is not enough, he persuaded the villagers to help. Checking the water conditions and drawing the river map is a hard job. By the time the river map was finished, he was already old and weak. Hebo looked at the river map, where the Yellow River is deep, where it is shallow; where it is good to punch the embankment, where it is easy to break; where it should be dug, where it should be blocked; where it can cut off the water, where it can drain the floods, drawing a clear picture. I only sigh that I don't have the energy to manage the Yellow River according to the map, very sad. Hebo thought, one day there will be a capable person to manage the Yellow River, at that time, the river map awarded to him, also counted that he did not worry in vain. From then on, He Bo spent his twilight years under the Yellow River and never showed his face again. Unexpectedly, the Yellow River flooded again and again. The people knew that the Jade Emperor had sent Hebe to treat the water, but they didn't see him, so they scolded Hebe for not doing his duty and not caring about the people's life and death. After the old man in his sick bed every day looking forward to the river uncle, a number of years do not meet. He was uneasy about the management of the Yellow River, and went to look for Uncle He. His son's name was Yi, and he was a great archer. No matter what Hou Lao Han said, Yi wouldn't let him go to find He Bo. The old man did not listen to his son's advice, but when the Yellow River burst, he was swept away and drowned, and his body was not even found. Hou Yi hated He Bo so much that he gritted his teeth and said he would shoot He Bo to death sooner or later. Later, when it was time for Dayu to come out to treat the water, Hebo decided to give him the map of the Yellow River. On this day, when He Bo heard that Dayu came to the Yellow River with his mountain-opening axe and water-avoiding sword, he came out from under the water with the river map and looked for Dayu. Hebo and Dayu had never met and did not recognize each other. Hebo had been walking for half a day and was so tired that he was about to take a rest when he saw a young man walking on the other side of the river. The young man was so handsome and majestic that he thought he must be Dayu, so he shouted and asked, "Hey, who are you?" The young man on the other side of the river was not Dayu, but Hou Yi. He looked up and saw an immortal old man shouting on the other side of the river and asked, "Who are you?" He Bo said in a loud voice, "I am He Bo. Are you Da Yu?" When Hou Yi heard that it was He Bo, he was furious, sneered, and said, "I am Da Yu." Then he opened his bow and shot an arrow into the left eye of He Bo without asking any questions. Hebo pulled out the arrow and covered his eye, sweating from the pain. In his heart, he cursed, "Bastard Dayu, so unreasonable!" The more he thought about it, the angrier he got, so he went to tear up the water map. At this moment, a loud shout came from him, "He Bo! Don't tear the map." He Bo endured the pain and looked with his right eye to see a man wearing a bucket hat on the opposite bank, stopping Hou Yi. This man was Dayu, who knew that He Bo had drawn a map of the Yellow River and was about to ask He Bo for advice. Hou Yi pushed Da Yu away and was about to raise his bow again. Dayu held him back and told him the story of how He Bo had drawn the map, and Hou Yi regretted that he had been so reckless as to shoot He Bo blind in the left eye. Hou Yi traveled with Dayu across the river. Hou Yi admitted his fault to He Bo. He Bo realized that Hou Yi was the son of Hou Lao Han and did not blame him much. Da Yu said to He Bo, "I am Da Yu, and I have come to seek your advice on how to cure the Yellow River." He Bo said, "My heart and soul and the way to rule the river are all on this map, so I'll give it to you now." Da Yu took a look at the map and saw that the map was densely packed with circles and dots, and the water conditions of the Yellow River up and down, left and right, were clearly drawn. Da Yu was extremely happy. He wanted to thank He Bo, but when he looked up, He Bo had jumped into the Yellow River and disappeared. After getting the map of the Yellow River, Dayu worked day and night, and finally cured the Yellow River according to the instructions on the map.