Tubo Zangpo (617--650) was the founder of the Tubo dynasty. Known in Chinese as Abandon Zonglangzan, Abandon Sunon, or Wizonglangzan, he succeeded his father, Nangri Nyunzan, as the Zangpo in the early 7th century. After his accession to the throne, he first pacified the internal noble rebellion, then annexed all the tribes on the Tibetan Plateau, accomplished the unification of his ancestor and father, established a slave system, set up the capital of Logosha, and built a palace on the Potala Mountain. During his reign, he made a series of legal, official and military systems; he made efforts to develop the economy and unify the system of weights and measures; he actively created cultural undertakings, created the script, introduced Buddhism and began to translate the Buddhist scriptures. In addition to the internal construction of the dynasty, but also actively seeking to establish and develop good-neighborly relations with neighboring tribes, in order to consolidate and develop the new Tubo regime. First married Princess Niborodai Zun into the tombs, and then with the Tang Princess Wencheng and relatives, has built the Great and Small Showa Temples. Songtsen Gampo also pay much attention to absorb the Han culture and the advanced production technology in the mainland, many times sent the noble children to Chang'an into the national school, and from the introduction of medicine, mathematics, crafts and other knowledge. During his reign, he made significant contributions to the political, economic and cultural development of Tubo and the strengthening of ties with neighboring peoples. Tang ZhenGuan twenty-three years (649) Tang Taizong died, Tang GaoZong to the throne, sealed his "extra horse harnessed by the side of a team of horse harnessed by the side of a team" XiHaiXianWang, etc., and with the carving of his statue in the stone, listed in TaizongZhao mausoleum. Tang Yong Hui first year (650) died in the Peng domain (now Tibet Pengbo), Tang Dynasty envoys Xian Yu Kuangji Ben Zishu into the Tubo to celebrate the death of Songtsen Gampo. Because Songtsen Gampo first introduced Buddhism, the later Tibetan history books will be its and Edward Song Dezan, Edward Zu Dezan and known as the Tubo period "three great Dharma King". About its life and death have different say.
Princess Wencheng (? --680)
The adopted daughter of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Tang Zhenguan (627-649), Songtsen Gampo, Zanpo of the Tubo Dynasty, dispatched Kardongzan, the prime minister of the Tubo Dynasty, as an envoy to Chang'an to ask for marriage, and Emperor Taizong of the T'ang Dynasty married Songtsen Gampo's adopted daughter, Princess Wencheng, to the princess. And ordered the Secretary of the Ministry of Rites of Jiangxia Wang Li Daozong as the main wedding envoy, holding the festival escort Princess Wencheng into the tombs. When Princess Wencheng passed through the territory of Tugukhun, she was warmly received by the king of Tugukhun's Heyuan County, Nuohua Bowie, and Princess Honghua. Songtsen Gampo rate of ministers personally to the river near the sea (today's Qinghai Mado County territory) to meet Princess Wencheng and his entourage, he to the son-in-law of the gift of the King of Li Daozong, and then with the Princess returned to the Logosha, and the Mabu Ri Mountain (today's Lhasa Potala Mountain) dedicated to the palace to accommodate the Princess, so far, the Potala Palace still preserved the site of the cave where they were married. Princess Wencheng to Lhasa after presiding over the construction of small Zhao Temple, placed from Chang'an brought Sakyamuni Buddha statue (later moved to the Showa Temple). Princess willow in front of the Showa Temple, the legend also planted for their hands. Princess of knowledge of books and etiquette, erudite and versatile, a firm believer in Buddhism, and the science of divination. Into the tomatoes, in addition to carrying a 12-year-old statue of Sakyamuni, but also carried a large number of other items. At the same time, the central plains of medicine, calendar, textile, papermaking, brewing, pottery, milling and so on are also imported into the Tubo; Legend has it that she also brought with her 5,500 artisans and grains, livestock and so on. Tubo economic and cultural development and the strengthening of the relationship between Tang and the Tomato, played a great role in promoting. After the death of Songtsen Gampo in the first year of Yonghui (650), she continued to live in Tubo for 30 years, teaching Tubo women to weave and embroider, and was y loved by the Tubo people. After her death, her deeds were widely circulated in Tibetan areas in the form of dramas, murals, folk songs and legends, with far-reaching effects.
Sui-Tang Dynasty, that is, the seventh century A.D. early, the Tubo people appeared an outstanding leader named abandon ZongLangZan, Tibetan Buddhist history is called SongZanGanBu, later historical documents are used this name. He was very young when the zanpu, character valor, resourceful, brave and good at war, led his men, with the force of conquest of the Tibetan plateau of many tribes, even the strength of its equal with the sheep with the country (there are the size of the two sheep with the country) is also bowed down to submit to the rest of the smaller tribes do not shadow from the establishment of a strong slavery system of power, became the hegemon of the tribes on the Tibetan plateau, to logos (today's Lhasa) as the capital. At that time, the mainland is the Tang Taizong Zhenguan period, the prestige far shock, all countries Chaozong. Songtsen Gampo and admired the culture of the Tang Dynasty, admiration for the civilization of the Tang Dynasty, in the eight years of Zhenguan (634 AD) sent the first batch of emissaries to Chang'an, the Tang Dynasty, also sent Feng Der-ya back to visit the Tubo, the beginning of friendly relations between the Chinese and Tibetan peoples. Since then, Songtsen Gampo repeatedly sent envoys to Chang'an tribute, want to follow the precedent of the Turks and Turks, marrying the Tang Dynasty princess as a wife, Tang Taizong did not allow. The envoy returned to Tubo and lied: "When I first arrived in Chang'an, the Tang Dynasty was very favorable, allowing intermarriage. It happened that the king of Tugukhun entered the court, in front of the Tang Taizong to separate our relationship, so the discussion of intermarriage was dismissed." Songtsen Gampo was furious at this, and joined forces with the Yangtse and other tribes to attack the Tugukhun. Tugukhun could not resist and fled to Qinghai. After attacking the Danghang and Bailan tribes, the Tubo troops were 200,000 strong in the west of Songzhou (present-day Songpan County, Sichuan Province), and sent an envoy to Chang'an with gold, silver, coins, and silk, claiming that it was the bride price for marrying the princess. A message was sent by the envoy threatening, "If the great nation does not marry the princess, it will immediately attack the interior." This kind of heavy troops to force the marriage, coercion into the marriage of insolent demand, naturally by the Tang Taizong's opposition. Soon, Songtsen Gampo really led the troops to attack Songzhou. Tang Taizong immediately sent Minister Hou Junji rate of 50,000 troops in four ways to attack, beheading Gan Yu level, Songtsen Gampo defeated, led the troops to escape, sent the ambassador to thank you for the crime, the resumption of the proposal, Tang Taizong this time to agree to the requirements of the intermarriage. Zhenguan fourteen years (640 AD), Songtsen Gampo sent his prime minister (job with the prime minister) Ludongzan sent 5,000 gold, hundreds of pieces of jewelry to Chang'an marriage, the Tang Taizong promised to marry Songtsen Gampo's daughter, Princess Wencheng of the royal family. Legend has it that Tang Taizong had "five difficult to marry the ambassador" before the promise. One of the five difficulties was to ask the messenger to recognize the mother-child relationship between a hundred mares and a hundred colts. This meaningful problem implies that the wedding envoys understand, that is, the Chinese and Tibetan communities through the Princess to marry to establish a permanent mother and child affection. It is said that Ludongzan use of the rich experience of the Tubo herdsmen, the mare and foal respectively, and temporarily cut off the foal's water and grass, after a day or two, the mare and foal at the same time out of the stables, suddenly appeared the mother looking for son, son looking for the mother, mother and child nestling together with a touching scene. Ludongzan thus solved the five problems one by one, Tang Taizong was very happy, allowed him to immediately marry Princess Wencheng into Tibet. Tang Taizong on Princess Wencheng married Tibet is very important, not only for her to prepare a lot of trousseau, including poetry, history, agriculture, medicine, astronomy, calendars and other books, as well as grains, vegetables, fruits and trees, seeds, and a variety of exquisite handicrafts. In addition, various skilled craftsmen and a palace band were also brought. At that time, Buddhism was prevalent in the Tang Dynasty, and Princess Wencheng was a devout believer in Buddhism, so she also brought a statue of Buddha. Reference:/f?kz=216882779
Chinese history, there are a lot of princesses or royal women married to the king of the tomato state and the instances of kinship, in terms of its posture is not outside
On two kinds of situations: one is the national strength is weak, in order to peace and marriage, in order to tie up the tomato state; the other is the country is strong,
Weighing all over the world, in order to peace and marriage to pacify the remote state, there is a gift of marriage. The other is the strong state, the might of the four seas, to pacify the remote states with peace, with the implication of giving marriage. The former is to hold a humble position, using female beauty
and softness to ease the conflict on the battlefield; the latter is to be high and mighty, to show the posture of a great country, and to use kinship to enlist
penalize the people outside the border. During the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Princess Wencheng was married to Tubo, which exemplifies the latter case.
Tubo, now Tibet, had no dealings with the Middle Kingdom before the Tang Dynasty. It is said that the Tubo people are the descendants of the king of Nanliang in the last year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
Chinese inferior people bald hair Li Lu lu lu, because of the loss of the country and the exile to the Tibetan plateau, in order to commemorate their ancestors, they are "bald hair"
for the country's name, and then according to the phonetic similarity of the blackmail changed to the "Tufan "
The Tubo people led a life of nomadic and nomadic activities. Tubo people lived a nomadic life, raising yaks, horses,
pigs and dromedary camels, and some also planted barley and buckwheat. In the seventh century A.D., the abandonment of the Zongzang Zan succeeded as Tubo Zanpu (King of Tubo
Tubo), people also called him Songtsen Gampo, is a valiant leader, he led the army to unify the many tribes on the Tibetan plateau
Plains, the establishment of the Logos City as the center of the strong kingdom, the Logos City, that is, the present-day Lhasa.
Tang Taizong Zhenguan 12 years, Songtsan Gampo rate Tubo army attacked the Tang border town of Songzhou, today's Songpan County, Sichuan Province;
Tang Taizong under the governance of the Tang Dynasty, at this time, is the country rich and strong, and so sent Hou Junji Governor to lead the army crusade. He defeated the Tubo at the bottom of Song
zhou. Songtsen Gampo had to bow down, and the great Tang Dynasty's strength of admiration, he wrote a letter of apology at the same time, but also
special to the Tang court to propose marriage.
Tang Taizong after some consideration, decided to agree to his request, so in the palace cave a good knowledge of poetry and books of the clan
daughter, sealed her for the Princess of Wencheng; Princess of Wencheng was originally Tang Taizong a distant relative of the Li Houwang's daughter, a dignified and plentiful
full of people, since childhood, well read poetry and books, although she is suspicious of the faraway Tubo, but full of novelty of the desire, and thus
Tang Taizong, the Tang court, the Tang court, the Tang court, the Tang court, the Tang court, the Tang court, the Tang court, the Tang court, the Tang court, the Tang court, the Tang court, the Tang court and the Tang court.
And she agreed. After more than two months of preparation, in the 15th year of Zhenguan Lu, a very sizable team of bridegroom, in the Ministry of
Shangshu Jiangxia County King Li Daozong's leadership, escorted Princess Wencheng to the Tubo peace.
The reason why they had to leave in Luzhi was because it was more than a month's journey from Chang'an to Tibet via Longnan and Qinghai,
and along the way, they had to pass through several large and fast-flowing rivers, and it was only in Luzhi that the river's waters calmed down so that it was easy for the procession to pass through. This team,
In addition to carrying a rich dowry, but also with a large number of books, musical instruments, silk and grain seeds; members of the composition in addition to the Princess of Wen
Princess of Cheng accompanied by the maidservant, there are a number of scribes, musicians, and agricultural personnel, almost like a "cultural mission"
and What were these personnel there for? Because at that time, Tushan had already crushed the Tugu Hunn, Yiran became
southwest of the pivotal state; Tang Taizong far-sighted, felt that only to the Tubo to strengthen the enlistment, in order to ensure the stability of Southwest of the Tang
borderlands, and therefore tried every possible means to them from the economic and cultural assistance, so that the Tubo in the subconscious
grateful and follow the Great Tang. Princess Wencheng is in fact shouldering this political mission to harmonize diplomatic relations far married, this send
protective team is also to go to assist her to complete this mission.
After more than a month of the wind and snow of the hard trekking, spring time, Princess Wencheng and his entourage to the Yellow River's
origin of a source of the River, where lush grass, cattle and sheep into flocks, a change of wind and sand along the way to the desolate scene, so that the spirit of the people for
One of the uplift. Along the way is very for the spit with poor terrain and worry about Princess Wencheng this time also relieved, so send the team
here for a few days of short rest.
At this time, Songtsen Gampo personally led a large group of welcoming people also arrived in Heyuan, Songtsen Gampo and his entourage to see the Tang Dynasty envoy
Chen Jiangxia County King Li Daozong bowed his head and performed the son of the wedding ceremony, and he has identified the Great Tang Dynasty as the upper country of the Tubo. Li Daozong invited Princess Wencheng to meet with Songtsen Gampo, the king of the highlands of the Turks and see the golden branch of the Middle Kingdom, suddenly
for her to fall, only to see Princess Wencheng dressed in beautiful dress, dignified, elegant, and primitive and simple Turks and
women can not be said to be the same. And Princess Wencheng saw Songtsen Gampo, although by the plateau of the hot sun and wind molded
dark and rugged, but with his tall and strong body and brow out of the boldness of the gas, look very heroic;
Princess Wencheng heart secretly grateful, they are considered to have married a great husband.
Songtsen Gampo and Princess Wencheng in accordance with the Han Chinese etiquette, held a grand wedding ceremony, the whole of the city of Logos people for their Zangpu
and the wife of the song and dance to celebrate. Songtsen Gampo said happily to his subordinates, "My clan and my father, there has never been a precedent of intermarriage to the upper country, I have got the princess of the Great Tang Dynasty as my wife today, it is really a good fortune, I want to build a gorgeous palace for the princess to show the future
generation."
Soon, a beautiful palace was built, and inside the houses were magnificent and ornate. Pavilion exquisite elegant, but also excavated
The blue rippling pond, planted a variety of beautiful flowers and trees, all the establishment are modeled on the model of the Tang Palace, used to settle
The Princess of Wencheng, in order to comfort her feelings of homesickness. In order to have more with Princess Wencheng *** with the same language, Songtsen Gampo took off
he was used to wearing fur, replaced with Princess Wencheng hand-stitched silk Tang suit for him, but also efforts to Princess Wencheng to learn to speak
Chinese, a couple of foreigners, feelings of rapport, love and respect for each other, began their new life.
According to the traditional custom, the Tubo people every day to ochre-colored soil coated cheeks, said to be able to drive away evil spirits, although the appearance of ten
minute ugly and uncomfortable, but because it is a traditional custom, no one objected to the majority of Tubo people just do as they are told.
Princess Wencheng to the Tubo, carefully understand and speculate on this habit, that this makes no sense, but also impede the health,
is really a despicable habits, so she politely to Songtsen Gampo put forward their own views. Songtsen Gampo listened to feel
that her words are very reasonable, and immediately ordered the abolition of this custom, the beginning of some of the old Tubo very uncomfortable, but slowly
slowly feel to keep their own original face, both convenient and good-looking, everyone will be happy to accept, and they are even
grateful to Princess Wencheng for them to break the stereotypes.
After life settled down, the Han musicians brought by Princess Wencheng began to fulfill their duties, and they played the most popular music in the Tang Palace for Songtsen Gampo and Princess Wencheng very diligently, the music was soothing and beautiful, which made Songtsen Gampo feel as if he had heard the sound of the immortals
He praised the musicians and the music and chose a group of young boys and girls with intelligent qualifications to follow them.
The Han musicians
studied, so that the Han music gradually spread throughout the territory of the Tubo, flowing into the hearts of the Tubo people.
The scribes who came with them also began to work, helping to organize the relevant documents of the Tubo, recording the important conversations between Songtsen Gampo and his ministers
so that the politics of the Tubo came out of primitivism and towards formalization. Songtsen Gampo was so happy that he ordered his ministers
and his noble children to sincerely worship the scribes to learn the Han culture and study the poems and books they brought with them; and then he also
dispatched one batch of noble children after another to travel thousands of miles to Chang'an and enter the country of the Tang Dynasty, to study the poems and books and to bring the Han
culture back to Turfan.
Agricultural technicians do not preach anything, they just first brought from the Central Plains of grain seeds sown on the fertile soil of the plateau,
then carefully irrigated, fertilized, weeded, and waited for the harvest season, the top of the strong crop, amazingly high yield, so that Tu
TuFan people stared in the face; because TuFan people at that time, although they also planted some of the barley, buckwheat, and other crops, but Because of poor management
management, often only planted regardless of, so the yield is extremely low, they had to admire the Han Chinese agronomists superb planting technology.
In Songtsen Gampo and Princess Wencheng's authorization, agricultural technicians began to systematically teach the Tubo people agricultural technology, so that he
they can harvest a large amount of food in the nomadic side. Especially the mulberry silkworm technology to them, the Tubo also
gradually have homemade silk fabrics, glossy and soft, colorful, greatly beautified the Tubo people's lives, so that they are happy
won't be able to harvest, are very grateful to Princess Wencheng into the Tubo to bring them the benefits of the.
Princess Wencheng treated Songtsen Gampo with tenderness, which made the king of the Tubo, who grew up in the barbaric land, y realize
the cultivation and warmth of Han women, and he not only cherished Princess Wencheng, but also tried his best to adopt some of her suggestions.
Princess Wencheng, on the other hand, with her own knowledge and insight, carefully examined the people of Tubo, and then put forward a variety of sensible and reasonable suggestions
to assist her husband to govern this vast area, the people of the country is tough and simple. And Princess Wencheng is not the kind of extremely powerful
nobility desire of the woman, she participated in the rule of the country, but never asked Songtsen Gampo to give themselves a what official position, for the important
great political decision-making in the country of Tubo, she just put forward their own views, and does not interfere, so Songtsen Gampo and the ministers of the very
pleasing to the eyes of her, and often asked her to ask for advice to the Tang Palace of Political system as a reference for their administration, and the majority of the vast majority of the political system, and the political system of the Tang Palace of the Tang Palace of reference for their administration. Their administrative reference, and the general public of the Tubo more regard her
as a god.