This article was originally a preface to Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden, which was written in the second year of Yong Chu, Emperor Wu of the Southern Song Dynasty (42 1). At that time, the author was 57 years old and had lived in seclusion in the countryside for more than ten years. The Peach Blossom Garden mentioned in this article seems to have a practical basis. On the hillside of Taoyuan in the southwest of Taoyuan County, Hunan Province, there is a cave about 100 meters long, which some people think is the Peach Blossom Garden. But the story told in this article is pure fiction.
According to the author's idea, there is a hole between the Peach Blossom Garden and the Peach Blossom Forest, which is extremely narrow and only allows one person to enter and leave. The mouth of the cave is on the mountain, and the foot of the mountain is the birthplace of the stream, and the peach forest with hundreds of steps stops here. Understand this background and read the story, and you will find the clue very clear.
The story is quite legendary and was once included in the category of mystery novels. First of all, the fisherman's journey into Taoyuan is very strange. Fishermen walk along the stream, "forgetting the distance." Why don't they go back and keep walking? What attracted him? Thousands of peach trees are sandwiched between banks, but none of them are miscellaneous. Is this natural or artificial? A hole that only one person can pass through is unfathomable. I don't know what's strange about this, but it's amazing that fishermen dare to go in alone. Followed by Taoyuan middleman. If you are a fairy, why should you eat, live and treat people like ordinary people? If it is looming, why can it be separated from the world, Wan Li? Finally, this "Xanadu" disappeared. After the fisherman came out of the hole, he had "ubiquitous ambition" Why did he find nothing again? It seems that this village is no longer in the world! As for Liu Ziji's "failure", this is an ending intentionally added by the author-with the testimony of this real historical figure, the story becomes more real and unreal and more legendary.
The author of this story was asked to make it up. He lived in a war-torn environment in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty. After middle age, he lived in seclusion in the countryside for a long time, and had a deeper understanding of the reality in the countryside and a personal understanding of the people's wishes, so he conceived his ideal society-Xanadu. In this society, there is no oppression, exploitation and turmoil; Everyone takes part in what they can, the elderly and children live happily, and people are extremely harmonious and friendly. But the author clearly sees that such an ideal society could not be realized under the conditions at that time. Therefore, in this article, he not only showed this ideal social specimen through the fisherman's eyes, but also denied its existence through the fisherman's repeated search-at least not in this real world. If you want to find it, you can only hold it high. That's what the poem "Peach Blossom Spring" said at the end: "I would like to whisper and hold high to find my deed". But this is just a will. Who can do that? From this perspective, it seems that no one "cares" after Liu Ziji, which also expresses the author's helpless regret.
Reading this passage, we should not only see the author's beautiful ideals, but also see his insurmountable ideological contradictions, so as to deeply understand its content and writing.
Second, the problem research
1. The essence of the author's social ideal
Taohuayuan is Tao Yuanming's ideal society. To understand the essence of the author's ideal, we should first look at the original poem, because on some substantive issues, poetry is clearer than memory. For example, "plowing with the fate, taking interest in the day" is a portrayal of the calm life of the primitive farming society "working at sunrise and taking interest in the day"; "Spring silkworms gather silk and autumn silkworms are taxed", which refers to a social system without absolute monarchy, exploitation and oppression; "Children sing songs, children have a good time" is the embodiment of the principle of "providing for the old, being useful, and being good at the young" in the ancient ideal Datong society. To sum up, these descriptions all show the characteristics of primitive farming society. Remember, it is through what fishermen see, from villages, houses, fertile fields, beautiful pools, etc., to show the style of this social life. To the situation of men and women farming and happiness for all ages; Later, through the villagers' "self-cloud", the origin of this society was revealed, and their spiritual outlook was expressed by receiving fishermen. Poetry and memory complement each other and clearly outline the ideal society.
It should be pointed out that the author's social ideal is a criticism of the dark society at that time, which objectively reflects the people's demand to get rid of oppression and exploitation, and has certain positive significance; However, there is a certain degree of retro tendency, which can only be an illusion in class society and cannot be realized.
2. Layers of doubts about writing
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there appeared many novels, poems and literary works with the theme of wandering immortals, such as Cao Zhi's Ode to Luoshen and Guo Pu's Poems on Wandering Immortals, and most of them used wandering immortals as a cover to express the author's sense of injustice and dissatisfaction with reality. Peach Blossom Garden is not the writer's own "wandering fairy", but the fisherman's trip to Peach Blossom Garden is quite similar to "wandering fairy" (a poem says, "But now, spring water is everywhere, peach blossoms are floating, is this the way to find the hidden source?" In Tang's Peach Blossom Garden). In order to write the Peach Blossom Garden into a fairyland, the author adopted the method of setting doubts at different levels. So although the beginning explains the time and place of the story, it does not exactly point out the age and place name; The hero only said that he was a fisherman, and he had no name, so there was no way to find out. Then I wrote about the wonderful scenery of Taolin, which seems to be owned by the world, but it doesn't seem to be in the world. I didn't tell its exact location, because the fisherman had "forgotten the distance of the road." The part about Taolin is even more peculiar. The cave is small and "as if there is light", the road is "extremely narrow" and it can "pass people", which is the scene of "heaven and earth cave" After the fisherman entered Taoyuan, another vivid picture of the world appeared in front of him. However, when the fisherman came out to look for it again, all the signs that had been made were gone, and Taoyuan seemed to be an illusory world with no trace to find. Finally, I wrote a note saying that Liu Ziji, Gao Shi, was "willing to follow the rules", which brought faint hope to curious readers, while Liu Ziji was "unsuccessful" and "died of illness". In this way, the uncertain realm of Taoyuan has really become an "eternal mystery". This way of asking questions at different levels expresses the author's thoughts and feelings of hoping to see an ideal society in reality, and can also stimulate readers' interest.
Practice note
First of all, read and recite the full text, tell the story in your own words, and add your own imagination appropriately.
The topics are as follows: ① Let students recite in class, recite fluently, and roughly describe the author's original intention; ② Develop students' imagination, add some details according to the context and repeat creatively. Be flexible in the way you answer questions. You can read it carefully before reading it again. You can also retell the story first, and then practice reciting after you have a general understanding of the text. In order to activate students' imagination, in the process of getting familiar with the text, teachers can ask some questions about the story, or ask for short answers, or quote without sending them, so that students can think freely or add a few comments.
Second, what kind of social ideal does the author place in this article? Can this ideal become a reality under the conditions at that time? How should we view such an ideal today?
[Hint] Before discussing, we should have a general understanding of the author's life and social conditions at that time, as well as a little common sense of social development history.
The purpose of the topic is to enable students to correctly understand the author's social ideal and cultivate dialectical thinking by combining what they have learned about social development.
This problem can be discussed by students in any form, or by the whole class or group. The previous "problem study" has made a preliminary explanation of the contents involved in this topic, but it is only for teachers' reference. This question is open-ended, and students should be encouraged to express their views and be able to justify themselves instead of having a unified answer.
Thirdly, the language of this paper is concise and rich in meaning. Please complete the following exercises according to the meaning.
1. Fill in the words omitted in brackets.
When () saw the fisherman, he was shocked and asked () what he had done. () Answer it. () You have to () go home and set out wine to kill chickens for dinner.
2. The sentence "What's going on now, whether there are Han people or not, regardless of Wei and Jin Dynasties" can't explain the fisherman's answer. Try to tell how the fisherman answered.
3. What is the content of "so" in the sentence "Yi Taishou, so to speak"?
Tao Yuanming's language is as clear as a clear spring without any impurities. He really deleted all unnecessary words. This language style is worth exploring. What students should pay attention to in the three small questions is that the author's ellipsis methods are different and the students' answers are not enough. It is necessary to do some analysis to make students understand the truth, so as to improve the reading ability of classical Chinese. The following are explained separately:
1. This is an omitted sentence element. On the premise of not hindering understanding, omitting specific references can make the writing concise and smooth. This kind of ellipsis is not only common in classical Chinese, but also in modern written and spoken language, but it appears more frequently in classical Chinese. In the process of analysis, it is best not to use the concepts of "subject", "object" or "agent" and "patient"
The answer is: villager, fisherman (he can be substituted), fisherman, villager, fisherman (he can be substituted).
2. This shows the author's cutting skill. The villagers asked "what is this world" and the fishermen replied "this is gold"; The villagers will ask, "Gold comes after Qin", and the fisherman will answer, "No, Han and Wei come after Qin, and gold comes after Wei." The author does not describe this dialogue process in detail, but concentrates it in the sentence "I don't know why there is Han, no matter Wei and Jin Dynasties" in a general way. This way of ellipsis can best reflect Tao Yuanming's language style.
3. Use reference words to avoid repeating the previous content. "So" refers to the above. The fisherman's purpose in seeing the satrap is to tell him that there is such a "desperate situation" in Wuling County, hoping that he will send someone to find out, so he will definitely tell about his discovery of taoyuan village, the life in the village, and what he marked on his way home.
Fourthly, the meanings of the words added in the following sentences are different from those in modern Chinese. Try to explain.
1. The traffic in the building, dogs and chickens hear each other.
2. Lead your wife to this desperate situation and never come back.
3. I don't know that there are Han people, regardless of Wei and Jin Dynasties.
4. Lack of humanity
The purpose of setting the topic is to remind students to pay attention to the difference between ancient and modern meanings. When reading classical Chinese, you must study the meaning according to the context, and don't look for the meaning in the text. The answer is as follows:
1. Traffic, here refers to the criss-crossing roads extending in all directions. In modern Chinese, "traffic" is the general term for transportation and post and telecommunications.
2. Wife, here refers to wife and children. In modern Chinese, "zi" is a suffix and has no meaning.
Anyway, don't say it, let alone mention it. In modern Chinese, "no matter" is a conjunction expressing conditions.
4. insufficient, not worth it. This meaning is still retained in modern Chinese idioms, such as "not worth mentioning" and "not surprising".
Teaching suggestion
This class will take one and a half hours to teach reading.
Because the story is strong and the language is easy to understand, students will find it interesting to learn and it is not difficult to dredge the meaning of the text. In this case, teachers can create distinctive teaching methods according to their own experience. Here are some suggestions for your reference:
First, about reading teaching.
This article is 309 words, and it takes about 2.5 minutes to read at a medium speed. Assuming that students watch it two or three times before class and seven or eight times in class, they can basically recite it. Coupled with the demonstration reading and recitation by teachers and individual students, the reading time in class will not exceed 35 minutes. This is the basic guarantee to learn this text well, especially in the long run, which must not be ignored.
Reading and speaking can be interspersed. It can be roughly divided into three stages: (1) reading smoothly on the basis of clearing away language barriers, mainly including accurate pronunciation, clear pause, not reading broken sentences, and getting familiar with stories through repeated reading; (2) Make a little analysis of the plot, activate students' thinking in images, imagine the development process of the story in detail, repeat it creatively, and firmly remember all the important sentences in the article, which is a bit "storytelling" to read; (3) Analyze the ideological content of the text and be able to recite the full text skillfully. As far as the general teaching class is concerned, in the higher-level teaching class, there is no harm in memorizing it first and then guiding students to carry out inquiry learning.
Second, about the cultivation of imagination.
Tao Yuanming's articles are light, thick and full of color, which is worth tasting. One way to taste is to use your imagination to explore some details in the story. For example:
1. Is it accidental that the fisherman "meets the peach blossom forest"?
Poets of past dynasties have different explanations for this. Wang Wei, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote: "A fisherman drifts and enjoys the mountains in spring, and the peach trees on both sides take him to an ancient source." According to this statement, the fisherman did not come out to fish that day, but unconsciously came to Taohua Forest to enjoy the scenery. Xie Fangde, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, has a different view. He wrote: "If you don't send flying flowers with the running water, you will be afraid that fishermen will visit." (Peach Blossom in Qingquan Temple) This refers to the fisherman's "walking along the stream". Just downstream of the stream, the peach forest is "full of flowers". Naturally, many flowers fall on the water and flow downstream. After seeing these petals, the fisherman reached the peach forest upstream. Both of these statements are reasonable, and it is not necessary to distinguish right from wrong, but it is no harm to stimulate students' imagination.
2. Why do fishermen dare to enter the cave?
Fishermen see that the peach forest has a wide area ("100 steps along the coast"), which is pure peach tree ("without miscellaneous trees"), which is rare in the world and means "seeking longevity"; At the end of Taolin, I found that "there is a small mouth in the mountain, which seems to have light". He thought it was a sign that "there is a sky beyond the sky" and decided to pursue the light source, hoping to reach the fairyland directly from there.
3. Why do villagers "sigh" after listening to the fisherman's "pronunciation"?
People in Taoyuan Village came to "avoid the chaos of Qin Dynasty", and it has been nearly 600 years since Jin, Taiyuan and Zhongyuan. The article did not mention the specific content of what the fisherman said, but it can be inferred from the villagers' reaction that what he said was the disaster suffered by people outside in the war catastrophe of regime change.
In order to cultivate students' imagination, it is not advisable to ask too many exploratory questions, let alone trivial questions. To leave room for students to develop their imagination, the way is to ask students to retell stories creatively.
related data
I. Reference translation
In the first year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there was a man in Wuling County who made a living by fishing. One day, he rowed along the stream and forgot the distance. Suddenly I met a peach blossom forest, which grew on both sides of the stream and stretched for hundreds of steps. There are no other trees in the middle, but flowers and plants are everywhere, fresh and beautiful, and flowers fall one after another. He was very surprised and walked on, trying to reach the end of the forest.
At the end of Taolin is the birthplace of the stream, and a mountain appears. There is a small hole in the mountain, which seems to be lit. So the fisherman got off the boat and got in through the hole. At first, the hole was very narrow and only one person could pass through it. After a few dozen steps, it suddenly became open and bright. There are flat and wide land, rows of neat houses, fertile fields, beautiful ponds, mulberry trees and bamboo forests. Fields crisscross and extend in all directions, and crows of chickens and dogs can be heard everywhere. People come and go in the fields, farming and working, and men and women wear the same clothes as people outside Taoyuan. Old people and children are very at ease and happy.
Seeing the fisherman, he was very surprised and asked him where he came from. The fisherman replied in detail, (someone) invited him to his home, set wine, kill chickens and cook (entertain him). When people in the village heard that there was such a person, they all came to inquire about the news. They themselves said that their ancestors brought their wives, children and neighbors to this isolated place in order to avoid the war in the Qin Dynasty, and never went out again, thus cutting off contact with outsiders. (They) asked what dynasty it was, even the Han Dynasty didn't know it existed, let alone the Wei and Jin Dynasties. The fisherman told them everything he heard in detail. (Listen), they all sighed. The rest invited the fisherman to their home and took out wine and rice (to entertain him). After staying for a few days, the fisherman said goodbye to the villagers. When he left, the villagers told him: "(We are here) is not worth telling people outside!"
After the fisherman came out, he found his boat, rowed back along the way he came, and marked it everywhere. In the county, I went to visit the satrap and reported this experience. The satrap immediately sent someone to follow him, looking for the mark he had made before, but he got lost and couldn't find the way (to Taoyuan) anymore.
Liu Ziji, a noble hermit from Nanyang, happily planned to go after hearing the news, but it didn't come true. Soon, he died of illness. Since then, no one has explored (Peach Blossom Garden).
Two. Brief introduction of the author
Tao Yuanming (about 365-427) was a great poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. A latent, cheerful, secretly married, Xunyang Chai Sang (now Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province) people. Born in a dilapidated bureaucratic landlord family. He served as Jiangzhou Wine Festival, Zhenjun joined the army and Peng. Dissatisfied with the dark reality that the gentry and landlords were in power at that time, Ren Pengze ordered him to resign and retire in less than three months, and wrote the word "Return to Xi", which was self-evident. From then on, he devoted himself to self-financing until he died of poverty and illness at the age of 63. He is good at poetry and prose, and most of his poems describe natural scenery and his life scenes in the countryside. Among them, excellent novels, poems and literary works imply his hatred and unwillingness to agree with the decadent ruling group, but they also preach negative thoughts such as "impermanence of life" and "happiness and tranquility". Poetry with another theme, such as Ode to Jing Ke, shows his political ambition, and there are many voices of grief and generosity. The most famous prose is Peach Blossom Spring. Tao Yuanming's poems are plain and lively, with simple and natural language and extremely refined. There is Tao Yuanming's collection.
Third, "Peach Blossom Garden Poetry"
Won the chaos of heaven and precepts, and the sage avoided the world. Huang Qi (2) on the good, iraqis also died (3). Immersed in the trace (4), the path (5) is destroyed. I am destined to farm [6], and I will rest from where I am. Mulberry and bamboo are shaded, millet is prepared for art, spring silkworm is harvested, and autumn silkworm is taxed. In the deserted road traffic, chickens and dogs bark at each other. Cow beans are still ancient, and there is no new system for clothes. Children and children sing in a vertical line, and the white ones swim happily. Grass glory knows peace, and wood decay knows strength. Although there is no Ji Lizhi, he is four years old. When you are happy, why bother with wisdom? Strange traces have been hidden for 500 years and once opened the sacred world. Pure and thin are different sources [13], and the rotation is also deep [14]. Excuse me, traveler, how to measure the hubbub? I would like to whisper, hands in the air is looking for my action.
(Note) (1) The whole sentence means that the Qin Dynasty was cruel and heartless, which led to war and the sages fled to the world. Won, refers to the Qin dynasty. The secret refers to a reasonable social order. 2 yellow, people. Qi, Qi Li Ji. At the end of Qin Dynasty and the beginning of Han Dynasty, two of the "four noble" high fitness. The whole sentence means that the people in Taoyuan died at this time. Yiren refers to Taoyuan people. Cloud, auxiliary words, nonsense. (4) The whole sentence means that people in Taoyuan are gradually disappearing into the mountains. Traces, footprints, and "roads". 5. the route of coming, the route of coming, refers to the same as "going to the trace", but the angle is different. The whole sentence means that people in Taoyuan encourage each other and devote themselves to farming. Do your best. (7) Have a rest. It is exactly the meaning of these two sentences, raising silkworms in spring and giving silk to yourself; When the crops are ripe in autumn, there is no need to pay the rent. Nothing, nothing (9) The whole sentence means to sacrifice according to the ancient system. Cowpea, an ancient ritual vessel. ⑽ Sightseeing and playing. ⑾ Ji Lizhi, recorded at the age of. ⑿ These two sentences mean that during the 500 years from the end of Qin Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, the strange traces of people in Taoyuan disappeared, but they were discovered by fishermen on this day. About 500 years. Open, open. Divine world, fairyland. [13] This sentence means that the honest custom in Taoyuan is different from that in the world. [14] This sentence means that soon after the fisherman left, it disappeared again, referring to the "lost, lost road" in memory. ⒂ Travelling alchemists and travellers refer to secular people. This sentence means that people in the secular world can't perceive things outside the world. Noise refers to the world. ⒄ words, auxiliary words and nonsense. ⒅ Agreement refers to people with similar interests.
Fourthly, Yuan Hongdao and Yuan Zhongdao, writers of Ming Dynasty, described the Peach Blossom Garden.
(1) The river looks at Luoluo Mountain. If it is cut, it will be dark and green, and doubts will be suppressed. Since then, the mountains have jumped and reflected the river. The water is light green and bottomed out. To Baima River, the mountain is beneficial to the clip, the water is beneficial to the beam, the clouds are surging on the stone, and the river is foaming, which is the day of wave light. Shannan is a place to avoid Qin. Take a hundred steps up Taohuaxi, exit from the back ridge, cross the underpass and reach the top of Xuanwu Palace. ..... Out, see the road, yan has a different state, for it. After several folds, you get the peach blossom view, which enters from the left armpit and the bamboo road is secluded. ..... Looking around, layers of peaks are lightly painted. Look ahead, the car is full of dust and there is no rest. Go south when you break the road and enter the Peach Blossom Cave. There is nothing, but the stone steps are hundreds of steps, and it is impossible if someone is there. ……
(Excerpted from Yuan Hongdao's Peach Blossom Garden)
② Go to Taoyuan County tomorrow and go to the foot of Lvluo Mountain. The peaks are numerous and extremely thin. When we arrived at the white horse covered with snow, there were rocks on the mountain, and everyone was sitting on the boat. Stop at Shuixi, step into the Peach Blossom Garden with others and arrive at the Peach Blossom Cave. There are more than 1000 peaches, the streets are full of brocade, the stamens are more than one inch, and the springs are full of water. Tracing back to the source, stones are like springs and spiritual walls. ……