Economic globalization, after adjustment, has continued to develop in depth with unprecedented speed and scale, and global economic dependence has been on the rise. The globalized reconfiguration of global capital and factors of production technology has brought about significant and profound changes in the global political and economic landscape. The current international economic situation is characterized by seven features.
(1) The world economy is growing rapidly, and the economic development of the United States, the eurozone countries, Japan and other developed countries has made it possible for the world economy to continue to maintain a relatively high growth rate, while the economies of developing countries have been driven by each other and developed in a gradual manner.
The world economy will still maintain a growth rate of nearly 4% in 2007. The U.S. economy has been declining steadily, and in 2006, U.S. exports were overtaken by Germany, and information technology indicators were not as good as those of Northern Europe. The subprime mortgage crisis has caused the U.S. economic advantage to be eroded and disintegrated, and its negative impact is still expanding. The major Western countries are facing the strongest external competition since industrialization. Eurasia has become the main stage of the world economy. According to World Bank statistics, the Eurasian continent now accounts for 62 per cent of the world's total economic output, and its accumulated wealth is double that of the United States, with the gross domestic product (GDP) of the countries of the "new Europe" nearly doubling in 2006 compared with 2003. At the same time, the economies of the developing countries, which account for 80 per cent of the world's population, have entered a period of rapid growth, and their position in international trade, investment and the international division of labour has been strengthened, with a further increase in their influence on the world economy, which has changed the pattern of growth of the world economy. The total economic output of developing countries accounted for about 20% of the global total, and their contribution to world economic growth rose to 30%.
(2) With the development and promotion of financial innovation, especially financial derivatives, and the increase in the degree of financial integration, the global financial industry has experienced "explosive growth".
The disorderly flow of huge amounts of international capital and speculation not only causes great damage to the economies of developing countries, but also makes it difficult for developed countries to survive. According to the latest report of the U.S. McKinsey & Company, the total core assets of the global financial industry have reached 140 trillion U.S. dollars. The capital market has further become the mainstay of the global financial market. The share of bank assets in total global financial assets fell from 42 per cent in 1980 to 27 per cent in 2005, and financial assets are further concentrated in developed countries. The share of financial assets in the gross national product (GNP) of developed countries has now jumped to an average of 330 per cent. The trend of "financialization of the economy" has, on the one hand, facilitated the efficient allocation of global resources and, on the other hand, increased the instability, speculation and risk of the global economy.
(3) The liquidity of international capital market and labor market has been enhanced, and the global flow of factors of production has formed a global market.
The international capital market has become more mature and the forms of capital flows are increasing. The global labor market is becoming increasingly integrated. According to the International Labor Organization, in the next 10 years, 700 million people in developing countries will enter the global labor market. The formation of the global industrial chain and the rational and irrational parts of resource allocation are further revealed, and the unbalanced global growth pattern is shaping the new global economic pattern. From a general perspective, the process of liberalization of international trade, investment and financial markets has led to the "optimal allocation" of production factor flows on a global scale. On a country-by-country basis, there is a serious imbalance in the distribution of the benefits and social costs of globalization, with the gap between the poor and the rich widening and the polarization of losers and winners intensifying. Returns to capital have reached record highs, while returns to labor have become increasingly low, leading to inequality among countries. Developed countries dominate the current system of international trade, investment, finance and the international division of labor, while developing countries account for three quarters of the world's population and only a quarter of its total economic output, and black Africa will not be able to successfully lift itself out of poverty until at least 2047. In the northern camp, the United States, Europe and Japan are the three pillars of the international economy, but because the United States pursues economic unilateralism and attempts to monopolize international economic decision-making, friction between the three sides' economic interests occurs from time to time. In the Southern camp, the gap in the level of economic development has widened, and the basic demands and interest concerns on economic development issues have diverged significantly, with the phenomenon of pluralism evident and South-South cooperation showing a high degree of complexity.
(d) Emerging market economies are becoming more and more concrete, accelerating their integration into the global economic system and injecting new vitality into economic globalization.
A large number of emerging developing countries are maturing their market economy systems, the economies of East Asia, Latin America and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) have been speeding up comprehensively, and the economies of Africa and the Middle East have begun to take off; the domestic capital markets of these countries have been developing rapidly, and their reliance on foreign capital has declined markedly, and their sense of protection and utilization of their own energy and resources has been strengthened, and a number of export-oriented developing countries have gradually realized the structure of their trade. Diversification. "Emerging developing countries such as the BRICs and the New Diamond 11 continue to lead the economic growth of developing countries, becoming the most powerful economic growth point in the future and contributing to the development of globalization. In terms of exchange rate, the GDP of India, Russia and Brazil exceeded the US$1 trillion mark this year, making them among the top 12 economies in the world, and from 2001 to 2007, China, Russia and India jumped an average of four places in the global rankings of GDP, exports, investment, foreign exchange reserves and stock market capitalization. Asian countries' exports to the United States as a proportion of their total exports has been reduced from 25.5 percent in 1993 to 16.5 percent at present.
It is worth noting that the attractiveness of developing countries to international capital has continued to grow. The rapid growth of mutual investment among developing countries, mainly in intra-Asia and Asian investment in Africa. At present, the world's foreign exchange reserves totaled up to 5.4 trillion U.S. dollars, most of which are in the hands of developing countries. Recently, developing countries began to part of the foreign exchange reserves to "sovereign wealth fund" in the form of foreign investment, the amount may be as high as 1.5 trillion U.S. dollars, the main direction of investment is the developed countries of the securities market and cross-border mergers and acquisitions, the relevant movements will have an important impact on the international capital markets.
(E) the North and South countries related to the development model of the convergence and intersection of the increase in multilateral coordination in the economic field is becoming a trend, the accelerated rise of emerging powers, economic power to accelerate the "multi-polarization".
In the context of economic globalization, developed countries and developing countries are taking advantage of each other, and North-South relations are complicated and intertwined. Russia's rapid revival and India's accelerated revitalization, breaking the post-cold war situation of China's dominance, the initial formation of the first echelon of the rise of emerging powers. A number of developing countries to enter or approach the ranks of economic sub-power, to maintain the stability of the world economic system and trade liberalization needs continue to increase, and developed countries *** with the interests of the two sides have increased interdependence has been deepened, in the economic, financial and other areas of dialogue and cooperation in the importance and urgency of the growing. "The G8+5 has become an important high-end platform for North-South dialogue, and the G20, which covers the world's most developed and developing countries and has strong North-South representation, has in recent years played an important role in coordinating the efforts of developing and developed countries in addressing the financial crisis, promoting the development of the economy, and promoting the development of the economy. In recent years, the G20 has played an active role in coordinating the positions of developing and developed countries in responding to the financial crisis and promoting the stable development of the world economy and finance. Canada's initiative to set up a "Global Summit Forum" within the framework of the G20 further reflects the trend of the international community to strengthen multilateral dialog and coordination.
(6) Various regional or bilateral free trade arrangements are developing rapidly, international trade and cross-border investment are becoming more active, negotiations on free trade zones are on the rise, and it has become fashionable to form economic alliances between emerging powers and traditional big powers in the form of free trade agreements.
Regional economic cooperation is not only the inevitable product of the trend of the times, but also a reasonable choice for the countries concerned to mitigate the disorderly impact of economic globalization based on regional development. The trend of regional economic cooperation and regional blocs goes hand in hand with the development of economic globalization. This generally benign economic and trade interaction promotes politically benign development, and the likelihood of major countries restarting war is almost nil. Regional cooperation, with developing countries as the mainstay, has flourished in East Asia, Latin America, Africa and other regions. Regional cooperation among some developing countries has gained momentum and has become an important link in the cooperation network among different regions. Brazil, India and South Africa have established a trilateral cooperation framework, and the economic ties between Asia and Africa, Asia and Latin America, and Latin America and the Middle East have become increasingly close. All countries are trying to speed up the construction of regional groups through the mode of strong combination and complementary strengths and weaknesses to achieve the optimal allocation of markets and resources, and seek to occupy a dominant position in the new world economic pattern. The United States to promote the establishment of the "Free Trade Area of the Americas", the European Union to take advantage of the opportunity to accelerate the expansion of the region's financial and services integration process, the two major economic organizations in Latin America, the South *** with the market and the Andean *** with the same body to speed up the free trade negotiations, the East Asia 10 + 3 and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as the two pillars of the mechanism for the deepening of the development of Asia. In the future, international economic relations will gradually shift from the competition and rivalry between countries to the competition between regional economic blocs, and the struggle and coordination around global economic and trade policies and financial systems will mainly be carried out between economic blocs.
(vii) International energy and resource prices have risen sharply, the pace of adjustment of the international energy pattern has accelerated, and the competition for energy and other strategic resources has become the greatest uncertainty affecting international economic relations.
Some large resource countries, especially those rich in oil and gas resources, have seized the opportunity of rising prices of resource products, not only to obtain huge gains from them, but also to enhance their status and influence in the international economic system. In recent years, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Venezuela and the United Arab Emirates have moved up an average of three places in the ranking of global GDP and GDP per capita. A number of oil-producing countries have strengthened their control over domestic oil resources and reduced the hold of developed countries over their oil resources. Oil-producing countries such as Iran and Venezuela have taken energy as a major bargaining chip in the international struggle and have openly "challenged" the United States. The United States currently controls nearly 70% of the world's oil resources in Central Asia, the Middle East, West Africa and North America. The global energy strategy pattern is obviously tilted towards the United States, but in the world energy market pattern, Russia's influence is significant, and the strategic influence of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries should not be underestimated. Japan is trying to stabilize its traditional sources of oil and is actively expanding new channels. The European Union and other countries are actively increasing their strategic oil reserves and seeking energy cooperation. As the world economy recovers and prospers, all parties' dependence on energy will increase day by day. Around the oil and gas resources, transportation pipelines and market prices, the United States, Europe, Japan and other major countries will also start a fierce international energy competition. At the same time, with the rapid growth of energy demand in emerging developing countries and the pursuit of energy security, the rapid development and growth of related energy companies, breaking the monopoly of developed countries in the international energy industry
A sign of recovery of the world economy
Recently, with the world's major economies showing varying degrees of economic recovery, the most serious since the Second World War, the world economic recession is beginning to show signs of ending. The end of the world economic recession is beginning to show signs. From the statistical data, in the second quarter of 2009, Germany, France and Japan have resumed positive economic growth, the United States and the United Kingdom's economic downturn has slowed down significantly (see Table 1). Among them, the United States real estate sales rose continuously, the second quarter of private sector investment and real goods and services exports of the size of the decline has narrowed significantly, net exports and investment has made a positive contribution to GDP. Germany in August 2009, the service sector confidence index hit the highest since January 2006, investor confidence index also hit the best in more than three years. Japan's second-quarter GDP growth of 0-9% on a year-on-year basis, the annualized rate of growth of 3-7%, for the first time in five quarters of positive growth, the fastest growth in the developed world. In addition, Japan's purchasing managers' index, business environment index and consumer confidence index have stopped falling. In terms of capital markets, since March 2009, the major developed countries in the second quarter GDP growth of 6-1%. Brazil's strongest rebound in the second quarter since 2003, GDP growth of 6%; while the second quarter of the record economic contraction of 10-9% of the Russian economy, the manufacturing sector in August also appeared to stop the signal of recovery. In the face of the gradual improvement of the economy and financial markets continue to improve the situation, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the Asian Development Bank and other institutions have recently adjusted the previous pessimistic forecasts for the world's economic growth, and even the Nordic Joint Stock Bank of the economic forecast report also believes that the global economic recession has ended, the world economy will begin to recover. The dignitaries of major countries have also expressed optimistic expectations for future economic growth.IMF's latest World Economic Outlook, released on October 1, 2009, predicts that the world economy will shrink by 1-1% in 2009 (see Table 2), which is lower than the previous forecasts, and that the global economy will rebound to 3-1% in 2010, which is a significant improvement from the 2-5% forecast in July.
The vulnerability of the world economic recovery
Despite the obvious signs of recovery in the world economy, a significant rebound in trade in major countries has yet to materialize. On the one hand, this shows that, despite the economic recovery of the developed economies, but subject to the limitations of the policy-led recovery, the financial market confidence repair will take time, the high unemployment rate on the demand for the obstacles to the restoration of the ever-increasing government budget deficits to the refinancing of the difficulties brought about by the new round of economic recovery in the inflationary pressures and the difficulty of the industrial structure, the global economy, even if the recovery, future growth will also be slow. The IMF expects that the global economic growth rate in 2010-2014 will be only slightly higher than 4-7%, lower than the average level of the pre-crisis years.
(I) Limitations of policy-based recovery
In the face of the worst recession since the Second World War, most governments of major developed countries have adopted fiscal stimulus, and the effect is obvious. This reliance on government policy instruments to save the crisis, or to stimulate future recovery is characterized by a clear policy-based recovery. The consequence of policy-based recovery is that it is difficult to grasp the timing of the government to get out of the business and market dependence on government policy, in the long run, market distortion, the market order is more difficult to restore. And how the government, how to exit the market has become the future direction of the economy an important factor. Government involvement in deepening, too late to exit, may lead to hyperinflation; government premature exit, the implementation of the previous stimulus program discounts, and will affect the economic recovery. How to promote economic recovery and curb hyperinflation to strike a balance, which means that the government's effective exit will become an important factor in future economic recovery. At present, the major economies on whether to continue to give support to the market for the time being to reach **** knowledge, but does not mean that there is no contradiction in the future, or the possibility of a party to withdraw alone.
(ii) the complexity of repairing the financial sector
The current recession stems from the financial crisis, so the financial sector has been hit the hardest, firstly, the bubble burst, the wealth reduction; secondly, the deleveraging of the financial sector, the relative reduction of funds, the future repair is very difficult, and will take time; thirdly, the financial sector insolvency, the decline in profits, the downward trend of investment and employment has not yet been reversed. Even taking into account the fact that some financial institutions have begun to repay the Government's bailout funds, the "healing process" of financial institutions will take time. Therefore, the main source of funds to stimulate the economy at present still comes from the Government's expansion of expenditure, and the financial sector's reluctance to lend remains serious and is likely to continue for a certain period of time. At present, trade financing difficulties have become one of the obstacles to inhibit trade growth.
(C) Difficulty in solving high unemployment
The financial crisis has cast a huge shadow over the employment situation in various countries, and the global employment situation has been deteriorating since 2009 (see Table 7), since the number of unemployed people rose rapidly in 2008. Lessons from previous financial crises show that it usually takes another four to five years for the unemployment rate to gradually return to pre-crisis levels after the economy has begun to recover. The United Nations report predicts that the number of unemployed people in the world in 2009-2010 will reach 50 million. Unemployment rates in developed economies will be higher than 10 per cent by 2010. Given that the global international economic situation will only begin to improve in 2010 at best, the unemployment situation resulting from the financial crisis is likely to be alleviated only if most countries achieve accelerated economic growth in the period 2011-2015. The International Labor Organization expects that it will take an estimated four to five years for employment to return to pre-crisis levels. This implies that the world may be in for an employment and social protection crisis lasting six to eight years. If large-scale job growth cannot be restored, real growth in consumption will only be an aspiration, and the impetus for economic growth will be clearly constrained.
(D) the government refinancing the arduousness
Since the outbreak of the financial crisis, in order to make the economy as soon as possible out of the recession to resume growth, the major countries have introduced a series of rescue programs, including increasing the intensity of the government's financial arrangements, which led to a rapid increase in government spending, fiscal deficits soaring. According to the U.S. government's projections, the next 10 years, the U.S. government's fiscal deficit will reach a total size of 7-1 trillion U.S. dollars. In the next few years, the euro zone and the European Union government debt to GDP ratio will rise from 69-3% and 61-5% in 2008 to 77-7% and 72-6% respectively, far exceeding the 60% ceiling. Japan's national debt is already among the highest in the developed world, and its fiscal position is expected to deteriorate further in the next few years as a result of reduced tax revenues from the economic crisis and large-scale fiscal stimulus measures. It will be quite difficult to continue financing.
(E) a new round of global inflation in the long term
After the outbreak of the financial crisis, the central banks of various countries to implement loose monetary policy, printing money, relaxing credit. This undoubtedly for a new round of inflation to lay the root of the trouble. The Federal Reserve has released and committed 12 trillion dollars to save the financial system, accounting for about 83% of U.S. GDP. This large amount of money supply if not timely exit, will trigger hyperinflation. On the other hand, the long-term low interest rate policy to stimulate the economy, undoubtedly make the liquidity flood, but also for a new round of global inflation to lay the foundation. As predicted by a large number of research organizations, the world economy will experience a short-term decline in growth and a rise in inflation. However, this fall in growth and inflation is not a temporary short-term performance but a very deep cyclical adjustment. 2009 after the world economy is likely to be characterized by the core of the slow recovery of economic growth and the beginning of the rise of inflation.
Third, the severity of international trade competition
Given the pace of economic recovery will not be too fast, the growth of import demand will not be very obvious. At the same time, at present, not only emerging markets hope to resume exports as soon as possible to ensure that their economic growth, developed economies are also trying to use to increase exports to external markets, expanding or maintaining the situation of economic recovery, therefore, the current international trade environment is more severe than in the past, the market competition is more intense. Whether it is developed economies, or emerging markets and developing countries, whether it is a trade deficit countries, or traditional trade surplus countries, are still hoping to trade as a breakthrough in economic growth.
Source: Customs statistics of various countries warmed the momentum, but the decline remains in double digits.
The WTO expects that global trade in 2009 (after excluding the impact of prices and exchange rates) will shrink by 10%, of which the developed countries decreased by 14%, developing countries decreased by 7%.
The IMF expects that world trade in 2009 will decline by 11-9%, of which the developed countries' real imports and exports will decline by 13-7% and 7%, respectively. The IMF expects world trade to decline by 11-9% in 2009, of which, real imports and exports of developed countries will decline by 13-7% and 13-6% respectively, and emerging markets and developing countries will decline by 9-5% and 7-2% respectively. 2010 will see a resumption of growth, both in imports and exports, both in developed countries and emerging markets and developing countries.
Four, trade protectionism is the biggest scourge
It is worth paying attention to, and the U.S. economy in the 1990s IT revolution and the early 21st century real estate boom led by the faster out of recession quickly rebound aspirations, the current Obama administration also put forward new energy, environmental protection and other emerging industries to drive the proposition of a new round of economic growth. At present, many countries have begun to pay attention to the development of green economy, low-carbon economy, prioritize the development of new energy and environmental protection industry, it seems that the new energy as a life-saving straw. But research and reality show that the new energy technology, is still in the development stage, the emerging industry completely towards marketization is still far away. In the "growth" is still the theme of the current world economy under the pressure of national policies are still basically a quick-win type, and did not thoroughly establish a new economic growth model of determination and action. At present, the most visible policy effect of the first task is to seize the opportunity of recovery, expand exports, sell things to others. When every country is like the law, just want to sell things, and when the new market demand is still limited, slow and very fragile economic recovery, to protect their own market has become instinctive, the recent emergence of all kinds of protectionist tactics, all show that the rampant trade protectionism.
Fifth, China's challenge is still serious
China as a continuous surplus countries, since 2009, export trade has also faced unprecedented challenges. This is the largest drop in foreign trade that China has not experienced in many years. At the same time, although the world economy shows signs of recovery, but the United States, mainly developed market consumption is still shrinking, the savings rate is still rising, showing that the consumer sector "deleveraging" is still continuing, which means that China's export momentum is limited. More importantly, the recovery of the global economy will make liquidity more active, excess liquidity will push up international commodity prices, which will not only make China's terms of trade deteriorate, but also increase the cost pressure on the domestic manufacturing industry. IMF data show that since 2009, developed countries' terms of trade in the improvement of terms of trade, while developing countries and emerging markets terms of trade gradually deteriorated.
Currently, the world economy is in the upswing of a new economic cycle. In the next 5 to 10 years, the world economy will develop faster than in the 1980s to 1990s. The successive rise of China, India, Russia and Brazil and other developing countries will accelerate the adjustment of international economic relations and the evolution of the pattern, the trend of multi-polarization will become increasingly obvious. The U.S. economy's "twin deficits" have caused an imbalance in the world's economic development. The depreciation of the dollar, soaring oil prices, so that the global economic risk increases, but the overall trend of the world economy is still good.
Last year, the world economy grew 5%, the best in nearly 30 years. This year, global output growth will slow due to the weakening of the eurozone and Japanese economies. The US economy remains the engine of the world economy. International institutions and economists generally believe that the U.S. economy will continue to expand steadily. Although the impact of high oil prices, and facing fiscal and trade "double deficit", but the U.S. economy is endogenous strong, the growth momentum will not change. The reasons are: 1. strong recovery in business investment, consumer spending continues to grow. 2. low interest rates, although the end of the era, but the macro-environment is still loose. 3. the "new economy" although the lack of new momentum, but the vitality of the re-emergence. In addition, the Bush administration's continued tax cuts, the weak dollar and oil prices moderately down, etc., are conducive to the continued expansion of the U.S. economy. Japan's economic recovery from the unexpected recession is struggling. Last year, international institutions are generally optimistic about the Japanese economy. In the first half of this year, the Japanese economy will be in a state of cessation, the second half of the year may resume growth. However, Japan's economic recovery depends not on domestic demand but foreign trade. Because, at present, only rely on domestic demand is still difficult to support Japan's economic recovery. It can be seen that the current Japanese economic foundation is still fragile. First, the soaring oil prices on the economy began to show; second, domestic demand is still not strong; third, economic development is heavily dependent on exports. The eurozone economy is growing slowly, but the recovery momentum can still be maintained. The eurozone economy in two consecutive years after the downturn, last year's growth of 2%, although lower than the IMF estimates of 2.2%, but is still the best in the past four years, the euro's passive continued to appreciate. The high price of oil is difficult to come down, began to affect the eurozone economic recovery Asian economic growth peaked and fell back, but is still the world's fastest region. The region's basic macroeconomic stability, the effect of intra-regional cooperation, mutual benefit **** win pattern is taking shape, the development trend is: East Asia will continue to grow faster, the "Four Little Dragons" is a moderate expansion; Southeast Asia's economy will be a steady recovery, Vietnam and Thailand to become a leader; South Asia's economic growth momentum is not weak, India has become the regional leader; Central Asia's economy is resilient to high growth, but the risk of resource-based economies will increase. In the coming years, Asia will maintain high growth in the global economy, remains the growth center of the world economy. Developing countries' economies will enter a period of stable growth. International organizations are generally optimistic about the medium- and long-term prospects for the economies of developing countries. At present, developing countries have unprecedented good development opportunities: 1. macroeconomic environment generally improved. 2. international raw material prices continue to rise. 3. South-South economic and trade cooperation has been strengthened significantly. Asia and Latin America, Asia and Africa, Asia, Africa, Latin America, regional cooperation to speed up the pace, driven by developing countries, pan-regional, regional and bilateral cooperation flourished.4. China, India, Russia, Brazil and South Africa and other large developing countries, accelerated economic development, in the regional economy plays an unprecedented demonstration effect and leadership.The current world economic situation and its impact on China
1, the world economy to maintain growth, China's foreign trade market space is still large. 2, the world economic development imbalance in my processing trade has a significant impact on the general trade to maintain a high growth rate. 3, the high unemployment rate in major economies, the general trade. 3, high unemployment in major economies has exacerbated the risk of friction in the world economy, Europe and the United States and other countries on my trade friction initiated by the unemployed sector. 4, high oil prices exacerbated the cost of imports in our country, which may lead to cost-driven inflation. 5, in line with the world's FDI tide, adjusting the focus of the policy of attracting investment. Shift the focus to the targeted development of some of the service sector, giving priority to the development of services for the production of services trade as well as focusing on the development of export-oriented services such as transportation and commercial distribution services related to trade in goods.There are five prominent problems in the current economic operation
--There are still more constraints to further increase grain production and farmers' income. There is limited room for the purchase price of grain to continue to rise. Fertilizer and other agricultural prices remain high. Floods are on the heavy side.
--Fixed asset investment in new projects is still more, the investment structure is still unreasonable. Investment growth in some places is still too fast as the institutional reasons for investment expansion have not been fundamentally eliminated.
--Industrial enterprise profit growth has fallen. Industry benefits have been significantly differentiated, coal, oil mining, black and non-ferrous metals and other extractive industries, profits grew faster, building materials, oil processing, transportation equipment, chemical fiber industry profits fell more.
- The overall situation of coal, electricity, oil and transportation is still tight. As the growth mode has not fundamentally changed, low resource utilization rate, serious waste, energy, resource constraints remain prominent contradictions.-- Production safety situation is still relatively serious. The phenomenon of illegal production against the wind still exists, and serious accidents are frequent, with road traffic and hazardous chemicals accidents occurring more often.
Energy saving is the fundamental way to solve China's energy problems
China's large population, energy resources are relatively insufficient, per capita ownership is far below the world average, coal, oil, natural gas per capita remaining recoverable reserves were only 58.6% of the world average, 7.69% and 7.05%. At present, China is in an important stage of accelerated industrialization and urbanization, with a high intensity of consumption of energy resources, an expanding scale of consumption, and an increasingly prominent contradiction between energy supply and demand. In the future, with the further expansion of the economy, energy demand will continue to increase faster.
Therefore, energy is China's current and future for a long period of time, restricting the economic and social development of the outstanding bottleneck, directly related to the construction of a moderately prosperous society in all aspects of the goal can be successfully achieved. Energy saving is the essence of the scientific concept of development. Our country is rich in coal and poor in oil. In the alternative oil fossil resources, coal in the near and medium term can meet the need to match the shortfall of millions of tons of oil products, that is, through the coal liquefaction of synthetic oil to achieve the basic self-sufficiency of China's oil products, is one of the most realistic and feasible way. Coal can be converted into gasoline and diesel oil by direct or indirect liquefaction. Direct coal liquefaction is characterized by harsh operating conditions and strong dependence on coal type. Indirect coal liquefaction is to make synthesis gas from coal through gasification first, and the synthesis gas is then converted into diesel oil through catalytic synthesis. Coal indirect liquefaction has mild operating conditions and is almost independent of coal type. Nuclear fission is a viable and reliable solution to the energy shortage problem in the next hundred years, as the use of nuclear fission energy is becoming more and more widespread and the related technology is improving. The construction, operation and maintenance of nuclear fission power plants and the mining of nuclear materials and nuclear waste disposal will form a huge industrial chain in the next hundred years. The utilization of nuclear fission energy is constrained by the limited reserves of nuclear materials on Earth and the difficulty and danger of human disposal of nuclear waste. The utilization of nuclear fusion energy may be one of the most important ways for mankind to finally solve the energy problem. Sunlight is the energy released by hydrogen fusion in the sun. The main raw material for nuclear fusion is the inexhaustible deuterium contained in the vast ocean water, the product of which is the noble gas helium, so there is no shortage of raw materials for nuclear fusion, nor is there any problem of nuclear waste or nuclear leakage and other pollution problems.The international environment is complex and volatile. The current international environment is complex and volatile, peace and development is the mainstream, but factors affecting peace and development still exist, such as: power politics, hegemony, terrorism, regional conflicts, proliferation of nuclear weapons, natural disasters, transnational crime, disease, smuggling and drug trafficking. Therefore, international cooperation should be strengthened.
Making a judgment on the current international situation and entertaining good relations with the big powers are of great significance to China's diplomacy. At present, the comprehensive national power competition between countries is becoming more and more intense, the relationship between countries showing cooperation and competition, dependence and constraints. The overall stability of the international situation provides opportunities for our country's development, but hegemony and power politics still exist, and our country still faces serious challenges.? China has to deal with its relations with the big powers, especially with the United States, Russia, the European Union and Japan. The U.S. has suffered a setback in its unilateralist policy and is actively seeking international cooperation, but the U.S. strategy of world domination has not changed. On the one hand, our country should expand cooperation and increase the positive factors in the diplomacy of the two countries; on the other hand, we should adhere to principles and safeguard our interests.? NATO's continuous eastward expansion has seriously affected Russia's expansion in Europe, and Russia has set its sights more on Asia. At the same time Russia has rich natural resources, in the energy supply and border issues are important to our country.?
The European Union is actively strengthening strategic cooperation with the United States, strengthening the dialogue with China, and seeking collaboration with China on the issue of great powers, while also seeing the huge market brought about by the rapid development of our economy. As Japan is unable to face the history issue correctly, it is also actively expanding and establishing its status as a great power, and actively cooperating with the United States to hold China at bay. Sino-Japanese antagonism is more obvious, deal with Sino-Japanese relations is never an easy thing, but the long-term rigidity of Sino-Japanese relations will not be conducive to the development of our country. At the same time, to deal with the relationship with neighboring countries, for China's economic development and social progress to create a more favorable external environment.