People are confused about the word "Le Sipes", but some people understand its meaning.
It turned out that Nasser had agreed with Eunice, the Egyptian official in charge of receiving the canal company, that as long as the name of the French colonist Le Sipes was mentioned in his speech, the relevant personnel in the canal area would take over. Eunice made arrangements in advance, so that officials of the Canal Company were caught off guard when they heard the signal. In his speech, Nasser was worried that eunice might miss Le Sipes, so he repeated 10 times. In fact, when eunice first heard the broadcast "Le Sipes", he stopped listening to the speech and took over.
Nasser was elected president by the National Assembly in June 1956, and then was elected president of Egypt with 99% of the votes in the referendum in July 17, reaching the peak of power.
On July 20th, Nasser made up his mind to nationalize the Suez Canal Company and build the dam with the canal navigation fee.
Egypt nationalized the canal, and Britain and France were the hardest hit areas, and the reaction was the strongest. More than half of Britain's oil imports pass through the Suez Canal, and Britain's oil reserves at this time can only last for a few weeks.
On the morning of July 27th, British Prime Minister Eden said in the House of Commons that Britain was determined to defend its interests in this region by force alone when necessary, which was widely supported by opposition parties and public opinion. France reacted more strongly to the news than Britain. On the 28th, the French National Assembly passed a resolution to support the government's tough policy towards Egypt. The National Assembly adjourned for 30 minutes 10, calling for "strong action against Egypt" and questioning whether the government was brave in words, but actually gave up. The newspaper shouted, "It's been four days since the canal was nationalized, and we haven't entered Egypt yet!" "
However, because the military and economic strength of Britain and France has not fully recovered after World War II, they are unable to take military action against Egypt immediately, so they can only exert diplomatic and economic pressure on Egypt first, and instruct their merchant ships to refuse to pay navigation fees to Egypt when passing through the canal. Both Britain and France need the support of the United States and the strategic cover of the US Navy's Sixth Fleet, and strive to act in concert. On July 27th, Aidan suggested that the three countries immediately hold "high-level talks" in London or Washington.
The United States is both happy and worried about the nationalization of Suez Canal Company. I am glad that I finally have a good opportunity to fish in troubled waters, replacing Britain and France; The worry is that if the United States is dragged into the war, it will hurt its oil interests in the Middle East, and Nasser's unilateral nationalization order may affect the Panama Canal. Based on this mentality, the State Council issued a statement that the United States will not cooperate with Britain and France in economic sanctions and payment of canal navigation fees.
Dulles arrived in London on August 1. He was warmly welcomed on his way to Downing Street to meet Aidan, because the British thought that the United States would help Britain use force against Nasser.
But in fact, because Eisenhower was facing the general election, he was considering how to make peace and be re-elected as president, and he didn't want to be dragged into the war by Britain and France, so he instructed Dulles not to get into trouble with Britain and France and avoid military intervention.
Finally, Britain, France and the United States agreed to hold talks temporarily and issued a joint communique on the evening of August 2, claiming that the Suez Canal was an international waterway.
On September 3rd, a five-nation delegation headed by Australian Prime Minister menzies arrived in Egypt and handed over the 18 London Conference Declaration to Nasser. On the 9th, Nasser explicitly rejected the international control proposed in the declaration of the London Conference, and the menzies mission failed.
While the menzies delegation was still negotiating in Egypt, Dulles put forward a new idea, that is, to establish an international association for the utilization of nuclear energy. 10 In September, Egypt sent a note to all countries, proposing to set up a negotiating body for users of the Suez Canal, amend the Convention 1888, and solve the canal problem. On June 5438+07, 2007, several countries related to this issue issued statements in support of Egypt's proposal.
After deliberation, Britain and France accepted Dulles' new proposal of 1 1. Who knows that on the day when the British cabinet decided to accept the new American plan, someone asked at the White House press conference whether the United States would support it if Britain and France used force. Eisenhower replied, "During my presidency, the United States will not go to war unless Congress meets to declare war." Dulles told reporters more clearly: "We don't want to open the way for ourselves by force ... If the Suez Canal is closed, we will let the ship bypass the Cape of Good Hope."
At this time, Britain and France saw that the United States would come up with new ways to stop the use of force. Therefore, they are eager to find new excuses.
12, Britain and France informed Egypt to transfer non-Egyptian pilots on the grounds that the "user country association" would hire pilots. 14, western pilots evacuated, and Britain and France deliberately let a large number of ships cross the canal. Fortunately, Nasser began to recruit pilots in early August.
In addition, during this period, some ships bypassed the Cape of Good Hope for safety or received orders from their own governments. Therefore, on the second day after the withdrawal of western navigators, Egyptian navigators led a fleet of 13 ships through the canal smoothly.
Under the situation that Egypt never flinched, the canal was unimpeded, and it was expensive to bypass the Cape of Good Hope, from September 19 to September1,Britain and France unilaterally convened 18 countries to hold the second meeting in London, focusing on the establishment of the Suez Canal Users Association, and adopted the draft articles of association of the user countries. 65438+1October 1 ~3, the countries concerned held the third meeting in London and announced the establishment of the user country association.
Two days later, the United Nations Security Council met to discuss the Suez Canal crisis. At the meeting, Britain and France asked Egypt to recognize the privileges of "international management system" and "user country association", but they were rejected by the representatives of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, which led to the bankruptcy of 18 national plan and "user country association".
In this way, more than two months after the Suez Canal crisis broke out, Britain and France were repeatedly frustrated and gradually isolated after three foreign ministers' negotiations, three London meetings and discussions in the Security Council.
In particular, the performance of the United States made Aidan think that Britain "has no third way to go except to use force or acquiesce in Nasser's victory." France is more keen on a military solution than Britain, and believes that the deadlock in the negotiations will be more conducive to its joint Israeli attack on Egypt.
10 June 14, the British and French proposal was rejected in the Security Council. On June 6th, 65438, Aidan and Lloyd flew to Paris for talks with French Prime Minister Mueller and Binet.Alfred. Aiden made a clear promise to the French that Britain would intervene when Israel attacked Egypt, and France told Israel the result of the talks. The point is that when Egypt goes to war with Israel, Britain and France will ask Egypt and Israel to leave the canal area. If one party refuses, Britain and France will intervene to ensure the smooth flow of the canal.
10 year1October 22, in this book? The Israeli delegation headed by Gurion, the French delegation headed by Moeller and the British delegation headed by Lloyd held a decision-making meeting in Sevres, the southwest suburb of Paris. Britain and France have their own considerations, and after repeated bargaining, they finally reached an agreement.
Before the war, the total strength of the Egyptian army was 6.5438+0.5 million, of which the eastern military region deployed in Sinai Peninsula was commanded by Brigadier General Amir, and the Egyptian army focused on the northern Sinai Peninsula. In the south of the peninsula, the defensive force is weak, and Sharm el-Sheikh has only one brigade.
The IDF has 654.38 million troops, 400 tanks, 150 guns and 155 combat aircraft. After consultation between Britain and France, it was determined that the French Air Force was responsible for air superiority and Israel's national air defense in wartime, and the Israeli Air Force supported its ground forces with 155 combat aircraft, which was responsible for the operations in the direction of the Gulf of Aqaba. Of the Israeli-owned 18 Field Brigade, 12 Brigade is under the command of Brigadier General Sinhony, commander of the Southern Military Region, with 45,000 troops. It is divided into four divisions clusters, each of which is responsible for operations in the direction of 1.
According to the deployment, Brigadier General Laslav commanded the 77th cluster to attack the northern coastal highway, Colonel Volach commanded the middle cluster to be responsible for the operations in the central Sinai Peninsula, Colonel Sharon commanded the 202nd Airborne Brigade to be responsible for the operations in the southern Sinai Peninsula, and the 9th Brigade was responsible for attacking Sharm el-Sheikh.
Code-named "Operation Cudahy", the Sinai Campaign aims to sweep the Sinai Peninsula, defeat the Egyptian army, wipe out the Egyptian army, lift Egypt's blockade of straits of tiran, prevent the Egyptian army from launching a counterattack, and destroy the Egyptian army's assault force bases in Gaza and near the border.
65438+1 At 4 o'clock on October 29th, the Israeli army first exported the1reinforcement battalion under Sharon's command in mitra, and then dispatched the 10 brigade, with armored troops as the forerunner, and carried out a quick assault in four ways. Sharon commanded about 3,000 people from two airborne battalions to break through the Israeli-Egyptian border at 4 pm on the 29th and head for mitra Pass. On the evening of 30th 10: 30, Sharon joined hands with Aitan camp and closed with mitra.
After the Egyptian army learned of the Israeli attack, Amir ordered the 2nd Infantry Brigade, 5th Infantry Battalion and 6th Infantry Battalion on the west bank of the canal to attack the Israeli airborne troops, but the outcome was close. At noon on the 30th, the Israeli air force flew over mitra and raided two battalions of the Egyptian army. On the morning of 3 1, Sharon asked the General Staff for approval to occupy the eastern end of mitra Pass.
Later, he and two company divisions of the 2nd Battalion formed a reconnaissance team, with Major Gul as the captain. However, when the vanguard troops of the reconnaissance team passed through Haitan Valley, they were stopped by Egyptian artillery fire. A car was hit by fire, blocking the passage, and Aitan's follow-up troops were all blocked in the valley. Sharon is faced with a dilemma: either evacuate or reinforce. He finally decided to reinforce, suppress the shooting with all the artillery fire, and attack the Haitan Valley in the east with two companies.
At dusk, the Israeli army and the Egyptian army started hand-to-hand combat until 8 pm. In this unexpected battle, 38 people of Sharon Brigade were killed and 120 people were injured. The Egyptian army killed about 150 people.
Abouo Grasse in the middle of Sinai Peninsula is the key defensive position of the Egyptian army. As long as it is held, the Israeli army will not be able to get through the coastal highway to Arichi. Therefore, Major General Dayan, Chief of Staff of the Israeli Army, will focus on attacking Abu Ogras first.
Colonel Volach's middle road cluster has three brigades, and the 37th mechanized brigade has been strengthened. However, the 7th Armored Brigade and the 37th Mechanized Brigade were not allowed to participate in the war until it was confirmed that the British and French troops did. Volach first prepared to attack Umm with the fourth brigade. Katif, but the brigade commander didn't do anything.
During this period, the "Sherman" tank battalion of the 7th armored brigade went through 10 hour, and launched an attack on Abu Ogras in the early morning of March10, and occupied the road junction of Abu Og after fierce fighting. Waal, the new brigade commander of the 6th Brigade of the Egyptian Army, reinforced 109 Infantry Battalion from Arichi to defend Umm? Katif 18 Infantry Battalion Attacks Abouo Grassadan Battalion. However, Adan detained Abu Ogras under the cover of the Israeli air force.
That night, Camp Adan also occupied the Loifa Dam. 10 the brigade commander of the infantry brigade was dismissed because of incompetent command and was replaced by Colonel Tal. Dayan also transferred the 37th mechanized brigade to attack Umm? Katf. Colonel Golinda, the brigade commander, commanded the infantry battalion and the vehicle battalion to attack before the arrival of the tank battalion. As a result, he died before he could conquer it. Dayan was forced to stop attacking Umm? Katf.
From the afternoon of 1 October 3 1,1,the British and French air forces began to take action and bombed the Egyptian air force airport several times, destroying nearly 300 planes. Fearing that British and French troops would land on the Suez Canal, Nasser stopped reinforcing the Sinai Peninsula and ordered the Sinai Peninsula defense forces to retreat in the direction of the canal. After the Egyptian army retreated, the Israeli army occupied Umm? Carter and huh? Han Shi position, the fighting in Abu Ogras area has come to an end.
1 65438+1October1On the morning, the commander of the Israeli North Road Cluster, Brigadier General Laslav, ordered an attack on Gaza. His task was to occupy Rafah first, then open Arichi, and finally enter Kantala and Suez Canal Zone. Since the Egyptian army had been ordered to retreat, the Israeli army completed this task the next day without fierce fighting.
The task of lifting the blockade of the Gulf of Aqaba was undertaken by the 9th Infantry Brigade. 165438+1In the early morning of October 2, Yoffie Brigade was ordered to advance towards Sharm el-Sheikh. Fearing that the brigade was progressing too slowly, Dayan ordered an airborne unit of Sharon Brigade to raid Sharm el-Sheikh. On the afternoon of the 4th, the Yoffit Brigade arrived 5 kilometers south of Sharm el-Sheikh, successfully occupied the alert position of the Egyptian army, and occupied the Sharm el-Sheikh fortress after fierce fighting the next day. On May 5, the airborne troops got in touch with the Yoffie Brigade and seized the command post of the Egyptian army at 9: 30. At this point, the war between the Egyptian army and the Israeli army ended.
As early as 6: 00 pm on October 30th, 65438/kloc-0, the British and French governments issued an ultimatum to the Egyptian and Israeli governments, giving them an answer within 12 hours: 1. The two governments immediately stopped hostilities by land, sea and air; 2. The armies of the two countries retreated to each other, the Egyptian army retreated to the west bank of the Suez Canal, and the Israeli army retreated to the east of the canal 10 mile; 3. The Egyptian and Israeli governments agreed that the British and French allied forces temporarily occupied the ports of Fuad, Ismailia and Suez in order to isolate the armies of the two countries and ensure the navigation of ships from all countries in the Canal.
Israel responded to the request to accept the ultimatum.
Nasser refused in the middle of the night. On the morning of March1,he ordered the air defense forces in the Nile Valley and Suez Canal to be put on alert, and ordered Amir to retreat from the Sinai Peninsula and troops when the British and French troops attacked and defended the Suez Canal. Nasser believes that as long as we can hold the triangle of Rafah Abu, Ogras and Arichi, we can prevent the Israeli army from attacking the Sinai Peninsula from the north road and the middle road. At present, the biggest threat is that the Israeli 7th Armored Brigade, which has arrived in Hasala, will meet the airborne troops at the mitra Pass.
Therefore, the Egyptian army quickly pushed the 4th armored division on the west bank of the canal to Hasala, and at the same time pushed the troops to Samadai to prevent the 7th armored brigade from joining the airborne troops.
On the same day, the British and French Coalition forces dispatched planes and ships to attack the Egyptian air base and port, and mastered the air and sea control rights, which caused a devastating blow to the Egyptian air force with more than 250 combat aircraft. 165438+1On October 5th, British and French airborne troops carried out airborne operations in Port Said and Port Fuad, and a large number of helicopters were used to carry out airborne operations. On the 6th, 22,000 landing troops of the two countries occupied Port Said and Port Fuad, and then pushed southward along the canal for about 30 kilometers. In order to concentrate on defending the canal, Nasser ordered the Egyptian troops stationed in Sinai Peninsula to return to the canal area to fight the invaders. The armed men in Port Said fought bravely and cooperated with the regular army to fight against the British and French attacks.
At this time, the attention of the Soviet Union was attracted by the Hungarian incident and it was difficult to take into account the Egyptian crisis. After the situation in Hungary became clear, the Soviet Union took a series of actions, mainly using different terms to explain the parties concerned. To Israeli Prime Minister Ben? Gurion's letter said that Israel's behavior "will lead to the question of whether Israel can continue to exist as a country", which led to Ben? Greatly disturbed, Gurion quickly accepted all his cease-fire proposals to the United Nations without any additional conditions. In a letter to British Prime Minister Eden and French Prime Minister Moller, he said: "If more powerful countries with all kinds of modern destructive weapons attack Britain and France, what will happen to Britain and France?"
Leading Britain and France to rush to ask the United States to guarantee the unity of NATO. The let to American president Eisenhower said, "if this war doesn't stop, it will be full of danger and develop into a third world war." As permanent members of the Security Council and big countries with atomic weapons, the United States and the Soviet Union have a special responsibility to stop the war and restore peace in the Near East.
At this time, the U.S. government seems to be in a dilemma faced with the demands of the Soviet Union to jointly take decisive measures and Britain and France to ensure NATO unity. If we don't take joint action with the Soviet Union, then the Soviet Union will score in the "Canal Round" and the United States will offend the Arab countries.
After internal emergency consultations, on the one hand, the U.S. government announced its refusal to take joint action with the Soviet Union, and warned the Soviet Union not to attack Britain and France with the attitude that the U.S. military entered a state of full alert; On the other hand, the notes to Britain and France show that only when the Soviet Union attacks Europe or Egypt attacks British and French ships will there be a so-called "protection of the Atlantic Ocean", and the urgent task is to limit the British ceasefire within 12 hours.
Egypt, which was at a disadvantage in the war, has decided to abandon Port Said and retreat to the capital Cairo. However, seeing that the development of the international situation was favorable to it, it ordered to stick to Port Said and called on relevant countries in Asia and Africa to provide military assistance. However, this situation forced the British Cabinet to agree to cease fire and withdraw its troops late at night on June 6, 165438. Although France was greatly annoyed by Britain's "betrayal", it had to acquiesce in the status quo because it was too weak to support the situation alone.
165438+17 October, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution demanding that Britain and France withdraw their troops, that Israeli troops withdraw behind the 1949 armistice line, and that United Nations troops be deployed urgently. In 65438+February, the British and French allied forces retreated. Israeli troops withdrew from Gaza and Sinai Peninsula in March of the following year. Israel won the right of navigation through straits of tiran, and the United Nations urgently deployed troops to Gaza and the Gulf of Aqaba.
In the Second Middle East War, about 1600 Egyptian troops were killed and 2 10 aircraft were lost. The Israeli army killed about 200 people and lost about 20 planes; The British and French allied forces suffered little.