Origin and change of the Xibo people and the ancient Xianbei have a relationship of origin. Initially nomadic in the eastern foothills of the Daxingan Mountains, to the sixteen states (304 ~ 439 years). Murong and other tribes moved southward to the Yellow River basin and established a regime, which later melted into the Han Chinese. A small number of Xianbei people still live in the area of Nenjiang River, Chuoer River and Songhua River, and maintain the original mode of production. These Xianbei people are the ancestors of today's Xibo people. It is also said that the Xibo originated from the Xiongnu, or the Roomwei, or the Jurchen. Before the Qing Dynasty, they lived and prospered in a wide area centered on Burdune (Fuyu County, Jilin) from Jilin in the east to Hulunbeier in the west, and from the Nenjiang River in the north to the Liaohe River Basin in the south. Generations of hunting and fishing for a living, the catch is basically evenly distributed, everyone has a share.
Late in the 16th century and early in the 17th century, the Xibo were conquered by the Manchurian rulers and organized into the Eight Banners of Mongolia and Eight Banners of Manchuria. In more than 100 years, the Xibo people from their own long-established areas of dispersion to many areas, with the frequent stationing, transfer, not only migrated to the three northeastern provinces, but also sent to garrison in Yunnan, Xinjiang. 1764, there are 1,016 people were recruited to garrison in Xinjiang, along with more than 2,000 family members of the army, from then on, the Xibo people live in the northeast and northwest. Young people acted as "Phi Jia", serving as an officer, and idle attachments and family members were engaged in agricultural and sideline production. The Eight Banners system puts the Xibo people under the direct rule of the Qing Dynasty, and the economic life and social organization have undergone drastic changes, from the original mobility of the fishing and hunting economy to a stable agricultural economy.
Socio-economic
The Xibo people who lived in the early days in the Great and Small Hinggan Mountains and the Hulunbeier Grasslands later migrated to the Nenjiang River and the Songhua River Basin. Living a lifestyle of fishing and hunting production. In the early Qing Dynasty, was organized into eight banners, feudal production relations were formed and developed. The land of the Banner was "communal" and was distributed in varying amounts according to the rank of the Banner officials and the Phi Kao. Originally, it was "salary" and "military pay" in nature. Qianlong thirty-two years (767), xinjiang xibeis also was organized into eight cattle record (flag), in the yili river basin cantonment garrison. Jiaqing seven years (1802), in the Sibe battalion chief Tuergen support, after a hard battle, from the Chabchal mountain pass water, from the cliffs cut large canals, and finally drew the Ili River water to irrigate the good land, so named "Chabchal canals", meaning "granary", the people have settled in the Dazhou, and the people have settled in the Dazhou. Xibo people have settled in the canal north and south. Subsequently, and with the eight banners soldiers, has in Ili, Boltara, Tacheng and other places to cut some canals, reclaimed more than 10 million mu of good land, and make some local brotherhood of people to learn a lot of agricultural production knowledge and technology? Contributed to the development and defense of the frontier. 1880s, the flag system began to disintegrate, the flag land gradually concentrated in the hands of a few landlords, the Xibo people increasingly poor, reduced to hired laborers and sharecroppers. Taking the three and four districts of Chabchal as an example, the landlords and rich peasants, who accounted for only 5% of the total population, occupied 30% of the total area of land and all the pastures and a large number of livestock; while the poor peasants, who accounted for 58% of the total population, occupied only 148% of the total land and had almost no livestock. The Bai people have been demanding for generations that the land be used as a source of livelihood for them. For generations, the Bai people have demanded the abolition of the "follow the ding" system, the clearing of land, the issuance of title deeds, and the rational use of grassland, and have fought for this, but have been brutally suppressed.
After liberation, the Sibe people entered a new era of ethnic equality, solidarity and mutual help, and politically enjoyed equal rights with all ethnic groups. 1954, the establishment of the Chabchal Sibe Autonomous Prefecture, carried out a series of social reforms, and embarked on the road to socialism. Workers, peasants and I dagger production continued to develop, and the people's standard of living continued to improve. Although still predominantly agricultural, but after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, agricultural scientific farming cit agricultural machinery was popularized. Industrial and mining enterprises were further developed. All social programs are vibrant.
Sibe, the existing population of more than 170,000 people. Mainly distributed in the Xinjiang Ili region of the Chabuchar Xibe Autonomous County and Liaoning, Jilin and other provinces. The Xibo belong to the Manchu branch of the Manchu-Tungus language family of the Altaic language family and are very close to the Manchu language. The Xibe people speak Chinese, Uyghur and Kazakh at the same time. The Sibe language was changed from Manchu in 1947, and has been used ever since.
The Xibo people lived in the Hulunbeier Prairie and the Nenjiang River basin, and moved westward to Chabuchar in Xinjiang in the middle of the 18th century, where most of them live in Chabuchar Xibo Autonomous County and Huocheng and Gongliu counties, and they have scattered settlements in Shenyang, Kaiyuan, Yixian, Beizhen, Xinmin, Fenghuang, Fuyu, the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, as well as in the Nenjiang River basin of Heilongjiang Province in the Northeast.
The Xibo people love horseback riding and archery. Therefore, the Xibo people enjoy the reputation of "archery nation". They are good at singing and dancing, and the "Dong Bo" is a plucked instrument unique to the Xibo.
Early generations of Siberians hunted and fished for a living, and Chalchal grew rice as the main business of agriculture, and pastoralism was also more developed.
In the northwestern, northeastern, Inner Mongolia part of the motherland, you can see some of the people who can ride and shoot well, they sometimes jumped on horseback for horse racing, sometimes open bow and arrow to carry out archery competitions, sometimes in groups of three to five to compete in a wrestling, and sometimes practiced a few times in the excitement of lifting weights ...... They are the Xibo people.
There are more than 1.72 million Xibo people, distributed in Xinjiang's Chabuchar Xibo Autonomous County and Huocheng City, Gongliu County and so on. They are also found in Shenyang, Kaiyuan, Yixian, Beizhen, Xinmin, Fengcheng, Fuyu and eastern Inner Mongolia.
The Xibo language is very close to Manchu. The Xibo in Chabuchar, Huocheng, Gongliu, and Tacheng in Xinjiang still maintain their own language and script, and use Chinese, Uyghur, and Kazakh at the same time. In terms of language, clothing, food and housing, the Xibo in the northeast are basically the same as the local Han and Manchu. The Sibe language was changed slightly from Manchu in 1947 and is still in use today.
Early Xibo people used to hunt and fish for their occupation. Nowadays, the Sibe people around Chabchal run agriculture, mainly rice growing, and pastoralism is also more developed, and many young people are engaged in commerce and handicrafts. The cadres of this ethnic group are growing, there are all kinds of professionals, and hospitals and schools have been set up.
In the past, most of the families of the Xibo ethnic group were three generations under the same roof, and there were as many as four or five generations. The Xibo people pay great attention to etiquette, the younger generation to honor the elders to perform the "playing a thousand" ritual. The "Hala" meeting, composed of male patriarchs, deals with important matters within the family and enforces the rules of the clan. Nowadays, the good tradition of respecting the old and loving the young is still passed down from generation to generation, while the "Hala" meetings have gradually faded away, and measures for the construction of socialist spiritual civilization, such as township rules and regulations, have been formulated and implemented by party and government departments at all levels. Unity within the nation and with other ethnic groups around it has been further strengthened.
The Xibo people eat rice and noodles as their staple food, and also consume milk tea, ghee, beef and mutton. Dressing is basically the same as that of the Manchus, with changes and differences as the times change, regional differences and inter-ethnic interactions. In the Qing Dynasty, the Xibo men's dress was largely the same as the Manchu dress, mostly wearing robes and short clothes with slits on the left side, wearing dome hats, wearing white socks and embroidered shoes, and preferring to wear earrings, bracelets and rings. Elderly women in the spring, summer and fall more white headscarves, winter is to wear cotton hats, cap sewn on the edge of the sea leopard skin, called "Kunqiu hat". Girls only stay a long braid, from the back of the center down. After marriage, comb double braid, coiled knot on the head. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the dress gradually with the Han Chinese, only the Ili region of the Siberian women still maintain the habit of wearing robes.
The Xibo pay great attention to etiquette and have some taboos. For example, sleeping pants, shoes, socks, etc. can not be placed on the high; can not lie on the bed; wood can be from the clothes, hats, quilts, pillows across; meals can not sit on the doorstep or standing walking, is strictly prohibited to beat the table bowl; daughter-in-law can not eat with her father-in-law at the same table, and can not be seated; handing a knife to someone else to the tip of the knife towards their own, the knife handle towards each other, avoid eating dog meat, the clan with the same family name is prohibited from intermarriage, and so on.
The traditional festival of the Xibo people is "Duyinbai Zha Kun Festival", also known as the "April 18" festival. Its origin is the history of the Xibo westward migration. 1764 April 18, Shenyang and other places of the Xibo soldiers and relatives **** 3,275 people by the imperial court deployed to the Xinjiang settlement garrison. After a year and a half of long-distance travel, only to come to the banks of the Ili River to establish a new home. To commemorate this major historical event, the Xibo compatriots from all directions gathered together to catch the temple fair, singing songs, held a variety of cultural and sports activities.
The Xibo people are good at singing and dancing. The favorite plucked instrument is called "Dong Buer", when playing, the piano will be held in the side of the arms, with the right hand finger plucking. The sound is similar to the Dongbula, used for solo, ensemble and dance accompaniment. Harmonica is also a favorite wind instrument of the Xibo people, also known as harmonica, mouth reed, ringing scorn, known as "Makan" in Xibo language. When playing, the left hand will be placed between the lips of the string, the right hand flick the tip of the reed tongue, to gas vibration development. The tunes are generally improvised, narrower range, beautiful tone, is the favorite instrument of the Xibo children and women.
Mysterious Legends of Ancient Times: In the Xibo folklore, it is said that the Xibo forefathers, the Xianbei, when they migrated south in ancient times, they lost their way in the Xianbei Mountains (present-day Daxing'anling) and were trapped in the mountains. Later, there is a kind of beast in front of the guide is out of the mountain, only to come to the south of the big Ze (Hulunbeier grasslands). This beast, like a tiger and five claws, like a civet and the color green, as big as a dog and fast walking. Xibeis retained the custom of enshrining "Xianbei beast" (Rui Beast). Will draw the beast-shaped pattern, hanging in the residence of the west or north wall, over time has become the iconic pattern of the Xibo people.
Senbei beast - like a horse like a cow, kiss on the horn, back long wings. It is a favorite decoration of the northern Xianbei and other nomads. Legend has it that when the Xianbei people moved south in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it guided them out of the Daxing'anling Mountains and arrived safely in the southern Dazawa. Thus, it became the totem worshipped by the Xianbei people. The Xibo ancestors had used this as a criterion for hooking out patterns.
In 1956, Bao Erhan, Feng Jiasheng published a paper that the Xianbei Guo Luo is a kind of beast, equivalent to the Mongolian animal (drive), that is, the special five-clawed tiger. Later it was said that Xianbei Guo Luo was a kind of flying horse.
The Westward Expansion Festival is a national festival not to be forgotten by the Xibo people.
Before the 16th century, the Xibo forefathers lived for generations on the Songnen Plain and the Hulunbeier Prairie.
In the middle of the 18th century, the Qing government from Shengjing (Shenyang) and other places to recruit Xibo officers and soldiers 1018 people, together with their families *** 3275 people, led by Manchu officials, westward to Xinjiang's Ili region to carry out the settlement of the border. On the 18th day of the fourth lunar month of this year, the Xibo people who moved west to Xinjiang and the Xibo men, women and children who stayed in the Northeast, gathered in Shengjing's Xibo family temple - Taiping Temple, to pay tribute to their ancestors, gathered to say goodbye. The next morning, the Xibo soldiers and officers and their families, bid farewell to their hometown folks, embarked on a long journey westward. After a year and five months of arduous trekking, arrived in the Ili region of Xinjiang. The present Chabchal Xibe Autonomous County was their residence back then, and the Xibe people there are their descendants.
More than 2,000 years have passed since then, and on the 18th day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar, people will grandly carry out all kinds of commemorative activities and designate this day as their traditional festival.
On this day, the Xibo men and women, young and old, will put on their costumes, gather together, play the "Dong Buer", blow up the "Moke tune", and dance to their heart's content the "Beilei En" with strong posture and fast beat. The girls' "Shoulder Shake". The girls' "shoulder shaking" and the boys' "duck step" are exquisite to express their longing for their hometowns and their hopes for a better life in the future.
"Wipe the Black Festival", the Xibo people another interesting, unique traditional festival.
Legend, every year on the 16th day of the first month of the lunar calendar, "the god of the grains" to go down to patrol, people smear each other's faces black, in order to pray for the grains do not of the black spikes do not spread to the earth, so that a good harvest of wheat, the people's peace. So this day, people get up especially early, the evening ready to wipe black cloth (wipe the bottom of the black ash) or felt sheet with, to the street to wait for an opportunity to wipe the black object. Young people who can't be bothered go from house to house in groups to smear and make trouble. The elderly are not spared, but they have to kneel down to salute and greet the elderly, and then smear a small black spot on their foreheads to show their respect. Especially the girls, very few people can escape from the face without being smeared, and at this time the girls are not afraid to use the same means to smear black on the face of the young man.
References:
On the Xibo people, there is a passage in the book "Puqiaoji" / Wang Zengqi.
On the south bank of the Ili River is Chabchal. This is an autonomous county of the Xibo people. The Xibo people are good at shooting. During the Qianjiang period, in order to guard the border. Hulunbeier in the northeast to move them to this.
Coming, the garrison of one thousand people, together with their families and friends who are willing to follow up, *** five thousand people, the road for more than a year - originally scheduled for three years, arrived in advance. The court issued travel silver is a total package to the leader, early, the leader can get a number of white. Along the way, the group gave birth to three hundred children!
What a spectacular, rich in romanticism, full of human scent team ah. Five thousand people, an ethnic group, men and women, pots and pans, all the family belongings, riding horses, riding camels, riding horse-drawn carts, oxcarts, vast, winding, bid farewell to the prairie in the northeast, towards the northwest Gobi, set off. Sunset． Morning fog. The star of the morning, the Big Dipper, pitching tents, drinking animals, camping. Firelight, smoke, Poria tea, milk. Milk. Songs, laughter, which tent or caravan out of a cry, "croak -" another child was born, a little Siberian, a future warrior.
Over a year.
Three hundred children.
The Sibyls were proud. They have been here for over two hundred years, and have not taken a step back, not one of them has run across the border, not one of them has fled back to the Northeast, and they have put down deep roots in this land.
The Xibo people are still good at archery, and their players often win archery competitions around the world.
The Xibo people are very intelligent, they generally speak several languages, in addition to the Xibo language, but also speak Vi?t Nam, Kazakh, Chinese. Many of them can also recognize the ancient Manchu
In the Forbidden City to translate and organize the old archives in Manchu, a few are transferred from Chabchal.
Heroic nation!