Bo Yi was a famous figure in the era of Shun and Yu, more than 4,000 years ago. It is known from ancient records that Bo Yi was a superb animal taming wizard, the earliest agricultural expert, an excellent political strategist, a practicing geographer, one of the two major assistants of Dayu in water control, and almost the successor of Dayu in the later period.
This article is intended to provide the following evidence on issues related to the surname Bo Yi.
First, from the family name inheritance relationship: Bo Yi is indeed the East Barbarians leader of the descendants of Shao Hao
"Historical Records - Qinbenji" wrote: "Qin's first, the emperor Zhuanxu's seedling grandson is said to be female repair. Female Xiu weaving, Xuan bird meteoric egg, female Xiu swallowed, gave birth to the son of Daye. Daiye take the son of the less classic, said female Hua. Female Hua gave birth to Dafei, and Yu leveled the water and soil ...... is the Park Fei."
Sima Qian was a great historian, and his account was taken from the Qin's Ben Ji (本纪). In the age of ancient legends, China had not yet created a written record of events, and the history of the various ethnic groups survived only by oral transmission from one generation to the next. The words of Qin's Benji are no exception. Because of the long time, oral transmission can not be accurate, so the embodiment of the "Historical Records" in the wrong is inevitable. For example, from the time of Dafei Bo Yi to the death of his descendant, Gailian, who served King Zhou of the Yin Dynasty, more than 900 years have passed, whereas the Shiji - The Chronicle of the Qin Dynasty only records ten generations. According to the calculation of one generation in thirty years, about twenty generations were omitted. This is not Sima Qian's fault, but the result of insufficient historical materials. Therefore, we can't mechanically key in the words of the legendary era, but we should analyze them scientifically. We should also adopt this attitude towards the text of the above quoted "Qin Benji". Through the phenomenon of myths and legends, we can see:
(a) the Qin people's vague memory of the early history, obviously retained traces of matriarchal clan society. Emperor Zhuanxu era in China has entered the patriarchal clan society, the Qin people (and some earlier merchants) will still have this "ancestor" memory, indicating that there is a difference in social progress.
(2) The Qin people, like the merchants, have the worship of the bird of paradise, that is, the swallow, indicating that they are all from the ancient clans with the bird of paradise as a totem.
(3) It shows that the mother line of Da Fei Bo Yi is the descendant of Emperor Zhuan Xu.
Then, who is the paternal ancestor of Bo Yi? Although Sima Qian did not say so explicitly, his next words, "Shun gave his name to the Ying clan," inadvertently revealed the clue.
In ancient times, there was a difference between a family name and a clan. The name is the root, the clan is the branch; the name is the source, the clan is the flow. The clan comes from the family name. In the case of Bo Yi's Ying clan, from whom did he get his name?
It is the first time that I have seen a person who is a member of the family of a woman who is not a member of the family. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen's "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" (说文解字-女部) explains one of the eight ancient surnames (Jiang, Ji, Yao, Si, Gu, Tan, Gui, Ying) as "Ying, the surname of Shaohao".
As early as in the Spring and Autumn Period, Zuo Qiu Ming, a historian of the State of Lu, when writing Zuo Zhuan - Zhaogong Seventeen Years, mentioned that the high ancestor of Tancheng, the ruler of the State of Zheng, was Shao Hao Zhi. The state of Tancheng was one of the fourteen states listed in Sima Qian's "The Chronicle of Qin", and the state of Tancheng was one of the fourteen states listed in the "The Chronicle of Qin".
Song Luo Yu's "History of the Road" further pointed out, "The Ying were the descendants of Shao Hao, so it is not necessary to compare. The "Zhu Ying" naturally included the state of Qin mentioned by Sima Qian. Gu Jiegang, a master of the ancient-skeptic school of historiography, in his early years denounced Tanci's words in the Zuo Zhuan as "falsified", but in his later years, through his "study of the Oriental peoples at the time of the Zhou Duke's campaign", he not only affirmed the historical value of the Tanci's words but also concluded that "... the lesser howl was really the Ying of the Orient. The first is that the first time I saw a man in a car, he was in the middle of the car, and the second time I saw him in the middle of the car, he was in the middle of the car.
Tang Sima Zhen has long seen the problem with the Qin Chronicle's account of "Qin's first": "Female repair, Zhuanxu's daughter, swallowed a swallowing son and gave birth to a great cause. His father is not known. And Qin, Zhao to the mother and ancestor Zhuan Xu, not the meaning of life. According to Zuo Zhuan, the Tancheng country, after Shao Hao, and the Ying family name cover its family, it is appropriate for Qin and Zhao to ancestor Shao Hao's."
That is to say, the paternal ancestor of Bo Yi (including his descendants) is Shao Hao Zhi or Shao Hao Clan, while Zhuan Xu is only his maternal ancestor. Both are ancestors, but not to be confused. Because since the patriarchal clan society, should be calculated by the paternal lineage blood relations. If you still stick to the matriarchal system, it is clear that "the meaning of the non-significant others", that is, not in line with the rules that must be followed by human beings to reproduce.
Since Shao Hao was the originator of the name Ying, it is worthwhile to study how he got his name.
Where is the "Yingbin", the shore of the Ying water, where Shao Hao lived? It was in the city of Laiwu, Shandong Province. The water, also known as Ying Wen, is one of the three major tributaries of the upper reaches of the Wen River in Shandong Province (Ying, Mou, and Chai), which originates from Liangquan in Zhangqiu, and flows halfway through the village of Chengzixian in Laiwu City, where it is called "Yingcheng Ruins", and enters the realm of Tai'an from Xiyangzhuang, with a total length of eighty-six kilometers. Shao Hao was born in Ying water and got the surname of Ying, and grew up to be the emperor in the north of Lu, and then went to Qufu. Therefore, the Historical Records of China (史记-鲁周公世家) called Qufu "the ruins of Shao Hao". The Shaohao Mausoleum built in Qufu during the Song Dynasty is still well preserved. From Yingshui to Qufu, it is only 200 miles away, and the footprints of Shao Hao can be seen clearly, which seems to be more reasonable than that of the Yellow Emperor who was born in Qufu (Shouqiu) and got his family name thousands of kilometers away from Jishui.
It should be said that the ruins of Yingcheng and the ruins of Shao Hao were both in the country of Shao Hao. The "Classic of Mountains and Seas" (山海經-大荒东经) reads, "Beyond the East China Sea, in the Great Gully, is the country of Shao Hao." The mythological "Big Gully" or "Returning to the Market" later became synonymous with the sea and the giant zephyr. Later generations of Leixiaze, Dainoze, Liangshanbo, Weishan Lake, etc., when all for the "big ravine" of the remaining waters. The "Land of Shao Hao" was originally on the land in the middle of Da Ze. "Shao Hao's country" is the country of the bird officials described by Tan Zuo Zhuan - Zhaogong 17 years. Twenty-four bird clans of the Eastern Barbarians, who named their officials after birds, lived in and around present-day Shandong, and one of them, the Shuanghao clan, appeared in Bogu (present-day Boxing).
Some scholars believe that "the Dawenkou culture site is the Shao Hao culture", the evidence is not only the Shao Hao era and the existence of the Dawenkou culture of the time to match, but also from the excavation of the bird-shaped ceramic strained, women's mouths containing bird egg-shaped ceramic balls, etc. can be seen that the two bird totem worship is also consistent. This also coincides with the fact that "Qin's ancestor" was born after swallowing the egg of the Xuanbird, which proves that Ying's Bo Yi was indeed the descendant of Ying's surname Shao Hao. Because of this, the descendants of Bo Yi, after establishing the state of Qin in the west, made a temple to worship Shao Hao, the White Emperor, with the highest standard.
From the above, we can see that Shao Hao was the founder of the family name Ying. It is accurate to say that Bo Yi is the descendant of Shao Hao, and he is the founder of the Ying family.
Secondly, it is confirmed that Yingbin is the ancient Ying land
Shao Hao was given the surname Ying by God because he lived in Yingbin. The first time I saw this was when I was a student at the University of California, Berkeley, and I was a student at the University of California, Berkeley. The ancient records prove that it was given by Emperor Shun.
The history of the Qin Dynasty tells of this process:
"(Dafei) and Yu leveled the water and soil. The emperor gave him the Xuanwei. Yu received the gift, saying: 'I am not the only one who can accomplish this, but Dafei is the only one who can help me.' Emperor Shun said: 'I am very happy to give you the gift of a great successor to Yu.' Dafei was married to a jade maiden of Yao's family name. Dafei accepted the offer and assisted Shun in taming birds and beasts, and the birds and beasts were mostly tamed, so he became Pak Fei. Shun gave his surname Ying."
This means that after Dafei assisted Yu in completing the task of ruling the water, Emperor Shun, who had already taken over the throne of Emperor Yao, appreciated Yu very much, and Yu was very modest, saying that the success of ruling the water was also due to Dafei's assistance. When Emperor Shun saw Dafei's praise for Dayu, he thought he was a man of high moral character and rewarded him with the gift of Fuyu as a token of his appreciation, and gave him a daughter from his own family as his wife. After accepting the reward, Dafei assisted Emperor Shun in taming birds and beasts, and many birds and beasts were tamed, and this was Pak Fei. Emperor Shun gave him the surname of Ying.
Why did Emperor Shun give Bo Yi the surname of Ying instead of his own? Sima Qian did not give a clear answer here. In another part of Qin Benji, Sima Qian wrote: "In the past, Bo Yi was the master of Shun's livestock, and the livestock had a lot of interest, so there was soil, and he was given the surname Ying."
This is a step further than the above paragraph, and it states for the first time that Bo Yi "had land", i.e., a fiefdom or cognac. But where was the land? Is it related to the Chi clan? remains a mystery. The one who really unraveled this mystery was Luo Yu of the Song Dynasty.
"The first time I saw a man who could tame birds and beasts, and knew their language, I was able to serve Yu and Xia. He began to eat at Ying, and became the Ying clan."
"Ying, cataracts can flourish and seal, Han County under the Taishan (County), Wei was placed in Laiwu, Tang into the city of Bo. The so-called Ying Bo, now Yanzhou's Laiwu, this Qi Yi." The first is the "Laiwu", which is the name of the town of Laiwu in Yanzhou.
Luo Yu's point of view is very clear: Bo Yi's initial fiefdom was Ying. The first place where Bo Yi was born was Ying, which was the county of Taishan in the Han Dynasty. In the Spring and Autumn period, Ying was the capital of Qi. In the third year of Duke Huan of Lu (709 BC), "the Marquis of Qi met in Ying".
At the same time, Luo Yu pointed out the relationship between the land of Ying and the Ying clan, that is, the Ying clan of Bo Yi originated from the name of the fiefdom, Ying.
We already know that the land of Yingbin is the place where Shao Hao was born and got the surname of Ying. Emperor Shun gave this land to Bo Yi as a reward for his taming of beasts, but the most important thing was to let him recognize his ancestor and return to his family, so that he could inherit and carry forward Shao Hao's glorious achievements, and take up the responsibility of leading the Ying tribe. This shows the good intention of Emperor Shun in giving Bo Yi the land of Ying and the Ying clan. As the birthplace of the surname Shao Hao and the family name Bo Yi, the ancient Ying water and land in Laiwu occupied an important position in the history of the pre-Qin Dynasty. According to historians, in the Xia and Shang dynasties, Ying was a vassal state along with Mou and Chang Spoon, and in the Spring and Autumn period, it was the capital of Qi. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it was the capital of Qi. The Spring and Autumn Period alone, with its three biographies and the Book of Rites, recorded the events that took place in Yingyi on seven occasions. Mengzi and the Strategies of the Warring States recorded two events related to Yingyi in the Warring States period. This is proof of the importance of Ying's status. It is especially important to point out that during the pre-Qin era, there was only one place in China with the name of Ying, and that was Laiwu today. This uniqueness is decisive for the study of the surname Ying and the origin of the Ying clan from Laiwu.
As late as the 11th year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (487), the city of Hetian in Hebei Province was called "Yingzhou", which is not comparable to the ancient city of Laiwu, which has been in the history books for 1,196 years (Spring and Autumn Annals - Huan Gong's third year). It is not possible for the ancients to use a place name that was not yet born as the place where they got their surname.
There is also the Yingzhou, one of the three sacred mountains (Penglai, Fangzhang, and Yingzhou), which was first mentioned in Sima Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian" (史记-秦始皇本纪). Not only did it get its name late, but it was also a mythological island of the sea, and was not the place where Shao Hao and Bo Yi lived.
After Qin Shi Huang unified China, he set up Ying County in the former Qi State. He used his own royal name as the name of a county in the east, which has its own special meaning. In the Han Dynasty, the Qin system was followed, and the county was still established.
The Book of Han - Geography records: "There were iron officials in Ying." Before and after, the records of Laiwu ancient Ying are endless. According to Mr. Yin Chengqian, the former director of the Laiwu City Historical Records Office, up to the Republic of China, up to seventy times. Until today, Laiwu is still called "Yingmou Earth". As a fossilized ancient place name, Ying is still full of youthful vitality, living in the hearts of Laiwu people. This is a unique cultural phenomenon that deserves to be explored in depth.
Third, the unearthed artifacts in Laiwu prove that it is credible that Shao Hao and Bo Yi lived in Yingbin
Laiwu has been inhabited by human beings since ancient times, and the ancient civilization in the basin of Yingshui was even more developed. Although no systematic excavation of cultural relics has ever been carried out in this area, including the site of Yingcheng, the accidental discoveries made by people in the basic construction of farmland water conservancy and daily work, the three cultural relic censuses organized by the state, and the two field surveys conducted by cultural relics practitioners and historical researchers have obtained a large number of cultural relics and archaeological information, which clearly outline the archaeological cultural sequences from the Paleolithic Age to the Neolithic Age, which have been continued and constantly looped. The archaeological and cultural sequence of the continuous ring.
The Paleolithic Age
According to "Laiwu Cultural Relics" published by Qilu Bookstore in 1987, the Bianwangxu site, which is just a river away from the Yingcheng site, "collected stone tools include pointed tools, chopping and smashing tools, and axes and adzes with rough surfaces, which are the characteristics of the Late Paleolithic Age".
The Neolithic period
includes the Beixin culture (5400-4400 BC), the Dawenkou culture (4500-2500 BC), the Longshan culture of Shandong (2600-2000 BC), and the Yueshi culture (1900-1600 BC).
After the Yue Shi culture, the Bronze Age, which is historically known as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, entered. Then came the Early Iron Age, the Qin and Han Dynasties.
All these archaeological cultures were found in the Yingshui basin. 2008 winter, the third cultural relics census team composed of the Department of Literature and Museums of Shandong University and Laiwu Municipal Cultural Relics Office found two sites in Zhangli Street of Yangzhuang Township, and the cultural relics specimens collected from one site included remnants of a stone grinding rod, the rims of reddish-brown ceramic cauldrons, and a large number of fragments of black ceramic ware. The other site has unearthed stone axes, pottery fragments, and bronze swords. "The experts of the census team have identified the whole site as a cultural site of the Beixin, Longshan and Yakeshi cultures and the Zhou-Han period."
The following focuses on the Dawenkou culture site and the Longshan culture site in Shandong, which corresponds to the era of Shao Hao and Bo Yi.
According to Mr. Song Jirong, former director of Laiwu Cultural Relics Office and vice president of Laiwu Ying Historical and Cultural Institute, the sites of Dawenkou culture found in Yingshui Basin are Zhaixi site, Dawangzhuang site, Bianwangxu site, Xiaozengjia site and Yingcheng site. Among them, stone axes, stone shovels and stone adzes have been unearthed at the Bianwangxu site. The small Zengjiazhuang site has unearthed a stone axe with smooth grinding and a small perforated head, and the typical ware of the Dawenkou culture, white pottery, has been unearthed in a vertical cave tomb with the burial. Investigation, found "a number of relics of the Neolithic Age. Among them, there is a stone axe, which is wide at the bottom and narrow at the top, with a broken blade and a flat oval cross-section, with a residual length of 14 centimeters and a width of 16 centimeters; there is a stone milling rod, with an elliptical cross-section, with a residual grinding surface that is relatively flat, with a residual length of 12 centimeters and a thickness of 4 centimeters; there is a stone adze, which is flat and thin, with a long trapezium, with a rectangular cross-section and a finely polished and sharp blade, with a residual length of 5.5 centimeters, a width of 5 centimeters, and a thickness of 1 centimeter; and there is a stone spinning wheel. Flat round, thinner body, central perforation, hole diameter 1.2 cm, the wheel outer wall carved vertical lines, diameter 6 cm, width 0.9 cm".
These Neolithic artifacts are clearly characteristic of the Dawenkou culture, and the discovery of the stone spinning wheel is particularly significant. Mr. Wang Yuzhe quoted the 1974 Cultural Relics Publishing House published "Dawenkou" book information that: "Shandong Dawenkou culture, more than 120 burials, where the head is decorated, are buried with spinning wheels; head of the non-decorative items, more burial of agricultural tools." From this, Mr. Wang concluded, "It can be seen that at that time there was a clearer division of labor between men and women in male farming and female weaving. Men gradually became the main laborers in agriculture and handicrafts, which were the main production sectors, while women were engaged in secondary labor such as weaving and housework. This is in sharp contrast to the early period of the Yangyun culture when women were mainly engaged in agriculture and men in hunting as a secondary economy."
The division of labor between men and women in farming and weaving is one of the signs of entering a patriarchal clan society. Now academics generally believe that the Haidai region in the Da Wenkou culture in the middle and late that is from the matriarchal clan society into a patrilineal clan society. This is the great progress of the East Barbarians civilization. The leader of this civilization process is the Shaohao clan, who came to the stage of history from Yingbin and established a huge bird country.
In Shandong, the late Dawenkou culture was generally transformed into the Longshan culture. In the Yingshui Valley, it was no exception. Shandong Longshan culture relics are basically consistent with the distribution of the Da Wenkou culture sites. The Longshan Culture is also known as the Black Pottery Culture. More fragments of black pottery have been found at the Zhangli Street site and the Xiaozengjia site, indicating that it was the Longshan culture. In the site of Yingcheng, the foot was found, and Mr. Song Jirong thought that "judging from the foot, the cauldron and li are connected, and they are the relics of Haidai Longshan culture and Yakeshi culture period".
The above Dawenkou and Longshan culture sites not only correspond to the era of Shao Hao and Bo Yi, but also are located on the shore of the Ying River, which means that they are all within the scope of the ancient state of Ying, which was based on the ruins of the city of Ying as its capital. Ying was a vassal state during the Xia and Shang Dynasties, and an ancient square state during the Yao, Shun and Yu Dynasties. In the present edition of the Bamboo Book Chronicle, there is a statement that in the second year of Xia Qi's reign, the Fei Marquis, Bo Yi, went out to the country, indicating that the Fei Marquis Bo Yi had a fiefdom. Luo Yu's "History of the Road" included "Ying" in the "State of Ying after Shao Hao". Of course, there is a certain difference between the ancient Fangguo and the latter-day vassal states, and scholars are only used to borrowing the name of "country" to indicate the tribal alliance and the chief's sphere of influence. Chief's sphere of influence. We say that the Ying of Bo Yi was not only limited to the site of the small city of Ying, but also spread throughout the entire Ying water basin.
The fertile land in the Yingshui basin was very suitable for Bo Yi to develop animal husbandry for Emperor Shun. The first time I saw this, I was able to see the whole thing, and I was able to see the whole thing, and I was able to see the whole thing, and I was able to see the whole thing. Floating in the Wen, up to the Ji."
Gu Yanwu, "Zhi Zhi Lu" explains "Laiyi" cloud: "The territory of Qilu is Laiwu ...... "Yugong" so-called Laiyi land." The author proved that Laiyi is Sharp Hat clan, and the Ying clan of the Xuanbird clan is the same as Shao Hao's bird country's brother tribes, plus the Mou clan and the long spoon clan, they *** with the same life in the ancient Laiwu land and the surrounding areas, creating a brilliant ancient agricultural civilization.
The passage quoted above from "Yugong" says that this area, represented by Laiyi, was suitable for the development of animal husbandry and sericulture, and that livestock products and sericulture silk could be used as tribute to be transported by rafts on floats from the Wenshui into the Jishui, and then transferred to the imperial capital. It must be noted that Bo Yi, as one of the two main assistants of Great Yu in ruling the water, was involved in this process from the beginning to the end, and, "Yu was in charge of ruling the water, and Yi was in charge of remembering the foreign objects. He traveled far and wide to overseas mountains and made the Shanhaijing (Classic of Mountains and Seas) based on what he had heard and seen." Liu Xiang of the Western Han Dynasty "on & lt; Shanhaijing & gt; table", Zhao Wow of the Eastern Han Dynasty "Wu Yue Spring and Autumn Annals" and other similar statements. These statements certainly can not be fully believed, can not be denied, it is bound to refract some of the shadow of history. To be sure, Wenshui was within the scope of the four blasphemies ("east is the river, north is the Ji, west is the river, and south is the Huai") of Dayu, and Bo Yi, who followed Dayu's rule of the water, must have been very familiar with Wenshui (including the tributaries of the Yingshui), and his records of the exotic objects, including sericulture and animal husbandry, were of course very accurate. Thousands of years have passed, and there are still sericulture in the upper reaches of Yingshui, and the animal husbandry in Laiwu is still very developed, especially the famous local breed of Laiwu black pig, which, as a kind of living cultural relics, still preserves the excellent genes from the Dawenkou culture. Laiwu City Records - Feeding Zhi" wrote: "located in the Laiwu pig production area of the Dawenkou culture sites unearthed pig skulls, and today's Laiwu pig without obvious differences, from the burial of pig bone type, the number of view, when the raising of domestic pigs has been an important human production activities." This once again confirms the authenticity of the existing Yingbin "Bo Fei for Shun's main livestock, livestock rest, so there is soil, give the surname Ying".
From this, it is not difficult to conclude that Laiwu is "the initial fiefdom of Bo Yi, the first ancestor of the Qin Emperor".
Qin Shi Huang had many famous ancestors. For example, for the Shang Tang drive, to defeat Xia Jie in the Mingzhang Fei Chang, assisted the state of Yin, become a vassal of the Zhongyan, for the King of Yin to protect the Xichui, in the Xirong Zhongchong, for the King of Zhou Mu drive, to quell the rebellion of King Xu Yan Zuofu, for the King of Zhou Xiaowang in the, luxuriant and Wei convergence of the large raise their horses, was appointed as a vassal, built in the Qin FeiZi, get ChenBao, cut down the Xirong, the first history of Duke of Wen, the army will be to save the Zhou has been meritorious, the beginning of the vassal state of the Duke of Xiang, open a thousand miles, and then dominate the West, the first fief of BoYi. Duke Mu, who opened up a thousand miles of land and dominated the Western Rong, Duke Xiao, who appointed Shang Yang to change the law and greatly increased his power, and King Zhaoxiang, who appointed Rang Hou and Bai Qi to expand the boundaries of the Qin Empire, and so on. Although they were all ancestors of Qin Shi Huang, they were not the first ancestors of the Ying clan. The first ancestor could only be Bo Yi, who "started to eat from Ying and became the Ying clan". Therefore, it is appropriate to say that Laiwu was "the initial fiefdom of Bo Yi and the first ancestor of Qin Emperor". (The author's unit: Laiwu Ying Qin Cultural Research Institute)