A large minority in southwest China. Buyi people call themselves "Buyi", but due to the differences in dialects, there are still different pronunciations in different places. There are various names for Buyi people in history, but most of them are called "Zhongjia" in ancient literature. 1953, according to the national will and self-declaration, the country was collectively called "Buyi". They mainly live in two Buyi and Miao autonomous prefectures in Tuku, Qiannan, Guizhou Province, and some areas in Guizhou, Yunnan and Sichuan. I didn't have my mother tongue before, so I always used Chinese. 1956, the China government created the Latin alphabet for the Buyi people. The culture and art of Buyi nationality are colorful. Traditional dances include bronze drum dance, weaving dance, lion dance and sugar bag dance. Traditional musical instruments include suona, Qin Yue, flute, konoha and flute. Di Opera and Lantern Opera are the favorite operas of Buyi people. Buyi people are mainly engaged in agriculture, mainly planting rice. Cloth woven by farmers themselves has long enjoyed a good reputation. In recent years, enterprises specializing in the production of Buyi brocade, batik cloth and national craft clothing have been established one after another, and their products are exported to Southeast Asia, Japan, Europe and America.
Buyi history
Buyi people have a long history. Buyi people originated from the ancient "Puyue people". "Yiyue", "Puyi" and "Yi Liao" recorded in ancient books are all different names for ancient Buyi ancestors. Whether in Historical Records or Hanshu, they are recorded as the main body of ancient "South China" region, that is, Song Youguo and Yelang Guo. The ancient "Max Loehr Land", that is, today's South, North Panjiang and Hongshui River basins, is precisely the area where Buyi people live in compact communities. From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Buyi people were in a slave society. The feudal lords economy rose in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the chieftain system was implemented in Yuan and Ming Dynasties. After the Qing Dynasty, the feudal landlord economy developed. The social organizations of Buyi people include clan system, parliamentary system and old village system. They originated from the ancient clan management system, inherited and developed ancient democracy, and also had the characteristics of class society. Since 195 1, autonomous prefectures, autonomous counties and ethnic townships have been established in areas where Buyi people live in compact communities, creating extremely favorable conditions for the all-round development of Buyi areas.
Buyi people have their own language. In daily life, people generally communicate in Buyi language, and many people are fluent in Chinese. Buyi language belongs to Zhuang-Dai language branch of Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. According to phonetic differences and some lexical differences, Buyi language can be divided into three dialect areas, namely Qiannan dialect area, Qianzhong dialect area and Qianxi dialect area (or the first, second and third dialect areas). Before the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Buyi people didn't have their own common characters, but there was a kind of writing symbol similar to square characters created by Chinese characters or "Liushu" method, which was used to record religious classics. Buyi people's language was called "vernacular". After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), 1957 created pinyin based on Latin letters, and it has been tried out so far.
Buyi people are known as the "rice-planting nation", and Sima Qian's Historical Records records it as "spiny bun, farming and gathering in the city". Rice farming has always been its prominent economic feature, and rice farming culture is an important symbol of ancient Vietnamese culture, and it is still a prominent cultural feature of Buyi people's production and life.
way of life
Buyi villages are surrounded by mountains and rivers, and many ethnic groups share the same surname. Generally, a dozen or dozens of households are a village, and some are hundreds to hundreds. Houses are mainly made of wood, including "dry fence" buildings, bungalows, slate houses, etc., with slate houses as the most local characteristics. The "hanging-foot building" with a dry fence is mostly a three-story bamboo-wood structure, with no wall at the bottom, wood as a livestock fence and bamboo weaving in the middle for people to live in; Sundries are piled upstairs. One side of the house has a balcony made of bamboo, which leads directly to the floor and can enjoy cool and dry things. Most people who live in Pingba have low-walled courtyards. Anshun, Zhenning, Guanling, Puding and Liuzhi are rich in bluestone. Houses are built of stone from foundation to wall, and the roofs are also covered with slate, commonly known as "slate houses". Together with the stone walls of the hut and the stone castle at the top of the mountain, a typical stone building complex is formed. A typical example is the Stone Village in Biandan Mountain. All the houses, walls, castles and passages in the village, as well as flat bridges, arch bridges and terraces across the river, are built without stones. Even household utensils, such as cymbals, grinders, bowls, troughs and altars, are made of stone, which shows the intelligence of Buyi people.
folklore
Buyi folk literature includes myths, poems, fables and proverbs. Folk music can be divided into three categories: folk songs, instrumental music and opera music. Folk songs include folk songs, whistle songs, wine songs, big songs, small songs, narrative songs, folk songs and so on. Langshao song is a love song sung by young Buyi men and women on the occasion of "Langshao" (also known as "catching the watch" and "sitting on the watch", which is a social activity of love). Musical instruments include bronze drums, gongs, leather drums, suona, lusheng and sister flutes. "Leyou" is a woodwind instrument with double reed and direct blowing. Its tone is euphemistic and affectionate, and it is often used by young people to express their desire for love. Dances include cymbals, transition dances, stick dances, weaving dances and sonorous dances. Buyi people have Buyi opera and Bayin (sitting and singing), which are mainly popular in Panjiang River basin. Buyi opera can be divided into "local opera" and "colorful tune". "Local Opera" is developed from eight-tone sitting singing, and the aria and music of color tone are closely related to Guangxi color tone and Guizhou Lantern. Crafts include batik, embroidery, brocade, bamboo weaving, pottery, clothing and so on.
Dress
Buyizu clothing
Buyi costumes are very distinctive. Clothing is mostly blue, blue and white. Men's wear styles are basically the same everywhere, such as multi-head handkerchief, striped handkerchief and pure blue; Clothes are double-breasted coats, usually white inside and blue outside, and trousers are trousers; Old people often wear long sleeves or blue and blue robes and cloth socks on their feet. The clothing of modern Buyi women varies from place to place. Some women wear big skirts and short coats, while others wear pleated skirts. In Biandan Mountain, where Buyi people live in concentrated communities, girls like to wear piping tops, ribbons, brocade headscarves, thick braids, brocade patterns and braids on their foreheads, trousers and embroidered shoes. Young women wear batik pleated skirts, cardigans and embroidered shoulders. They embroidered two rows of small squares and semicircles with various flowers along the shoulders, and the brocade on both sides of the collar attracted attention. The middle of the sleeve is brocade, and the upper and lower sections are batik; The hem of the dress is about one inch with a brocade edge, and the long waist with embroidery or brocade on the chest is a light satin belt; Wearing a brocade headscarf and a bunch of beards made of various colors hanging from his ears. Married people wear "Gengkao", which is made of bamboo shoot shells and cloth. Shaped like a dustpan, the front is round and the back is round. On grand festivals or banquets, women still like to wear all kinds of silver ornaments, such as earrings, rings, collars, hairpins and bracelets.
marriage customs
Marriage custom of Buyi nationality
Marriage is autonomous. When picking up relatives, you should sing the right songs, commonly known as sister songs. On the night when the bride arrives at the man's house, there will be activities of singing and asking for money bags. There is a saying called "one night purse and one night song". Traditional festivals include March 3rd, April 8th, June 6th, Eating New Year's Day, July 30th and so on. March 3rd is a traditional grand festival of Buyi people. Rice cultivation began on the third day of the third lunar month, offering sacrifices to mountain gods, land gods, ancestor gods and rice spirits, and making five-color glutinous rice for sacrifice. In the southwest of Guizhou, young men and women will gather in the "Tea Pigeon Farm" to play folk songs, with thousands to tens of thousands of participants. Many unmarried young men and women get to know each other, fall in love and make a lifelong commitment by blowing leaves and singing.
Many unmarried young men and women order lifelong songs by blowing leaves, and then the man can invite the matchmaker to the woman's house to intercede. Once engaged, the woman's family should invite relatives and friends to have engagement wine. Two or three days before the wedding, the man's family will send half a piece of pork, a chicken, a duck and a pot of water to the woman's family, and the woman's family will also kill pigs to hold a "wedding banquet" for the guests. In the past, after marriage, the bride had to live in her parents' house for one or two years before she could live in her husband's house.
Dietary customs
The staple food is mainly rice. People like to steam rice into rice with a special cooker "Naozi". Buyi people generally like to eat glutinous rice, which is often used as a staple food to improve their lives or adjust their tastes. Cold dishes, "moss frozen meat" and "bean jelly" are the favorite foods of Buyi people. Sauerkraut and sour soup are almost essential for every meal, especially for women. There are also blood tofu, sausages, and flavored dishes made of dried fresh bamboo shoots and various insects.
Buyi people are mostly good at making pickles, bacon and lobster sauce, and the unique folk pickle "hydrochloric acid" is famous at home and abroad. Among the meat dishes, dog meat, dog enema and beef soup pot are the top dishes. When the Buyi people kill pigs, it is customary to put some salt in the blood basin first, and then stir it with pig blood. After solidification, add chopped green onion and seasoning, boil the soup in water and boil it with pig blood, which is called "promoting blood circulation" and is the best dish for hospitality. Buyi people in Guizhou like to use yellow cattle as food to prevent weddings and funerals.
Wine plays an important role in the daily life of Buyi people. After the autumn harvest every year, every household will brew a lot of rice wine and store it for drinking all year round. Buyi people like to entertain guests with wine. No matter how much you drink, as long as you arrive, you always take the wine first. This is called "welcome wine". When drinking, use bowls instead of cups, guess fists and sing.
Buyi people have many traditional snacks, especially Buyi people living in Yunnan, who are good at making rice noodles, bait slices, pea powder, rice cakes and so on.