The capital of the Tang Dynasty, Chang'an, was formed on the basis of Daxing City, the capital of the Sui Dynasty, through expansion and repair. The citadel is rectangular in shape, longer from east to west, about 9,700 meters; shorter from north to south, about 8,600 meters. With a circumference of nearly thirty-seven kilometers and an area of eighty-four square kilometers, it is the grandest imperial capital in the history of China. The "unity of heaven and man" is one of the core of traditional Chinese culture, and ancient Chinese city planning was y influenced by this idea. Cities on the ground were often a reflection of the sky, thus making the city a symbol of the universe. "Son of heaven" living in the capital city is more so, the Tang capital Chang'an City, a masterpiece on earth is no exception.
One, the layout of the neighborhood that is the imitation of the sky, but also the simulation of the human body itself
"Thousands of houses like the book of chess", which is the great poet Bai Juyi used to depict the unique layout of the format of the poem, which graphically sums up the layout of the Tang dynasty within the city of Chang'an neighborhoods. Chang'an city's biggest architectural feature is the city streets are east-west or north-south direction, arranged in the right direction, the direction of the right, wide and broad, like a piece of rule clear chessboard. Come to think of it, the densely populated palaces and neighborhoods, like the stars in the sky as a list, but also like the distribution of chess-like, is simply a game of Go.
The city of Chang'an has thirteen gates, of which there are three on each side of the east, west and south, and four on the north wall. Lunar leap year has thirteen months, so the thirteen gates symbolize a leap year; the north end of the Palace City, where the Emperor lived and worked in the office, will be an extra "leap" door on the north wall, symbolizing the Royal "leap gas".
There are many ways to divide the yin and yang of the human body, one of which is: yin for the static, on behalf of the human body's skin, yang for the dynamic, on behalf of the flow of blood. Walls for the surface, equivalent to human skin; streets for the interior, equivalent to human blood, this yin and yang theory in the Tang capital Chang'an city of architectural layout has been more widely used, not only the city walls, the palace walls for the square around the open door, was separated by the street listed in the square, all around the rammed earth built into the enclosure, the four sides of the open door, four sides of the street.
The city's north-south street eleven, east-west street fourteen. Among them, through the south three city gates and six east and west six city gates of the six streets are the main road, known as the "six streets". The three north-south streets are Qixiamen Street, Zhuquan Street and Anhuamen Street, the width of more than 100 meters. Among them, the Vermilion Bird Street is one hundred and fifty meters wide, is the widest street in the city. The name of Vermilion Bird Street is derived from the Vermilion Bird Gate of the Imperial City, which was connected to the Vermilion Bird Gate and the Mingde Gate in the south, running through the north and south of Chang'an City of Tang Dynasty, and was the main axis of the whole city. Among them, the northern section from the Vermilion Bird Gate to the main gate of the palace Chengtianmen section, located in the Imperial City, also known as the "sky street". South of the Imperial City, connecting the Chunming Gate and Jinguangmen Street is the east-west main street, which crosses with the Vermilion Bird Street, the whole process as a whole, so that the entire Imperial City and the Palace City actually more majestic, the image of a more towering.
Changan City, east-west, north-south interlocking twenty-five streets, the city is divided into two cities 108 Square. One of the Zhuque Street as the boundary will be divided into two parts of the city: the eastern part of Wannian County, there should be fifty-five square, because the southeast corner of the city of Qujiang Scenic Area accounted for two square of the land, so the real leader of the fifty-three square; the west belongs to the Chang'an County, there is a city of fifty-five square.
Hundred and eight Square arrangement of symbolic meaning: 108 Square corresponds to the symbolism of the 108 gods of the 108 stars (such as the "Water Margin" in the 108 generals); north and south of the arrangement of thirteen Square, symbolizing a year of intercalary; south of the Imperial City of the east and west of the four Square, symbolizing four seasons of the year; south of the Imperial City, the north and south of the nine Square, symbolizing the "Rites of the Zhou," the so-called book ". five cities nine Kui".
From the size of each workshop, the Imperial City and the Palace City, the east and west side of the workshop area is larger, south of the Imperial City, the workshop area is smaller. The rise and fall of the workshop also with the Tang dynasty to fight for the wisdom of the changes and the rise and fall. Such as the beginning of the Tang dynasty to taiji palace for the palace, the imperial city on both sides of the east and west side of the workshop is more prosperous; and the high emperor to Ruizong, to Daming Palace for the center, the south of the workshop has become a prosperous area; to the Xuanzong reign moved to the Xingqing Palace, Xingqing Palace, and then with the prosperity of the nearby workshop. Chang'an City, despite the inappropriate size, the degree of prosperity is different, but its structure is basically the same. Thirty-six square south of the Imperial City, due to the proximity of the palace, only east and west streets, so only open east and west doors, not open the north and south doors. It is said that this arrangement is to prevent the leakage of the "king gas", destroying the feng shui, the interior of the Square, and with a width of fifteen meters of the small street will be divided into four parts of the Square, layer by layer division, the formation of sixteen blocks of the district, not afraid of the very neat.
Tang Chang'an City's streets Square not afraid of can be described as ingenious, it that neat and tidy structure, so that the entire Imperial City appear to be generous, orderly. Reminiscent of a thousand years ago, the world's mighty Tang Empire, its lush city style to show a faction of the great powers. It is no wonder that to this day, countries around the world where Chinese people live are still called "Chinatown".
Second, the palace layout is to emulate nature, but also the embodiment of the concept of feng shui
Traditional feng shui in the construction of the promotion of the Meridian, that is, sitting north-south, this promotion has been respected by the emperors of the Tang Dynasty, the original palace buildings in Chang'an are sitting in the north to the south of the Meridian. China's ancient emperor's seat, body in the north, facing the south. Because the emperor is the head of a dynasty, like above, so the emperor sat in the north, the north is "on", while sitting in the south of the qunchen is inferior, the south becomes "under". In addition, the palace south of the door named "Jubilee Gate", and the palace in the north door of Taiji Palace named Xuanwu Gate, this is the source of the traditional feng shui in the "left dragon, the right white tiger, before the Jubilee, after Xuanwu" said. Have its name must be in fact, Taiji Palace, since the north door was named Xuanwu Gate, it is bound to be with its corresponding "Kan" hexagram symbolism (gossip in the Kan symbolizes trapped). Tang Dynasty around the succession of the throne and the court battle - Xuanwumen incident occurred here, just coincides with the coincidence. Thus, it seems, the city streets, buildings, the naming of a great deal to say. Also, in the Taiji Palace in the Taiji Hall north of the two Temple, "two" title is also from the "Zhou Yi", "so, easy to have Taiji, is born two meters, two meters, four elephants, four elephants born eight trigrams." ("Department of rhetoric - on") can be seen, "Zhouyi" on the traditional architecture of the influence of a wide range.
The city of Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, consists of the outer citadel, the Imperial City, the Palace City, and the Daming Palace and Xingqing Palace in its internal structure. At the northern end of the central axis, Vermilion Bird Street, is the center of state power, the Imperial City, and at the northernmost part of the Imperial City, there is another small city across the cross street, which is the Palace City. Palace City is rectangular in shape, with an area of zero point seven square kilometers. Its east and west walls, the Imperial City wall to the north of the extension of the north wall is directly overlapping with the northern wall of Guo Cheng.
Palace city **** has three parts, namely, the Palace of the Palace and the East Palace of the left and right confrontation, the center of the embrace of the Palace of Taiji. The East Palace and the Palace of the Palace of the small size, each occupies only a small part of the Palace City. East Palace is the Crown Prince to live and work; Yeting Palace role is more special, it is mainly used to accommodate the children of criminal bureaucrats to work and learn skills in the Palace, in essence, is now "juvenile correctional facilities".
The main building of the Palace City for the Taiji Palace, Taiji Palace is the original Sui Dynasty Daxing Palace converted from the northernmost end of the central axis of Chang'an City, used to symbolize the emperor's "supremacy, the south side of the king". Taiji Palace is the political center of the early Tang Dynasty, the reign of Tang Emperor Li Yuan and Emperor Li Shimin, mainly in the activities here.
Taiji Palace set up two gates, north and south, the south gate is the main gate, also known as Chengtianmen. It faces the central axis of Chang'an City, Tianjie Street and Vermilion Bird Street. Outside the door and between the Imperial City, is a square as wide as four hundred and forty meters, the Tang Dynasty, many major extra-dynastic activities, most of which are carried out here, such as the change of the year, amnesty, New Year's Day, the winter solstice of the Great Pilgrimage, as well as military parades and captured, and so on. Whenever this time, the emperor is mounted Chengtianmen, civil and military officials gathered square, the scene is very majestic and spectacular. Taiji Palace **** there are sixteen halls, which, taiji hall, two Yi Hall, Ganlu Hall and Yanjia Hall called the four halls. In addition, there are also important buildings such as Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province, Sheyan Yuan, Hongwen Pavilion, as well as Ningyin Pavilion and Wangyun Pavilion. Taiji Hall is the front hall of Taiji Palace, which is the main building of Taiji Palace. It is said that the name of Taiji Palace comes from Taiji Hall. Taiji Palace is the palace held "in the dynasty" place. Monthly two days, the emperor here to receive ministers, dealing with political affairs, when the civil ministers and military generals divided into classes, the emperor sat in front of the **** business affairs. Taiji Hall north of the two Yi Hall, here is held in the so-called "Inner Dynastic" place. Inner dynasty is a kind of emperor and a small range of bureaucrats **** discuss state affairs of the ceremony, usually only a few decision-making ministers, that is, the emperor's close friends are eligible to participate. So the rituals of the dynasty were relatively simple and very casual. But the inner dynasty in the influence of the dynasty decision-making but plays a pivotal role. So there are important state affairs, often to this hall to discuss, decide, and then razor the hall, in the "middle of the dynasty" with all the ministers to discuss.
In the Tang Chang'an city, there are three palace groups, in addition to the Taiji Palace, the city's northern wall outside the Forbidden Garden in the Daming Palace, the city's eastern Longqing Square Xingqing Palace. Three palace city, the decline of this rise, in the Tang Dynasty history does not pass stage, each occupies an important place. Daming Palace, originally known as Yongan Palace, is the eight years of Zhenguan, Li Shimin for his father, the emperor Li Yuan, a summer palace. After Li Yuan's death, Yong'an Palace was renamed Daming Palace and remained uninhabited, becoming a palace. To Tang Emperor Li Zhi, melancholy and rheumatism, disgusted with the dampness of Taiji Palace, they moved to the location of the Dragon's Head plateau on the high ground dry Daming Palace. After the reconstruction of the Palace of Daming Gong Gong set up one eleven palace gate, the most important is the south of the Danfeng Gate (take "Danfeng Chaoyang" meaning) and the north of the Xuanwu Gate (to take the "northern Xuanwu" feng shui said).
Taiji Palace and Daming Palace in the layout of the basic similarity, except for the South inside the Xingqing Palace and the former two are very different. The latter's overall layout is characterized by non-conformity, according to local conditions, a variety of styles, such as the main Palace door to the west, can be described as original. Compared with the former two, more lively, unrestrained and majestic, luxurious, which invariably led to a major mystery of the Chang'an Imperial Palace, that is, why Xingqing Palace to rebel against the former rules, new and different? To unravel this mystery, the "application of Yi" (all applications of "Zhou Yi" as a practical guide to the study of feng shui is only one of them) this key must have. (Pang Yulong compiled)
Tang Dynasty Palace and playground
Tang Dynasty, the country strong, Chang'an City Palace magnificent. Daming Palace in the north of the Taiyi Pond, the pool in the Penglai Mountain alone, the pool built around the corridor more than four hundred rooms. Xingqing Palace to the Dragon Pond as the center, surrounded by many groups of courtyards. Danei three courts to the West Court for the most beautiful. Court in the mountains, lakes and ponds, canal flow chain. Southeast corner of Chang'an City, Hibiscus Garden, Qujiang Pond, open to the public for a certain period of time, in fact, a public **** playground in ancient times.
The Tang Dynasty, the more famous Palace, the more famous Linyou County, Tiantai Mountain, Jucheng Palace, is a summer palace; Lintong County, the foot of Mount Li Huaqing Palace, is to avoid the cold of the winter palace.
Daming Palace
The site is on Longshou Yuan, northeast of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. In the eighth year of the Tang Dynasty (634), Emperor Taizong Li Shimin built Yong'an Palace in the forbidden garden in the northeast corner of Chang'an Palace City for his father Li Yuan to escape the summer heat, and renamed it Daming Palace in the following year. Longshuo two years (662) Gaozong Li Zhi to expand, once renamed Penglai Palace, and later became the main place of the Tang Dynasty emperors to live in Chang'an and listen to politics. In 1961, the site was designated as a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Daming Palace is perched on the Dragon's Head Plateau, facing the South Mountain, overlooking the city of Chang'an, the scale is grand, magnificent. Palace plan was irregular rectangular, south wide and north narrow. The north wall is 1135 meters long, the south wall (i.e., a section of the north wall of Chang'an City) is 1674 meters long, the west wall is perpendicular to the north and south walls, 2256 meters long, the east wall is tilted with a zigzag. There are three parallel east-west palace walls in the palace city. All the palace walls are rammed earth walls, only in the city with the gate and the city wall corner inside and outside the surface of the brick. The city foundation is more than 13 meters wide, more than 1 meter deep, the bottom of the wall is more than 10 meters wide. Palace City in the north of the east, north and west of the city wall outside the parallel construction of the city. West, east of the two sides of the city from the palace are 55 meters, the north of the city from the palace 160 meters. Palace City in the middle of the south wall of the Danfeng door for the main door, east of the Yanzheng, Wangxian two doors, west of Jianfu, Xing'an two doors; West wall in the middle of the right Yintai door, north of which there are nine fairy door; East wall has a left Yintai door; North wall in the middle of the Xuanwumen, east of which there is a silver door, west of the Qingxiao door, the Xuanwumen door north of the wall has a heavy Xuanmen. The north gate area was the north Yamen forbidden army station, related to the safety of the palace, so in less than 200 meters away from the three gates (including the Xuanwumen heavy door), the door of the base site still exists.
According to records: Daming Palace is divided into the outer court, the inner court two parts. The outer court follows the three dynasties system of the Tang Dynasty Palace, along the north-south axis columns of the great dynasty Hanyuan Hall, day dynasty Xuanzheng Hall, often dynasty Zichen Hall. Three halls east and west sides of the building a number of halls and pavilions. The outer part of the court is also attached to a number of official offices, such as the Ministry of the Central Book Province, the Ministry of the lower part of the province, Hongwenkan, History Museum, and so on. The inner court part of the Tai Liquid Pool as the center. Pool built in the Penglai Mountain, the pool around the layout of the corridor. Around the halls, halls, pavilions and pavilions, bedchamber in the pool south. This is the emperor and consort living and resting place. The specific location of the hall to be determined by further archaeological excavations.
Hanyuan Hall, Daming Palace on the axis of the first palace. Is the place to hold important ceremonies and rituals. Containing the Hall of the original use of the Dragon's head for the foundation of the Hall. Now the remnants of the site is more than 10 meters above the south ground. Hall east, north and west for rammed earth wall, white plaster. Hall width 11, each room is 5 meters wide, 4 deep, the north wall from the center of the north groove column 5 meters, within the groove columns north-south spans 9.8 meters, the hall is surrounded by sub-steps around the corridor. The temple site on the existing square column base a, below the square part of the length and width of 1.4 meters, 0.52 meters high, on the convex basin height 10 cm, 84 cm diameter. Only from the size of this component, can be seen in the scale of the scale of the Hall of Containing Yuan. In front of the temple Dragon Tail Road is 75 meters long, the road surface flat section paved with plain square tiles, slope paved with lotus square tiles, on both sides of the stone columns and chi dragons of the lapis lazuli hook appendix. Containing the yuan hall east and west in front of the luan, phoenix two pavilions, with curved corridors connected to the hall with the yuan. This huge palace complex, reflecting the majestic style of Tang Dynasty architecture, became an example of the palace for generations to come.
Linde Hall, is the emperor held banquets, watch acrobatic dance and music and Buddhist rituals place, located in the Taiyiquan pond directly west of the high ground, 90 meters from the western wall of the palace. Palace remains of the foundation of rammed earth built around a brick wall, was rectangular, more than 130 meters long north-south, east-west width of about 77 meters, the upper and lower two layers, halls, corridors and huts built on top of the upper platform, linde hall by the front hall, the middle hall, the rear of the hall consists of the middle hall for the main hall, east-west width of 9 (except for the two mountain wall each occupies a room), the north and south of the depth of 5 rooms, the hall has two partitions, will be divided into the hall of the east, in the three parts of the west, the middle of the 5 rooms Inside the hall, there are two partition walls, dividing the hall into east and west parts, with 5 rooms in the middle, 2 rooms on each side, and 0.2-meter-thick stone floor. The front hall of the east and west width is also 9 rooms, two mountains and the temple Qi, before and after the wall, the two ends of the two into the depth of 4 rooms, among the 7 in the depth of 3 rooms, the ground is also paved slate. After the hall and the hall only a wall, two mountains and the hall in two mountains aligned, 3 deep, the ground paved square brick, the hall around the corridor. The back side of the temple for the Yu Yi building on the east side, the west side for the knot neighbor building, two buildings in front of the East Pavilion, West Pavilion. Building, pavilion are built on rammed earth platform, building pavilion corridor hipped set off the three halls, constituting a group of large-scale architectural combinations with the characteristics of the Tang Dynasty.
Xingqing Palace
Ruins in the eastern suburbs of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, for the Tang Chang'an one of the three imperial palaces, the other two for the Daming Palace, Taiji Palace. Kaiyuan two years (714) on the Tang Xuanzong's former residence of five princes house where the Xingqing Square was built. Palace for the asymmetrical layout, the south has a larger garden area, with the nature of the Palace. Tang Tianyou first year (904) destroyed.
According to records, the Xingqing Palace with an east-west horizontal wall separating the north and south. North for the palace area, the main gate Xingqing Gate in the west wall; South for the garden area. The east side of the city through the sandwich connected to the Daming Palace. The main hall for the Xingqing Hall, the main buildings are also Datong Hall, Nanxun Hall, the new shooting Hall and so on. Dragon head canal across the palace area, in the Yingzhou Gate east side across the east and west wall into the garden area of the Dragon Pond. Garden area with the Dragon Pond as the center, the northeast corner of the Shenxiang Pavilion. In the southwest of the palace, there are the Qin Zheng Wu Ben Lou and the Calyx Xiang Hui Lou, where Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty declared amnesty, changed the name of the Yuan Dynasty, received the surrender, received congratulations, received, feasted and drank. The entire palace does not have a global central axis, which is rare in ancient palace architecture. The site of 1250 meters north and south, east and west 1080 meters. 1958 in the site within the scope of the excavation, which has a door site, the face of five, 26.5 meters long, three deep, 19 meters wide, deep in the middle of one in addition to the open door at the doorway, the west side of the rammed earth platform, the earth platform connected to the south side of the palace wall. This site was once considered to be the site of the House of Qinzheng services. But some people believe that the location and scale of the literature do not match.
Quejiang Pond
Famous scenic spot in China during the Tang Dynasty, in the southeast corner of the Tang Chang'an City, named for the winding water. Here in the Qin Dynasty called Kai Zhou, and built a palace called "Yichun Yuan", the Han Dynasty in this place to open the canal, repair "Yichun after the court" and "Leyou Yuan". When the Sui capital city (Daxing City), Yuwen Kai chiseled the ground for the pool. Emperor Wen of Sui called the pool "Hibiscus Pond" and the garden "Hibiscus Garden". When Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty restored the name of "Qujiang Pond", while the garden was still called "Hibiscus Garden". According to the records, Tang Xuanzong, the introduction of water, through the yellow canal from outside the city to the south into the Qujiang River, and for the Hibiscus Garden to build additional pavilions. Hibiscus Garden occupies the lot of a square in the southeast corner of the city and protrudes out of the city, surrounded by a wall, with a total area of about 2.4 square kilometers in the garden. Qujiang Pond is located in the western part of the garden, with a water surface of about 0.7 square kilometers. The whole garden is dominated by water scenery, a piece of natural scenery, the shoreline is winding, you can swing a boat. The pond is planted with lotus, calamus and other aquatic plants. Pavilions and pavilions are hidden among the flowers and trees. Tang Dynasty Qujiang Pond as Chang'an attractions, regularly open, all people can play, in order to neutralize (the first day of the second month of the lunar calendar), on the Si (the third day of March) the most prevalent; in the yuan (July 15), Chongyang (September 9) and the monthly obscure (the end of the month one day) is also very lively. Now the pool site is still there, garden facilities have been obliterated.