The Yellow River originates from the Ba Yan Ka La Mountains in Qinghai, and its main stream runs through nine provinces and autonomous regions, namely: Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan and Shandong, with an annual runoff of 57.4 billion cubic meters, and an average runoff depth of 79 meters. But the amount of water is not as large as the Pearl River, along the collection of 35 major tributaries, the larger tributaries in the upper reaches, Huangshui, Taohe River, in the middle reaches of the Qingshui River, Fenhe River, Weihe River, Qinhe River, downstream of the River, Luohe River. Lack of lakes on both sides of the river and the riverbed is high, and there are few rivers flowing into the Yellow River, so the lower reaches of the Yellow River have a very small watershed area.
The source of the river to Guide is mostly mountains and grassland plateau, belonging to the Tibetan Plateau, the elevation is more than 3000 meters, the peaks of the mountains are more than 4000 meters, the source of the river valley is 4200 meters above sea level; Guide is the Loess Plateau area since the Mengjin River, the Loess Plateau east of Lvliang west slope, south of the Weihe River valley, the north of the Ordos Plateau, west of the valley of Lanzhou; the Loess Plateau is generally in the 1000 ~ 1300 meters, the terrain is undulating and the elevation is very low. 1300 meters above sea level, uneven terrain, steep slopes and deep gullies, gullies and ravines with a ground slope of 15 to 20 degrees, the gully area accounts for 40 to 50%, the density of gullies 3 to 5 kilometers / square kilometers, the depth of cut more than 100 meters; Mengjin below into the terrain of the North China Plain, the elevation of not more than 50 meters above sea level into the downstream after the river channel is flat, the average specific drop of only 0.12%, the water flow slows down, a large amount of siltation of silt and sand, riverbed The riverbed is 4 to 5 meters higher than the ground; due to the Yellow River's many diversions, the ground is alluviated with fan-shaped ancient riverbed and ancient natural dykes, becoming a tilted plain with slow hillocks and depressions distributed in between, and the depressions are more open and spreading.
The Yellow River from Guide to Minhe territory at an altitude of 3,000 to 1,600 meters between the Minhe lower Chuankou into Gansu, this section of the climate is mild and humid "plateau small Jiangnan" reputation, the water is clear and there is a "world of the Yellow River Guide clear" said. Ningxia Ningxia Plain and Inner Mongolia's Hetao Plain, because in the upper reaches of the Yellow River valley, abundant water, irrigation is convenient, agriculture is developed, water and grass, so it is known as the South of the River.
Basin profile
The Yellow River from the source to the Inner Mongolia autonomous Toktor County District Hekou Town for the upper reaches, the river is 3472 kilometers long; Hekou Town to the River Hukou Waterfalls between the South Mengjin for the middle reaches, the river is 1,206 kilometers long; Peach Blossom Valley the following for the lower reaches, the river is 786 kilometers long. (The Yellow River upstream, midstream and downstream of the demarcation of a variety of sayings, here using the Yellow River Conservancy Commission's division of the program) the Yellow River across China east and west, the basin east-west length of 1,900 kilometers, north-south width of 1,100 kilometers, with a total area of 752,443 square kilometers.
The Yellow River, like a spine dome up, the head of a lion wanting to leap, from the Tibetan Plateau across the mountains of Qing and Gansu provinces; across Ningxia, Inner Mongolia's Hetao Plain; rushing in the mountains and valleys between Jin and Shaanxi; breaking the "Dragon Gate" and out of the foot of the Xiyue Huashan, turn east, crossing the North China Plain, and rushing Bohai Sea. The coast of the Bohai Sea. It flows through nine provinces; area, bringing together more than 40 major tributaries and more than 1,000 streams and rivers, traveled 5,464 kilometers, with a watershed area of more than 750,000 square kilometers, is China's second-longest river. The average annual precipitation of the whole basin is about 400 millimeters, while the average annual runoff of the Yellow River is only 57.4 billion cubic meters, which is the eighth largest among Chinese rivers. In the basin, together with the downstream areas along the river in Henan and Lu*** there are more than 200 million mu of arable land and about 100 million people.
The average natural runoff of the whole Yellow River is 58 billion cubic meters for many years, the average annual runoff depth of the basin is 77 millimeters, and the per capita water volume of the basin is 593 cubic meters, and the average water volume of arable land is 324 cubic meters per mu.
The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau region, due to soil erosion, tributaries bring in a large amount of sediment, making the Yellow River become the world's most sandy river. The maximum annual sand transport reached 3.91 billion tons (1933), the highest sand content of 920 kg/m3 (1977). The Sanmenxia Station has an average multi-year sand transport of about 1.6 billion tons, with an average sand content of 35 kg/m3. The Yellow River is the most sandy river in the world by the Chinese World Records Association.
Major Tributaries
The major tributaries of the Yellow River are the White River, the Black River, the Huangshui River, the Zuili River, the Qingshui River, the Dahai River, the Cave Wild River, the Wuding River, the Fen River, the Wei River, the Luo River, the Qin River, and the Dawen River. Among them, the Wei River is the largest tributary of the Yellow River.
Major Lakes
There are Zaling Lake, Eling Lake, Wuliangsu Sea and Dongping Lake.
Satellite Map of the Yellow River Basin
Canyons of the Main Stream
There are 30 canyons*** on the main stream of the Yellow River, 28 located in the upstream section of the river, 2 located in the middle section of the stream, and the downstream section of the river flowing through the North China Plain, with no canyon distribution. The cumulative length of the canyon section of the main stream is 1,707 kilometers, accounting for 31.2% of the total length of the main stream.
Biological resources
The total **** of the main stream of the Yellow River has 121 species (subspecies) of fish, and there are 98 species of pure freshwater fish in the main stream, accounting for 78.4% of the total. The main economic fish species are spotted naked carp, extreme side of the flat pharyngeal toothfish, thick-lipped naked heavy-lipped fish, Yellow River naked cleft-jawed fish, Wah's Yarrow fish, northern copperhead (pigeonfish), carp, crucian carp. The upper reaches of the Yellow River have only 16 species of fish, and the composition is also relatively simple, with only two families of carp and loach, such as the cleptoparasitic fish, yarrowfish, loach, etc. The middle and lower reaches of the river are generally similar. The middle and lower reaches of the river are largely similar, with the carp family dominating. There are 71 species of fish in the middle reaches, but there is a lack of natural silver carp, bighead carp, bream, pomfrets and other typical plains groups of fish, the upper middle reaches have with the upper **** there are crackers and loaches, etc. The lower reaches of the fish are more species and number of fish, there are 78 species of fish, which have a variety of over-river estuarine fish and semi-saline water fish. The statistics of the survey data of the Yellow River tributaries show that, according to the fish statistics of the Taohe River in Gansu, the Weihe River in Shaanxi and the Jinghe River, there are more species in the waters of the Weihe River, with 30 species, the Taohe River is second with 11 species, and the Jinghe River has only 4 species. Most of the upper and middle reaches of the tributaries are carp, loach family of small fish, and a few taste family and catfish, etc., the economic fish for carp, crucian carp, Yaluo fish and catfish, etc..
Historically, the Yellow River Basin has been the political, economic and cultural center of China for a long time, and is known as the cradle of Chinese culture. Historically, frequent disasters have also made the Yellow River known as "China's Worry", from 602 B.C. to 1938, the Yellow River has been broken 1,590 times, and the big one has been moved 26 times. On average, there were two gaps in three years and one major diversion in a hundred years. 1938, when the Yellow River was diverted, the river flowed southward to seize the Huaihuai River, flooding a large part of the land in eastern Henan, northern Anhui and northern Jiangsu, affecting 12.5 million people and killing 890,000 people.
Note:
In recent years, the Yellow River waters have been destroyed biologically, and there are now less than a hundred species of fish. Lanzhou City Fisheries Technology Extension Center technicians believe that the deterioration of the ecological environment of the upper reaches of the Yellow River, soil erosion, resulting in the Yellow River sand content; the Yellow River water by the drought and less rain is decreasing; industrial towns and cities wastewater pollution; man-made fishing, and other factors, are leading to the Yellow River biological reduction of the reasons.
In order to restore the ecology of the Yellow River and conserve its biological resources, the Fisheries Department of the Gansu Provincial Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry has been implementing a "stocking and releasing" program for the Gansu section of the Yellow River since 2000. According to the Fisheries Department, the number of fish released has increased from more than 7 million last year to 8 million this year, with the Yellow River's indigenous fish species - Yellow River carp, catfish, grass carp and bighead carp as the main target.
River Segmentation
There are various ways of saying the division of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The Yellow River Conservancy Commission divides the upper, middle and lower reaches of the river between Hekou Town and Taohuayu; traditional secondary school textbooks divide the upper, middle and lower reaches of the river between Hekou Town and Mengjin; Yang Liankang, a scholar, believes that the division of the river between Qingtongxia and Mengjin is more appropriate after an investigation; Xu Shaoli, a scholar, advocates that Jiayingguan, Wuzhi County, Jiaozuo City, Henan Province, should be used as a demarcation line for the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The following is the division program of the Yellow River Conservancy Commission.
Upstream
The section of the Yellow River above Hekou Town in Toketo County, Inner Mongolia, is the upper reaches of the Yellow River. The total length of the upstream section is 3,472 kilometers, with a basin area of 386,000 square kilometers, and the basin area accounts for 51.3% of the total amount of the whole Yellow River. The total drop of the upstream river section is 3496 meters, and the average specific drop is 1‰; 43 larger tributaries (with a basin area of more than 1000 square kilometers) converge in the river section, and the runoff volume accounts for 54% of the whole river; the annual sand volume of the upstream river section accounts for only 8% of the annual sand volume of the whole river, and there is a lot of water but not much sand, which is a source of clear water for the Yellow River. The upstream river channel is S-shaped curved by the control of the Animaqin Mountain, Xiqin Mountain and Qinghai South Mountain. The upper reaches of the Yellow River can be subdivided into three parts, namely, the source section, the canyon section and the alluvial plain, according to the different characteristics of the river channel.
The source section of the river is the part above Longyangxia from Kari Qu in Qinghai to Guide in Qinghai. The source of the river starts from Kari Qu, passes through Xingjuhai, Zaling Lake, Eling Lake to Mardo, bypasses the Animaqing Mountain and Xichang Mountain, and crosses the Longyang Gorge to arrive at Guide in Qinghai. Most of the rivers in this section flow in three or four thousand meters on the plateau, the river twists and turns, both sides of the lakes, marshes, grassy beaches, the water quality is clearer, the water flow is stable, the water yield is large. River section of the Zaling Lake, Eling Lake, two lakes at an altitude of 4,260 meters above sea level, water storage capacity of 4.7 billion cubic meters and 10.8 billion cubic meters, respectively, for China's largest plateau freshwater lake. Qinghai Mado to Gansu Maqu interval, the Yellow River flows through the Ba Yan Ka La mountain and Anima Qing mountain between the ancient basin and the low hills, most of the river valley is wide, there are a few sections of the canyon. In the interval between Maqu in Gansu and Longyangxia in Guide in Qinghai, the Yellow River flows through high mountains and gorges with turbulent current and rich hydraulic resources. The White River and the Black River, tributaries originating from Minshan Mountain in Sichuan, join the Yellow River within that section.
The section from Longyangxia in Qinghai to Qingtongxia in Ningxia is a canyon section. This section of the river flows through the mountainous hills, due to the different nature of the rocks, the formation of canyons and wide valleys between the situation: in the hard gneiss, granite and metamorphic rocks of the Nanshan system to form a canyon, in the loose sandstone shale, red rock system to form a wide valley. There are 20 canyons in this section, such as Longyangxia, Jishixia, Liujiaxia, Bapangxia, Qingtongxia, etc. Both sides of the canyons are cliffs, with narrow riverbed, large specific drop of the river, and rapid water flow. The section between Guide and Lanzhou, is one of the three tributaries of the Yellow River concentrated section, there are Taohe River, Huangshui and other important tributaries converge, so that the Yellow River water. Longyangxia to ningxia under the river along the dry section of the river is the yellow river water resources, "rich" area, is also one of China's key development and construction of hydropower base.
From Qingtongxia in Ningxia to Hekou Town in Toketo County, Inner Mongolia, the Yellow River is partly alluvial plain. After leaving Qingtongxia, the Yellow River flows northeastward along the northwest border of the Ordos Plateau, and then eastward straight to Hekou Town. The area along the river is mostly desert and desert grassland, basically there is no tributary injection, the riverbed of the main stream is gentle, the water flow is slow, and there are large alluvial plains on both sides of the river, i.e. the famous Yinchuan Plain and Hetao Plain. Along the river plains to varying degrees of flooding and flooding disasters. Hetao Plain from the west of Ningxia under the river, east to the Inner Mongolia Hekou town, up to 900 kilometers long, 30 to 50 kilometers wide, is the famous Yellow River Irrigation District, irrigation has a long history, since ancient times, there is "the Yellow River, the only rich set of harm," the saying.
The middle reaches
The Yellow River section from Hekou Town of Toketo County of Inner Mongolia to Mengjin of Henan Province is the middle reaches of the Yellow River, with a length of 1206 kilometers, a basin area of 344,000 square kilometers of the Yellow River and Qianqiankun Bend, which accounts for 45.7% of the whole basin area; the total fall of the river section of the middle reaches is 890 meters, with an average specific fall of 0.74‰; the river section is converging to 30 larger tributaries; the water volume of the interval increased to 42.5% of the Yellow River, and sand increased. of 42.5%, and the increased sand volume accounts for 92% of the sand volume of the whole Yellow River, which is the main source of sediment of the Yellow River.
Hekou town to Yumengkou is the longest continuous canyon on the main stream of the Yellow River--Jinshaanxi Canyon, most of the tributaries in this section flow through loess hills and gullies, with serious soil erosion, and it is the main source of coarse sediment in the Yellow River, and 900 million tons of 1.6 billion tons of average annual sand loss in the whole river comes from this section; the specific drop in this section is very large, and there are rich hydraulic resources, and it is the main source of the Yellow River sediment.
Yumenkou to Sanmenxia interval, the Yellow River flows through the Fenwei Plain, the valley spreads wide, the water flow is slow. Both sides of the river section are loess plateau in northern Weiwei and southern Jin, which is an important agricultural area in Shaanxi and Jin provinces. The river section receives important tributaries such as Fen River, Luo River, Jing River, Wei River, Yiluo River, Qin River, etc. It is one of the main sources of sediment in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, with an annual average of 550 million tons of sand for many years. The 132.5 kilometers of the river section from Yumenkou to Tongguan (i.e. the small north main stream of the Yellow River) has drastic changes in flushing and siltation, and the river is very unstable in swinging from side to side. The river section in Tongguan near the mountain constraints, the river valley suddenly narrowed, forming a width of only 1,000 meters of the natural choke point, the height of the riverbed in Tongguan and the Yellow River small north mainstem, the Weihe River downstream of the river channel of siltation changes have a close relationship between the hydrological term "Tongguan Elevation".
The river section between Sanmenxia and Taohuayu is divided into two parts by Xiaolangdi: Above Xiaolangdi, the river passes between Zhongtiao Mountain and Banshan Mountain, which is the last section of gorge on the main stream of the Yellow River; Below Xiaolangdi, the valley becomes wider, which is the transition of the Yellow River from the mountainous area to the plain.
Downstream
The section of the Yellow River below Mengjin in Henan Province is the downstream of the Yellow River, with a length of 786 kilometers and a watershed area of only 23,000 square kilometers, accounting for 3% of the whole watershed area; the total fall of the downstream section is 93.6 meters, and the average specific fall is 0.12‰; the water volume increased in the interval accounts for 3.5% of the Yellow River's water volume. Due to the large amount of sediment in the Yellow River, the downstream section of the river has been silted up for a long time to form the world-famous "Hanging River on the ground", and the Yellow River is bound to become the watershed of Haihe River Basin and Huaihe River Basin within the embankment. In addition to the Da Wen River from the Dongping Lake, this section of the river has no larger tributaries into.
The downstream section of the river in addition to the south bank of Dongping Lake to Jinan for the low hills, the rest of the dike to block the water, the dike total length of more than 1400 kilometers. Historically, the downstream section of the river breaks and floods frequently, giving the Chinese nation a heavy disaster. As the lower reaches of the Yellow River flow from southwest to northeast, the northern section of the river freezes first in winter, thus forming a flood. Flooding is easy to lead to ice dam blockage, resulting in dike overflow, the threat is also very serious.
The downstream section of the river below Lijin is the Yellow River estuary section. The Yellow River estuary due to siltation, constantly extended swing. The current estuary of the Yellow River is located at the confluence of Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay, which is a new channel shaped by the siltation of Qingshui Gully after the artificial diversion in 1976. During the last 40 years, the Yellow River has delivered an average of about 1 billion tons of sediment/year to the estuary, creating an average net land creation of 25 to 30 square kilometers per year.
[Edit]Human Characteristics
Environmental Protection
The geographic environment of the Yellow River Basin during the period from 3000 to 2000 B.C.E. (the period of Yangshao Culture in the Yellow River Basin to the Yin Ruins in Anyang) was suitable for the growth of vegetation and human production and living activities, and the climate, which was about 2℃ higher, created excellent conditions for the development of crops and vegetation. During this period, a large number of lakes existed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, such as Leixiaze and Dainoze. Mengzi Tengwengongshang recorded that the Yellow River Basin had "luxuriant grasses and trees, and birds and beasts multiplied", and that the Guanzhong Plain still had "beautiful mountains, forests and valleys, and much genius" until the Warring States period in China (Forests in the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River in Historical Times, Shi Nianhai, 1981).
Warring States period.
After the Warring States period, the vegetation of the Yellow River basin and the Loess Plateau began to be destroyed with the widespread use of iron agricultural tools and the migration of the economic center of the Qin state to Guanzhong. Because the Yellow River basin had been the center of Chinese civilization for a long time (Chinese Historical Geography, Lan Yong, 2002), and because ancient China emphasized agriculture rather than pastoralism, the destruction of vegetation in the Yellow River basin became a long-term and massive phenomenon. With the onset of the cooling of the climate in the 11th century A.D. and the southward movement of China's economic center, the ecological destruction of the Yellow River Basin began to diminish, but it was difficult to recover the forest cover to the condition of the 3rd century B.C. And with the destruction of vegetation, the Loess Plateau began to be eroded by the Yellow River and a large amount of soil was swept away, creating a surface pattern of thousands of ravines. According to scientists' research, there are two reasons for the change of the Yellow River. First, since the Qin Dynasty, the Loess Plateau temperature turned cold, rainstorms are concentrated. Together with the loose structure of loess itself, it is easy to erosion and collapse, which contributes to soil erosion and makes a large amount of sediment into the Yellow River. Secondly, rapid population growth and unrestricted reclamation and grazing have destroyed forests and grasslands, severely damaged green vegetation, and the Loess Plateau has lost its natural protective layer, causing serious soil erosion. Every year, every square kilometer of the Yellow River Basin has four thousand tons of valuable soil eroded away, equivalent to the destruction of five and a half million acres of arable land a year! More seriously, soil erosion has significantly reduced the fertility of the soil, resulting in a large reduction in crop yields. The more the production is reduced, the more people have to reclaim the wasteland: the more reclamation, soil erosion is more serious. The more reclaimed, the poorer, the more poor, the more reclaimed, the Yellow River in the sediment will be more, so the Yellow River breaks, the number of diversion is more and more frequent. The key to a good management of the Yellow River is to keep the sediment under control and not to let it flow into the Yellow River as it pleases. After the founding of New China, scientists had already designed programs for the management of the Yellow River. They believed that the Loess Plateau region should stick to the direction of pasture and forest-based management. Forest resources must be protected so that the lost vegetation can be restored as soon as possible. Everyone should understand that destroying the forests is an act of suicide: the use of land should be rationally planned, and at the same time, a large number of water conservancy projects should be constructed. This several-pronged approach will surely prevent soil erosion, and the dream of the Yellow River becoming better will surely become a reality.
[edit]Development and change
Yellow River breaks down
The Yellow River has often broken down since 1972. There are many reasons for the breakage of the flow, which are summarized as follows:
1. Global warming - With the intensification of global warming in recent years, on the one hand, it makes the evaporation of the river increase greatly, and on the other hand, the melting of the upstream glaciers in spring and summer absorbs a large amount of heat, resulting in the inland local temperatures being lower than usual, and reducing the temperature difference between the inland and the ocean, which in turn reduces the temperature difference between the inland and the ocean. This reduces the temperature difference between the inland and the ocean, which in turn causes the monsoon to weaken and lacks the water vapor that the monsoon brings into the inland from the sea. Although the melting of glaciers due to global warming has increased the flow of water from the upper reaches of the river, it has not been able to offset the effects of increased evaporation and weakened monsoons. The result is that the amount of water in the middle and lower reaches of the river decreases every year.
2. Destruction of vegetation - the Loess Plateau region is seriously damaged by vegetation, the lack of vegetation to support the gradual desertification of the land, evaporation becomes higher, the land is dry and groundwater needs to be constantly absorbed by the flow through the river in order to replenish.
3. Irrigation is backward - the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the less economically developed regions, the lack of water-saving irrigation technology and funds, most of them are flood irrigation, the Yellow River water is seriously wasted.
① the upper reaches of the arid and semi-arid zone precipitation rate level less, the middle reaches of the main recharge area but serious soil erosion, seasonal variations, the lower reaches of the basin area is small, less recharge;
② the basin of the population is growing fast, the population growth rate is far more than the growth rate of food;
③ in recent decades, with the social development of the Yellow River, the industry along the coast and urban water consumption is increasing, the diversion of the Yellow River irrigation area is constantly expanding. The area of irrigation from the Yellow River has been expanding;
④ The reservoirs have low regulating capacity, and the management of water resources is not unified;
⑤ The water charges are cheap, and the low price of water can't arouse people's awareness of water conservation, and the water used for industry and agriculture is greatly wasted;
⑥ The environmental pollution drastically reduces the utilization rate of the Yellow River water.
The Hanging River
Because of siltation, the bed of the 5464-kilometer-long Yellow River is higher than the cities and farmland in the river basin, which is restrained by the embankment, and it is called the "Hanging River". So where did the Yellow River start to become a "hanging river"?
Dengkou County, southwest of Bayannur City, Inner Mongolia, where the Yellow River channel than the county seat of an average of 4 to 6 meters higher.
Changes in river course
The Yellow River, China's second largest river, has been a muddy river since ancient times. In the 4th century B.C., the lower reaches of the Yellow River were known as the "Turbid River" because of its turbid water. At the beginning of the 1st century A.D., it was pointed out that "the river water was heavy and turbid, and it was called a stone and six buckets of mud". After the Tang and Song dynasties, the sediment has increased. Part of these sediments piled up in the downstream riverbed, accumulated over time, the riverbed silt high, relying on the embankment constraints, the formation of a suspended river over time. Whenever the flood in the autumn, poor defense, light is the mouth of the overflow, heavy is the river to migrate. According to historical records, three to four thousand years before 1946, the lower reaches of the Yellow River flooding 1593 times, the river flooding due to large diversion **** 26 times, more than a thousand times. Flooding throughout the scope of the north to the Haihe River, south to the Huaihe River, across 250,000 square kilometers, the geography of China's Huanghuaihai Plain has a huge impact.
In terms of the characteristics of the channel change of the lower Yellow River, it can be roughly divided into the following stages.
The vibrant upstream section of the river--This section of the river is known as the "rich mining area" of the Yellow River's hydraulic resources. From Longyangxia to Qingtongxia river section, the river gorges are interspersed, the riverbed has a large drop, which is rich in hydraulic resources. Planning to use more than 1,200 meters of drop, installed capacity of more than 10 million kilowatts, accounting for nearly 50% of the river. The average annual power generation is nearly 60 billion kilowatt-hours.
The gentle and lingering Ningmeng section of the river - the Yellow River flows calmly here, irrigating the farmland on both sides of the river and benefiting the local people. Therefore, there are "the world's Yellow River rich Ningxia", "the Yellow River hundred harm, only rich set". The land near Yinchuan in Ningxia is flat and vast, and the use of Yellow River water for self-flowing irrigation has a history of more than 2,000 years. The area is rich in produce, and the quality of the precious Chinese medicine wolfberry and Yinchuan rice is so good that it is known as the "South of the River North". (Lycium barbarum photo) Inner Mongolia Hetao Plain is very dry, in its western part, the annual precipitation is less than 200 millimeters. Here "no water is desert, water into an oasis". The Yellow River water has created excellent conditions for industrial and agricultural production here.
The middle reaches of the river--Shaanjin Canyon, where the Yellow River splits open ten thousand feet of mountains, like a bamboo, forming the longest continuous canyon section of the Yellow River. In this section of the river there are the following two famous places:
1. Hukou Falls--The Yellow River here with the thunderous momentum, rushing over, roaring away, Hukou Falls is both a symbol of the Yellow River, but also a symbol of the spirit of the Chinese people who are not afraid of difficulties and dangers, and are courageous to open up and go forward. "The wind is roaring, the horse is whistling, the Yellow River is roaring, the Yellow River is roaring" This majestic song sings out the elegance of the Yellow River, but also sings out the invincibility of the Chinese nation, and the heroic spirit of striving for strength. (Lyrics from "Yellow River Cantata")
2. Dragon Gate--The story of "Carp jumping over the Dragon Gate" originated here. The water here is fast flowing, and it is said that if a carp can jump over the Dragon Gate, it can become a dragon. This legend expresses people's good wishes to reach the ideal world after making hard efforts, and also inspires Chinese children to work hard and strive endlessly. It is said that this is the entrance to the gorge cut by Dayu to control the water, thus it is also known as the entrance to the gate of Yu.
One, China's second-longest river
The Yellow River, China's second-longest river, a 5,464-kilometer-long river, meandering in northern China. From a high altitude, it looks like a huge "several" word, but also hidden is our nation's unique totem ---- dragon.
Second, the Yellow River's character
It is not just a big river. The Yellow River, the yellow land, the emperor, the yellow skin and the legendary Chinese dragon, all these yellow representations, the turbid flow through the heart of China sublimated into a sacred river. The Book of Han - Ditching Zhi then honors the Yellow River as the first of the hundred rivers: "The source of the Chinese rivers is counted in hundreds, and there is nothing more significant than the four blasphemies, and the Yellow River is the ancestor."
Three, loess wind into said
In the long ago geological era, inland Asia's desert Gobi, all over the sand and gravel in the sudden cold and heat of the harsh environment was broken down and crushed, until the formation of powder. Inland prevailing northwestern air currents, for years and years to blow them to the east, the coarse sand fell on the Mongolian plateau, the most delicate powder with the wind to today's Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia, Henan 6 provinces. Millions of years of handling and accumulation, finally formed a north from the Great Wall, south to the Qinling Mountains, west to the Sun and Moon Mountains, east to the Taihang Mountains of the Loess Plateau.
Four, deep and vast loess layer
This is a piece of unparalleled loess, which covers an area as wide as 410,000 square kilometers, loess covers a thickness of generally more than 100 meters. And Longdong, Shaanxi, Jinxi and other places, loess as deep as 100 to 200 meters, Lanzhou area is thicker than 300 meters.
Five, six thousand years ago in the Garden of Eden
Botanists have found that although the Loess Plateau precipitation is not as abundant as in the south, but the loss of nutrients from the leaching is also less suitable for poplar, birch, oak, pine, spruce, and date, yellow thorns and other growth. At that time, the luxuriant vegetation, nourishing a warm and rainy Garden of Eden. Today, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and other provinces have large tracts of virgin forests. Henan Province, in the central plains, is known simply as "Yu," indicating that it was still a place where elephants roamed in the days of Cangjie's creation of characters.
Nine, uncovered the bottom of the river
Recently, the Yellow River, small north main stream (Shanxi and Shaanxi section), Shanxi Hejin section of the big, small Shizui interval appeared a hundred years of spectacle "uncovered the bottom of the river", the bottom of the river silt as a carpet as the current is rolled up.
"Uncovering the bottom of the river" phenomenon is the Yellow River is unique to a kind of sediment movement law, mainly in the Yellow River small north trunk of the Longmen and tributaries of the Weihe River section, which is manifested in a short period of time when the high sand-containing flood peaks through the riverbed suffered a violent scouring of the river bottom of the block, piece of silt like carpet rolled up, and then was washed away by the water current. Then it is washed away by the current. Such strong scouring can deepen the riverbed by a few meters to a dozen meters in a few hours to dozens of hours. Because of "uncovering the bottom of the river" phenomenon is formed under special conditions, "uncovering the bottom of the river" is known as the Yellow River hundred years of wonders.
According to information, the Yellow River, the last time there is "uncovering the bottom of the river" or in July 6, 1977, the "uncovering the bottom of the river". The "uncovering the bottom of the river" since July 5, 8:10 began, has lasted until 8:40, during which, in the Hejin River section of the Xiaoshizui reconstruction project, No. 1 Dingba section, accompanied by the sound of the surging water, has lifted the height of about 1 meter, the length of about 7-9 meters of the two large lifting things, No. 1 to No. 5 Dingba There are also some small lifts in between.
Early July, the middle reaches of the Yellow River, Wubao - Longmen interval tributaries of heavy rainfall, flooding with a large amount of sediment surging down. the night of July 4, is located in Hejin on the head of the Longmen Hydrological Station peak flow of 4,600 cubic meters per second, the maximum sand content of more than 700 kilograms per cubic meter, so that have a local "uncovered the bottom of the river! "The formation of the phenomenon of conditions.
The Yellow River Cantata
Lyrics: Guang Weiran Curve: Xian Xinghai
The Yellow River Cantata was written during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. In the fall and winter of 1938, the author marched to the banks of the Yellow River in the northwest with the anti-Japanese troops. The majestic mountains and rivers of China and the valor of the warriors inspired the author's creation, and the call of the times prompted him to compose a large-scale recitation poem "Yellow River Chant" with high patriotic fervor, which was later rewritten as the lyrics of "Yellow River Cantata". The work consists of eight movements, which expresses the heroic spirit of the sons and daughters of the Yellow River with rich artistic images, magnificent historical scenes and majestic momentum.
Yellow River Culture
The Yellow River--Verses
Jun see, the water of the Yellow River comes from the sky, and flows to the sea without return. -- Li Bai "Will Enter the Wine"
The Yellow River falls to the sky and goes to the East Sea, and ten thousand miles are written between the breasts. -- Li Bai "Gift to Pei XIV"
The Yellow River is far away from the white clouds, a lonely city with ten thousand feet of mountains. The Qiang flute has no need to complain about the willow, and the spring breeze does not pass through the Jade Gate! -- Wang Zhilux, "The Lyrics of Liangzhou"
The Desert is straight, and the sun sets on the Long River. -- The Yellow River flows into the sea. I want to see a thousand miles, but I want to go up one floor! --Wang Zhilu, "Ascending the Stork Tower"
Want to cross the Yellow River, the ice is blocking the river, and will climb the snow-covered mountains of Taihang . --Li Bai, "Hardship of the Road"
The Yellow River is a river of 10,000 miles of sand, and the waves and winds are from the end of the world. --Liu Yuxi, "The Waves and the Winds"
Sending out the Kunlun to flow in five colors, a yellow turbid river runs through the Middle River. --Wang Anshi, "The Yellow River"
"Looking up at the capital from the White Flower Wall, the Yellow River flows endlessly. In the poor autumn, the pedestrians in the wilderness are extinct, and the head of the horse comes east to know who it is."
"When I return to ask for help at the crossing of the Yellow River, I will be away from home for a few days with a new dogwood." --- Wang Changling
"The Hercynian Army on the north bank of the Yellow River, the world has heard of the sounding of the bells on the vertebral drums." .
" The south bank of the Yellow River is my Shu, and I want to provide for my family without corn." --Du Fu, "Two Songs on the Yellow River"
"Looking at the three gates, the three gates are open, the Yellow River goes east and does not come back.
"Order Li Bai to change his verse, The waters of the Yellow River come from the hands!" . --He Jingzhi, "Sanmenxia - Dressing Table"
"In ancient times, the Yellow River flowed, but now it is used as cultivated land. The capital road becomes a passageway, and the ocean turns into dust." ---Sadurat, Yuan Dynasty Poet, "Crossing the Ancient Yellow River Embankment."
"The Yellow River holds the earth and can still be stuffed, but it is difficult to cut the hatred of the northern wind and rain and snow.
"The Yellow River comes from the west to break the Kunlun, roaring for ten thousand miles to touch the Dragon Gate".
"The West Mountain is magnificent, the Yellow River is like silk from the sky".
"And explore the tiger's lair to the desert, sounding the whip and walking the horse over the Yellow River". --Li Bai
"A single tree is closing the door, and the Yellow River is going out to the sky." --Wang Wei
"The earth and flowers are deserted, the clouds are vast, and the Yellow River wants to finish the sky." -- Li Shangyin
"The water of the Yellow River is white with yellow clouds in the fall, and the pedestrians are relatively sad by the river." --Bai Juyi
The golden river is back to the Jade Pass every year, and the horse and the sword are in the ring every day. The snow returns to the green mound in the spring, and the Yellow River goes around the black mountain in ten thousand miles.
The Yellow River - a proverb
Without seeing the coffin, we will not shed tears, without seeing the Yellow River, we will not die.
The Yellow River is clear and saints come out.
The Yellow River has a hundred harms, but the rich set .
Jumping into the Yellow River can not be washed.
The Yellow River is evil and good, the Yangtze River is good and evil.
The Yellow River does not look at the river when it returns, and the Dai Mei does not look at the mountains when it returns.
Three years and two breaks, a hundred years and a diversion.
When the Yellow River breaks down, the county officials can't live.
The Yellow River has eighteen bends, and a bowl of river water is half a bowl of sand.
The Yellow River still has a day of clarification, can't people have no luck.
Yellow River - Idioms
Mainstay of the Middle Stream Fish Leap Dragon Gate Nine Curves of the Yellow River Jingwei Divided, Haiyanheqing, Heshanbeltiao, Once the River is Clear
.