There is no uniform definition of what prose is. There is no uniform definition of what prose is, because its meaning and scope have been evolving along with the development of literature. Before the May Fourth New Culture Movement, articles other than poems, lyrics, songs and fugues were called prose. Today we talk about prose, basically refers to a literary genre with poetry, novels, plays, and its connotation is extremely broad.
The prose is short and concise, and the text is full of emotion, unconventional, free and flexible, and has always been known as the beauty of the text. Prose painting landscape, writing, writing, free; description of lyricism, narrative argument, and use. Good prose, can let the reader see the life of the ocean of colors, hear the world of joy and sorrow, appreciate the philosophy of thought of the iron tree silver flower, harvest the spiritual field of flowers and fruits. Therefore, the great prose writers of all times have pursued the beauty of structure, mood, style and language of prose. In the history of China, there have been countless masters of prose, all of whom were excellent masters of language. The famous "Eight Great Poets of Tang and Song" were also famous poets. With the help of the language art of poetry, they constructed a splendid prose mood, and pushed the language beauty of prose to one peak after another.
I think that whether we write or read to appreciate the prose, we should seriously learn from the former masters, learn from the language art, in order to form their own artistic characteristics of the beauty of language. I thought the importance of the language beauty of the prose, how to say is not excessive. To make an inappropriate analogy: a beautiful girl, if it is a stuttering, that with people, it is how much of a scene ah. If then spit filth, it is really flowers in cow dung. I personally thought: the beauty of language, is a beautiful prose coat, a look down, let a person feel pleasure, feel beautiful, the article can read on.
I often see some of the authors of the prose, some of the sentences are long, like a lazy woman's shroud; some of the language is tasteless, like a cup of plain water; some of the rhetoric is gorgeous, greasy powder greasy people, as if the donkey's dung eggs wrapped in a layer of frost; there is no modification, lack of dynamics, as the old monk's hat - flat does not collapse. Language is so bad, even if your prose content is good, the theme of the tone is high, I am afraid that the reader is difficult to read on. After all, young men and women looking for objects, the first look is appearance. I think the readers of the article of the trade-offs is also so a road.
Prose does not have a novel twisted storyline, to fascinating. Prose does not have the iterative drama of the climax, to be exciting. Prose is short in length and depends on the refinement of language to win. Mr. Qin Mu, a famous modern prose writer, once said, "A large mountain with a small pile of rocks often does not detract from the grandeur of the mountain. But if there is a pile of rocks in a small garden, it will easily destroy the beauty of the garden. By the same token, short essays especially need to be written concisely and beautifully. Any defeat of redundancy in a short piece of writing is from time to time particularly harsh and difficult to conceal." According to Mr. Qin Mu's statement, the beauty of language, simply become the sinews of the lifeblood of prose, seems to determine the success or failure of an essay.
I thought, the pursuit of the language of prose beauty, the author should strive to build the beauty of the language environment, according to their own different state of mind, to create different contexts. Sometimes as the river goes east, surging and stirring, so that readers feel blood spurting, impassioned; sometimes as if drinking a cup of wine, so that readers are intoxicated, long aftertaste; sometimes as a good friend chatting and talking about the family, so that readers feel close; sometimes as the spring river Bitou, clear, so that readers are refreshed ......
I personally thought that the beauty of the language of prose, should strive to pursue the beauty of vivid, simple, rhythmic and concise beauty. Of course, there are other distinctive beauties that can be summarized.
Let's start with the vivid beauty. Prose language should be vivid image, such as the spring breeze swinging willow, there is a three-dimensional sense. Let people like to hear their voices, like to see their situation, like to see their people. Let's look at Mr. Lu Xun "good story":
"I seem to remember that I had been in a boat through the yin road, both sides of the Uber, new harvest, wildflowers, chickens, dogs, clumps of trees and dead trees, thatched cottages, towers, gamelan, farmers and village women, village women, sunburned clothes, monks, straw hats, the sky, the clouds, bamboo ... ... are reflected in the clear blue river, with each beat of the pulp, each with a flicker of daylight, and the water in the pimples swimming fish, together with the ripples. All the shadows and all the things are not dissolved, and shaking, expanding, and fusing with each other; just a fusion, but then retreating, and close to the prototype." In this passage, the natural scenery under Lu Xun's pen is full of motion and light, poetic, moody and atmospheric. The spreading and fragmentation of the reflection presented on the water surface is particularly specific and beautifully depicted. Make people like a realm, reflecting a kind of as the ancients said, "such as the realm as a picture" of the context.
The simple beauty of the language of prose, just like a cup of tea, very light and light, after the reader's careful tasting, it will be more and more fragrant, aftertaste. The simple beauty of the language, as if the "water out of hibiscus, natural to carve ornaments. This does not mean that the author does not want the language carefully processed, repeatedly refined, but do not overuse the words and phrases, exaggerated and stacked. Prose sentences, should be combined with the context, from the depths of the natural outflow, simple and plain, without losing the deep moving. This is just like the elegant woman, she always put on light makeup, to reflect their natural beauty, and will not put colorful powder on the face. Many of us have read Zhu Ziqing's Backstory, Sun Li's Lotus Dian, Yu Dafu's Autumn in the Old City. The language of these prose writings is as plain as a family routine, but they are popular and lip-smacking. Contemporary prose creation, there is a half-text, half-white, poetry and fugue two unlike the text, it is idle, casual, sentimental, very consumer, but also in the students are very fashionable. It is rhetorical, but not ideological. Personally, I am not opposed to this type of prose, because it is the existence of these prose that mirrors the aesthetic value of classic prose.
I think the language of prose should also have the beauty of rhythm. Because the Chinese language itself has a rhythm of tones. Ancient Chinese prose, especially the prose of the eight great masters of the Tang and Song dynasties, was very concerned about the rise and fall of tones, superimposed words and phrases, and staggered lengths. Their essays are interlaced with rhetorical devices such as prose, couplets, substitution, foliation, topical needle and loop, etc., which are harmonious in tone, flowing freely and full of changes. Read it, catchy, listen to it, there is a "big pearl, small pearl falling jade disk" feeling. Such as Liu Zongyuan's "Feudalism" in a paragraph:
"Han has the world, correcting Qin's wrong, favoring the system of Zhou, dissecting the sea and set up Zongzi, sealing merit. Between a few years, run life to help the wounded of the immaculate, trapped Pingcheng, sick stray vectors, ling late not to save the three generations. Later is the scheming ministers offer painting, and away from the cutting of self-defense carry on. However, the beginning of feudalism, the county state in half, when there is a rebel country and no rebel county, the Qin system of getting also to clear. After Han and the emperor, although the hundred generations can be known."
This paragraph, the length of the text, staggered, the rhythm is clear. The tone of voice is resounding. Although it is a paragraph of argument, but it is pleasant to listen to, read to the mouth. I think that our modern study of prose writing, we should also strive to pursue the rhythm of the language of the beauty, so that the mood of the text, the sound and meaning of both beauty.
Lastly, I would like to talk about the simplicity of the language of prose. I personally believe that the language of prose is simple and fluent, and should be the inherent nature of prose. The only way to understand is to be concise. Previously, when we discussed the dynamic beauty of prose language, we cited Mr. Lu Xun's "good story", which is also a model of language simplicity and beauty. It is a simple and rich, clean, no redundant words and phrases, there is a kind of simple and elegant beauty.
The beauty of the language of prose, the length of the line, the length of the line, the high and low, the rhythm of the fast and slow, the use of rhetoric, although there is no certain law, but there is a certain wonderful, grasp it, mainly by more practice, more practice, more thinking, more reading, more borrowing. Here the "certain beauty", some can only be understood, can not be said. But as long as persistent, careful speculation, write more practice, is able to grasp the tone of the language of the prose beauty, melody, rhythm, and then create their own characteristics of the beauty of the language.
The writer's pen is just like the cobbler's cone, the more it is used, the sharper it is, and later it can be as sharp as a sewing needle. Writing is the human mind, is the emotional narrative, is the extension of the mind, because it speaks of the true face of the earth, moving the true feelings of the earth, is an insight into the external world and their own subjective world of the "true" phase, to become the forerunner of thought, artistic practitioners. However, the scope of his conception must become broader and broader, just like a person's mountaineering view, the higher one climbs, the farther one sees. A thinker is like a silkworm, what he spits out is not mulberry leaves but silk.
Writers of beauty, ugliness, sublime and other aesthetic categories and human aesthetic consciousness, the experience of beauty, as well as the creation of beauty, in people's aesthetic activities are always accompanied by a variety of psychological activities, emotions, pleasure, imagination and so on. For example, Li Bai's poem: "Cold Mountain with sad blue", which "cold", "sad", is not a purely objective facsimile, but the expression of the mood. Mental activities in the appreciation of natural and artistic beauty. For example, in the study of the poem "feeling the flowers splash tears, hate to part with the bird alarmed" caused our sense of beauty, the important thing is not to study the life of flowers, birds and its own characteristics, but to study the flowers, birds caused by the psychological activities of people (alarmed, splash tears) characteristics. Flowers and birds become aesthetic objects as a result of psychological activity in the experience of beauty. Personal thoughts and feelings, aesthetic interests, temperament endowment and other subjective color, style aesthetic qualities determine the artistic innovation.
Prose is not only a unique idea, thesis near feelings, and involves a wide range of knowledge, rich in knowledge, large to literature, philosophy, religion, art, small to smoking, drinking tea, buy things, really everything, strokes through the Chinese and foreign, across the ancient and modern. Specifically to an article, it is to let go, up and down the hook, focusing on a high-density material group, knowledge group. Idle prose is full of rich and thick and can be easy out of it. Idle, calm, serene, indifferent, serene to far-reaching, reverie has wings, free to open and close, think of all kinds of life, the language is simple and unadorned, do not pile up, do not chase the new, discourse, literary style, are clean and simple, high degree of colloquialism. The language is simple and unadorned, not piling up, not chasing after the new. The article is full of easy, easy and difficult.
Prose, narrative, lyricism, description of human nature, humanity, human nature as the foundation of the true feelings, knowledge, perception, experience, excavation, refining, moving people with feelings is a major feature of prose works. Essays are full of ideas, never citing scriptures and conceptual terminology, but rely on a large number of vivid materials to emerge their own insights, that is, stories, poems, historical facts, tales and life experience, life details. Emphasis on observing the reality of life, write an article away from the axiom and trend thinking, close to the actual and have a strange gas. The most rare article is the bone spirit, Qi Qi. The former is the product of independent personality, the latter is the product of unique ideas, but the two can not be separated. There is no difference between old and new, but there is a difference between true and false. "Those who rush to the hilarious are only the embellishment of the last days not the prime days." "Action without thought may be foolish, but action without common sense often results in tragedy." They come from the author's realization and wonderful insights into the world and life.
The prose of life is a depiction of the free and easy beauty of the laborer, such as oil, salt, soy sauce and vinegar, the people and things around them, the four seasons of the wind and clouds and climate, the fragrant flowers, the intoxicating warmth of the sun, often under the pen Man Dance light. Pen flowing with thoughts and soul, between the words recorded, carved with their own affairs of the heart, but also between the words constructed a romantic love, cozy life. Mostly used to narrate emotions, management of marriage, expression of life. In the text, the spilling joyful dreams and obsession, laughter and tears, love and sadness. Words let a person's knitted brows and smile are permeated with a kind of elegant and pleasant. The first thing you need to do is to get a good deal of money.
The overall style of the prose is to moisturize the manna of the human mind, is the alternative function of the literary pottery, pastime, enlightenment. It is dominated by idleness. In fact, the body of gossip on the whole is a winding path. Kindly have "I", careless, language and no matter and thick and easy plus with the connection of high knowledge and cultural content, transcendental concepts, wisdom, and a more tranquil state of mind, leisure and a strong interest in life, "leisure" is to the The "leisurely" is the generalization of the "felicitous tone", "personal tone" and so on, is also the basic aesthetic characteristics of all the gossip prose.
Prose creation is the art of portraying images through language, it is not relying on abstract reasoning, but to the reader's specific feelings, and therefore especially require the language has the image of beauty. The so-called image of beauty is to reflect and express the work of the object, because only recognize the "true", we may be because we want to "recollect", to "narrate", to "to talk about people and things", but by the so-called "real things", "real scenery" presented by the "real" in the scene painted shape, painted appearance, sound and color. Painted appearance, painted sound and color, described in a beautiful way, giving people like being there, such as seeing their people, such as hearing their voices, the image of a realistic sense of beauty to evoke people's emotions and imagination. The reader is induced to produce associations and imagination, creating a lifelike artistic image.
In the world of prose, looking for a release of words and heart intersection. Read life as poetry, prose, and fiction; read life as love and beauty. Prose reveals the true nature of the self, planting roses in the garden of the heart. Let life's sweet and sour, firewood, rice, oil and salt, in life through spring, summer, autumn and winter, wind, flower and snow, into beautiful words, blooming Qiyan's enchanting. There is the spiritual temperament and spiritual experience, the vicissitudes of life without losing grace, rich support without losing essence, practice without losing flexibility, grace without losing simplicity. Fresh as the valley orchid, charming as the moon open rose, fresh as the morning breeze containing dew white lotus, gorgeous as the graceful peony. Words can be soft or hard, can be gorgeous or vicissitudes. It can be said that a hundred flowers blossom, colorful.
By objectively recounting the phenomenon of life, life issues, people's deeds, the work of the pen modification, open the reader's mind, expanding people's horizons, enlightening people's minds, conveying the concept of humanism and ideological point of view, reflecting the orientation of an era. In line with the value orientation of the culture, will be absorbed and promoted, thus enhancing the ideological elements in line with the needs of the times. Therefore, to grasp the characteristics of the times, the language, must be vivid, lively and innovative in order to improve readability. Character movement, demeanor, is the characteristics of culture and art, in the writing technique focus on about the characters themselves, so that the work has vitality, popularity, ideology is easier to convey. In the context of the times to explore the character's ideological connotations, the text is valuable to communicate, with different points of view to communicate, improve the humanistic culture of people, in order to hit the cultural sparks, in order to make the article better and better.
Prose, generally known as the lyrical prose; had a "beautiful", "fiction"; in recent years, some people call it "artistic prose". Prose, is a kind of free, flexible writing experience feeling style. Its unique beauty lies in: can let us through a very pure, intimate form, read the author of life or natural feelings. So, a prose, is a cup of author with their own life experience brewed wine, we read prose, is also drinking this cup of "wine", the more carefully taste, the more able to appreciate the rich and complex flavor, get enlightened.
Prose, is a strain of literature. China's literature has long had traces of prose, such as Ouyang Xiu's "Drunken Master Pavilion", Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower" and so on. In modern times, China is a large number of prose writers. Such as Zhu Ziqing, Yang Shuo, Ai Qing, etc., their works, some fresh and beautiful, some deep and heavy. But the same thing is to record and marvel at the establishment, growth and development of new China. This is for the later prose, in the style of deep influence.
There are two main aspects of prose worth noting, genre and style:
First, the genre, now the genre of prose has been divided into several kinds. There are essays, mood text, travelogue, narrative and so on. With the author's feelings are different, the definition of each essay is different. A few words, all the heart of the matter, such prose is very concise, and modern poetry complements; spilling, expounding the mood, such prose is very cast, the author must have a deep meaning, to be combined with the title to understand, in order to comprehend.
Second, the style, there are fresh, staid, joyful, sad, positive, despondent, countless. But there is a tenet, both the writing must be beautiful, the article must flow. 'The form is scattered but not the spirit'. At the end of the final conclusion, there must be a punctuation, highlight the theme, and react to the idea of this article. In fact, life is like wine pouring, the article is like tea with the harmonization. The success of a good essay, as long as the reader can cause **** Ming, are good articles. Prose has its own unique provisions and categories, but as long as it is from the heart of the text, who is not moved by it?
To a short length, write a sense of life or nature, and write frankly, kindly, beautiful, meaningful, both an arrow in the accurate and powerful, but also "the end of the song is not seen, the river several peaks of the green" as implicit flavor, this is the form of prose requirements. This requirement determines the characteristics of the prose form of creation.
First, in the narrative mode, the reflection of things in prose from the author's subjective feelings, mainly personal lyricism. Although the use of narrative, discussion and other narrative methods, but not without the integration of the author's feelings, often the lyric, narrative, discussion into a furnace, forming a kind of narrative style, read it as if people into the author's open mind, listen to their feelings, feel kindly.
Second, in the artistic performance, although the prose is not like a novel, poetry, drama, as specific requirements, but also need to be quite "witty". Some people have compared the artistic performance of prose to "using a strange army" to win by surprise and win more with less.
Run to win, with less than more "wit", mainly reflected in three aspects:
First, the pen in detail, small see big. Read prose, we often see the author's perception and description of things is always so fine. The author is good at grasping the most characteristic, enough to send their own thoughts and feelings of the fine, a few strokes, can write a very rich and complex content, or personal feelings, or character style, or landscape scenery, or environmental atmosphere, so that people "can be in the very small in the unique to see its big". For example, Zhu Ziqing's "Backstory", in which the father over the railroad tracks, up and down the platform to buy oranges scene description, as shown in front of our eyes in the movie close-ups in slow motion, so detailed, so clear, unlimited father's love and the author of this father's love of a deep sense of understanding, as much as possible in which.
Second, the side of the implied, short prose, take the side of the implied writing method, often than to take the front of the plain narrative, the artistic effect is better. This will not only provide us with a novel perspective, but also give greater play to our imagination, thus further broadening and enriching the realm of prose description. For example, Lao She's "Little Sparrow" has a very profound implication. The author's sense of social life permeates the description of the little sparrow. "It has been destroyed by people, but it still wants to rely on people, how pitiful!" "Because that kitten was born only four months or so ago, and had not yet caught a big mouse, probably had not yet learned to kill, but only brought the little bird to play." "It was not ready to resist, but it was not entirely without courage, for it dared not move a muscle in front of the cat." Between the lines is full of the author for the destruction and abuse of the weak and small sympathy, and implies the weak and small can fight for survival expectations, but also contains some thought-provoking philosophy of life. However, reading this kind of implied writing works, we must pay attention to the actual works, seriously, carefully pondered taste, avoid far-fetched to "discover" the works of the "meaning of the word" "like outside the flavor "The first thing I'd like to say is that I don't want to be a part of it.
Third, in the structure and behavior, the prose pursued a "natural rhythm". That attitude, indeed, a bit like "walk", like "gossip", such as "traveling clouds and water". It can achieve this realm, mainly due to the author of the material is very familiar with the writing, a good idea, can be designed for the best prose structure blueprint; at the same time, skilled performance skills, can easily and freely make that structure blueprint to achieve. The specifics are different.
Prose is a literary genre, she is the author of the use of language other than rhyme on the natural world, as well as the natural world of life, survival, life records, descriptions and write, with the art of infection can fully express the author's thoughts and feelings of the article.
After the 1990s, Chinese prose had a great development. Entering the period of prose revolution, the debate on prose was very intense. In this period, the prose is no longer purely artistic and lyrical prose, and it is no longer only prose for political service. Prose has become diversified and pluralistic. People's conception of prose also changed greatly. Thus, the prose emphasized the modern consciousness of people. So, what is emphasizing modern consciousness? That is to say, our prose should focus on what most human beings are thinking? What are they doing? Instead of simply singing praises, we should penetrate into the depths of society and the inner world of human beings from multiple angles, advocate concern and thinking about history and the fate of life, and use rich and diverse techniques to awaken the hearts and minds of human beings. In this period, Yu Qiuyu as the pioneer of the writers put forward a kind of writing a large prose advocate, and physically, wrote a lot of atmospheric prose, so the Chinese prose has entered a stage of reverence for the large prose. So what is the big prose? That is, the prose should pay attention to the expansion of the realm and subject matter, to be innovative, rather than just talking about the prose to write a large subject matter, write a large length.
Author. There is a difference between authors. There is a kind of authors always follow the ass of the times, most of their works are pandering to the times, is to sing the praises of the shape of the charm of the vulgar; and the other kind of writers are always trying every possible way to focus their attention to the front of the times, their thinking is an independent personality, and its gaze is forward-looking, they are distant from the times, sometimes in conflict. The fate and survival of these two kinds of writers are also different, the former often live a very comfortable life, the latter always live a very difficult life. But the former is often abandoned and buried by history, history will always remember the kind of forward-looking writers.
Literature is not a craft, the writer is not a craftsman. Literary creation is a set of life to speak, is a set of ideas to speak, is a set of language to speak, therefore, the prose creation can not be as simple as the craftsman teaching apprenticeship to teach. But here I can discuss with the literary friends, put forward a few ways to improve the level of prose creation.
First of all, learning and borrowing. The premise of learning and borrowing is to read. Prose is more important to be filled with the breath of real life, to have a sense of the world's people and know, reflecting the people's livelihood of the sadness and joy and hardship of food and clothing, but also to have a sense of life and cognition, and so on. We sometimes often fall into a kind of escape from the paradigm in writing, the main reason is that our reading horizons are not wide, thinking about the problem is still very single. So we often appear a phenomenon, when we see a good prose, we just follow the prose routine to write their own prose, no novelty, which is the taboo of prose writing. Therefore, we have to broaden our reading horizons, broaden our writing ideas, and constantly learn and learn from good authors and good works.
Author. To learn from life. Life is the source of all our literature, and prose is no exception. Therefore, every writer who has made a difference, he is first of all a person who has a heart in life. This requires that we learn to observe the causes of life. Without life, there is no true feeling, it is impossible to write moving works. Writing prose is to have passion, no passion, prose is missing the times and life breath, will become a fictionalized empty writing, and then talented authors will go to the end of the failure.
The second is to write more. In reading other people's work, we will have a feeling: these words, in fact, I will also combine. But really want to move their own pen, only to know the weight of holding the pen. Therefore, is to write more, write more to stimulate the creative inspiration and passion, write more to improve their ability to deploy the text, the formation of their own style of expression of ideas. Otherwise, how can there be "long-term accumulation, by chance". Literature itself is a personal matter, it belongs to what whatism is entirely because of the author's writing habits! Writers can only produce good works if they follow their own writing habits, otherwise it's just literary garbage! It's just literary garbage! Perfectly packaged garbage wrapped up in an ism! I don't know whether it is lucky or sad that literature has come to such a pass! On the one hand, literature is no longer sacred, and anyone can have fun with words. On the other hand, the temple of literature has become a big garbage dump. Of course, there is no lack of excellent "garbage", but most of the garbage is polluting the environment, clean up can not clean up the garbage!
Essay is a kind of prose, it is a literary creation in the field of free material, short, flexible writing style, rich in vivid expressive literary genre. Essay can be fully free to express the inner world of the author, the rate of truth clearly show the spiritual realm of the writer, flexible to show the personality of the penman talent. Essay writing is a kind of feeling of our life, it captures the thought of the spark of the moment, it captures the scene of those who flashed by. In a sense, the essay is the author of a sincere dialog with their own minds, is sincere to the reader to bare their souls. It truly reflects the self-knowledge and evaluation of things, the real performance of their own thoughts, it refuses to artifice, abandon false feelings, opposed to deliberately for the text, it advocates the real reproduction, true reflection, true pure expression, true rate for the text.
The form of the essay generally requires the following two points:
First, the essence. Although the pen emphasizes the pen to the pen, chapter and verse is not very elaborate, but this does not mean that the pen can be written without having to weigh the words and phrases hastily, and should be in the natural language under the premise of striving to achieve the essence of accurate, vivid, lively, fresh, full of personality and spirit, so that both the purpose of the practice, but also to give a person the beauty of the enjoyment of.
Second, random. Casual refers to the life of a scene, a matter, a person, a reason, as long as we can pluck our heartstrings, touch our sensory nerves, can be in accordance with their own purpose, interest, and frankly, involved in the pen into a fun, to personalized reproduction.
Keeping a light heart, not deliberately seeking to work, show personality, express true feelings, natural and smooth. The beauty of the pen, spontaneous. The first thing you need to do is to get your hands dirty. Write my prose, dance my soul. Being this place. Learning to write essays, pay attention to two points:
First, to be good at small to see the big, essays is a synchronized tracking and facsimile of life fragments of insights, occasional experience, a drop of perception, instantaneous thinking. It is free to express itself, can describe a small scene of emotion, can describe a fun little thing, can describe a distinctive character of a small character, can talk about an enlightened reasoning, can also express a unique and different feelings. Such as Zhu Ziqing's "back", Yu Pingbo's "paddle lights in the shadow of the Qinhuai River" are not so. If it is always like a running account, everything, just to be able to truly reflect life, and did not do to artfully reflect life.
Second, to be good at describing, describing is the use of vivid and graphic language, the characters or scenery of the state of the concrete depicted. Descriptions such as colorful, vivid and lively TV images in the essay, good at describing, in order to do sound and color, vivid, vivid, vivid, vivid, Vimy Vimy. This is because the author through the specific figurative language to write people, objects, the objective object to write sound, color, taste, shape, so that people have a personal presence, such as witnessing their people, such as hearing their voices, such as smell their taste, such as seeing their color, such as the experience of their feelings.