://news.xinhua/world/2006-02/23/content_4217250.
Stroking on the past and talking about "Carnival"--Brazilian Carnival Expert Interview
XINHUANET February 23, 2006 14:24:31 Source: Xinhua Network
Xinhua News, "Carnival": An interview with Araud, an expert on Carnival in Brazil. Carnival expert Arolde Costa (By Chen Jiaying)
"Brazil's Carnival is not in decline as some people say, on the contrary, this folk event is adapting to the characteristics of the modern society and is showing more and more vigorous vigor." Brazilian samba and Carnival expert Arode Costa told reporters so.
Carnival Momo King Marcelo Rey (C) attends the Rio Carnival *** with Carnival Queen Ana Paula Evangelisa (R) and Princess Cristiane Haney (L) at the Rio Carnival *** on February 4, 2005 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
On the same day, the world-famous Rio de Janeiro Carnival opened.
AFP/AFP
Arolde Costa is a prominent representative of Brazil's black cultural and artistic community, working as a journalist, actor, and known as an expert on Brazilian samba and Carnival issues, having published six monographs on the subject.
In the 1980s, he set up an artistic production company dedicated to the dissemination of Brazilian folk songs and dances, and has led troupes to perform in many countries in Europe and North and South America, with a program focusing on Carnaval and samba performances.
On the origin of Brazilian Carnival, evolution, allusion and the current situation, Arod as a treasure, to the reporter to talk about.
The samba moves through history
In medieval Christendom, Carnival was celebrated from Epiphany to the beginning of Lent.
In Brazil, Carnival is celebrated during the three days before the beginning of Lent.
The earliest Carnivals in Rio de Janeiro *** did not have musical rhythms or melodies, but rather were characterized by shouting and laughing and throwing liquids and objects at each other in a frenzy.
One Carnival, some Portuguese brought a big drum and a couple of small drums into the street and beat them deafeningly, drawing large crowds into the street.
This was probably the beginning of Carnival.
Gradually, groups of people with similar attire and make-up took to the streets *** and many of them were black.
These black groups introduced African music and dance into the carnival.
The addition of samba was an important milestone for Rio de Janeiro's Carnival.
It is generally recognized that the word samba is derived from the African Angolan Kimpendu word "samba", which means navel.
Samba is a belly dance popularized by the Kimpendu tribe, brought to Brazil by black slaves in Africa, and first spread around Salvador, the first capital of Brazil and now the capital of the northeastern state of Bahia.
Samba is also known as the "Circle Dance", because when people dance in a circle, first a dancer enters the circle and chooses a partner of the opposite sex with a belly signal, and then the two dance wildly to the accompaniment of fierce percussion.
Afterward, the first dancer exits, and the dancer invited into the circle chooses another partner of the opposite sex in the same way, and so on, until everyone has danced once.
But the samba of today is not the samba of yesteryear.
Around 1870 and 1880, in the streets of Rio de Janeiro's black African neighborhoods, there was a city dance that was largely influenced by the Afro-Batuco, with its fast rhythms, wild steps, and hip-hopping, which was fascinating to watch.
The area was rich in a cucurbit plant from Africa, the fruit of which is edible and loved by the people, commonly known as "Masishe", so this dance gradually spread under the name of Masishe.
At the end of the 19th century, many black Bahian immigrants to Rio de Janeiro, brought the Samba dance to the black neighborhoods, Samba and Masishe mutual penetration, fusion, and gradually formed today's Samba, and the word Samba in the early twentieth century to replace the Masishe title.
Before and after that, some musicians began to frequent these neighborhood samba parties, absorbing inspiration from samba music to create a large number of samba songs, spreading the samba to the whole society, and letting the samba out of the city.
Soon after, Rio de Janeiro had its first Carnival samba ***.
At the end of the 1920s, the first samba school ---- "Let's Talk" was born in the black neighborhoods, and the group was first equipped with Brazilian drums, The group first performed Carnival *** accompanied by a samba band with Brazilian drums, tambourines, tambourines and hi-hat drums.
Then came the most famous samba schools in history, such as Mangueira, Portela and Sagro.
As samba became known worldwide as Brazil's native music and dance, samba schools became known worldwide.
The emergence of samba schools led to the popularity of the Carnival Samba *** competition.
In 1934, the Union of Samba Schools of Rio de Janeiro was founded.
The first sambas *** were held in Plaza XI, a black neighborhood known as the Cradle of Samba.
In Carnival Samba ***, each school's samba has a plot or theme, hence the name Theme Samba.
In the 1960s, there was a revolution in thematic samba, the so-called historical fringe figures ---- who never made it to the great halls of history or who were not much written in the history books, also became the theme, including folk worship idols.
In some cases, the concerns of poor communities were brought to the samba.
In 1984, Brazil's most famous architect, Niemeyer, designed the Rio de Janeiro Samba Arena, which has been the home of the Brazilian Carnival samba *** which attracts global attention year after year.
This is a major turning point in the history of Carnival, and a landmark event in the commercialization of the Carnival Samba *** show.
Samba field has 800 meters long grandstand, divided into different districts, set up VIP seats, boxes, ordinary stands and so on.
Samba schools began to have bargaining rights, negotiating with the media for television rights through the Union
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Brazilian Carnival
Arriving in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in South America, the country was informed by a tour guide that Brazil is the world's The most important thing to remember is that Brazil is one of the countries with the largest number of holidays in the world, and there are countless religious and non-religious festivals, among which the grandest and most distinctive is the annual Carnival.
Carnival is a four-day event that takes place every year in mid- to late February.
It is said that the Brazilian Carnival originated in Europe in the 15th century, when the Pope ordered that the first three days of Lent be celebrated in front of the Papal Palace.
The priests sang and danced, and the whole city of Rome was immersed in a sea of joy. From then on, Carnival was formalized and popularized in Europe, and was later introduced to Brazil by the Portuguese.
In 1641, in Salvador, the horse and float ***, thus creating the first Brazilian carnival.
In 1846, the first Carnival masquerade was held in Brazil.
In the second half of the 19th century, with the gradual abolition of the Brazilian slave trade and the final abolition of slavery, the majority of black people happily joined the *** army of Carnival, in the accompaniment of traditional African musical instruments, dancing with a strong African style.
In 1889, after the overthrow of the empire in Brazil and the establishment of the *** and the country, the carnival from the form to the content of a new change, the samba gradually become the protagonist of the festival.
In this way, over time, it gradually developed into the unprecedented non-religious national celebration that it is today.
Although the festival is a short four-day event, Brazilian cities and organizations from all walks of life begin preparing for the festivities a month or two beforehand.
The main streets of the cities were decked out in festive costumes, with high stands erected on both sides of the streets, and the best boxes in the Rio de Janeiro Grandstand were snapped up early, even though they cost more than a thousand dollars.
The four days of Carnival, the heat of the carnival swept across the whole of Brazil, men, women and children in red and green, colorful costumes, singing and dancing, the spring tide of the dike to the street.
In addition to pharmacies, hospitals, and bars, factories shut down, stores closed, schools closed for the holidays, and it was a real "no one belongs to anyone, and no one cares about anyone".
The rich are dressed in gold and jewelry, and the poor have to dress up a little, knocking on empty cans and boxes, jingling into the crowd of revelers, as if they were not going to have a party once a year, and then not have any good luck tomorrow.
People forget the rich and poor, forget the sadness and worry, forget the tension and fatigue, only joy and happiness.
At this time, the whole country, regardless of high and low, regardless of race and color, are like a wave of joy into the sea of joy.
This joyful atmosphere also infected travelers from other countries, many foreigners can not help but dissolve into it.
The most exciting, intense and joyful dance is the samba.
From the 16th century, the samba, which originated on the west coast of Africa, followed the black slaves to Brazil, where it absorbed the music and dance styles of the Portuguese and the Indians and evolved into the Brazilian samba.
When dancing samba, every muscle of the dancer is shaking, so it is different from the general light song and dance.
As early as 1928, there was a group in Rio de Janeiro called the Samba School.
From then until now, the School of Samba has been the protagonist of the Samba Competition of the Carnival of Rio de Janeiro.
In the months leading up to Carnival, the samba groups rehearse their dances, create their own music, make their own unique costumes and floats, and select their highly trained "kings" and "queens" of the dance.
Samba masquerade *** when, at the head of the open road members surrounded by the name and logo of the group to which they belong, followed by the *** team at the head of the person in charge, the composer and the colorful car designers and other leading figures.
They waved to the crowds of onlookers with smiles on their faces, dressed in smart tuxedos.
They were followed by a procession of colorful women *** dressed to the nines.
They were dressed in gaudy, wide-swinged dresses, some in feathered hats, some in masks.
The women's *** procession was flanked or preceded by hundreds of men's percussion bands, whose musicians wore shirts and pants made of countless pieces of metal that glittered in the brilliant sunlight.
They play and play with great gusto.
Then came the colorful cars and the samba team, on which stood the handsome men and women who had been chosen as "king" and "queen", smiling and throwing kisses to the crowd.
Then came the ecstatic samba team, dancers dressed in different costumes, competing for color, along with the dance music, singing and dancing, this is a waist, hips, stomach shaking and swinging dance.
The dancers are so bright, the viewers are as dumb, whether it is the dancers or the viewers, people forget all the troubles, forget what the name is, forget to eat and drink, and the degree of its passionate obsession has almost reached madness.
The Brazilian Carnival is one of the most crowded, passionate, and unforgettable festivals I've seen overseas.
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://davost/carnival /carnival-bx.
Brazilian Carnival
It is said that the Rio de Janeiro Carnival began in the mid-19th century.
Initially, Carnival was small and limited to a few indoor masquerades held by the aristocracy, where people wore masks purchased from Paris and had a lot of fun.
In 1852, bands conducted by the Portuguese Azevedo took to the streets.
With the fast-paced music, black and white, poor and rich, men, women and children danced, and the city erupted in joy.
Carnival in Rio de Janeiro did not have a fixed location in the first place, but because of the heat of the summer, the *** events took place at night.
Since the 1970s, the samba schools have proposed the construction of a samba arena in the city for the Carnival.
The Brazilian Carnival in February is known as the largest and most spirited carnival in the world, with a frenzy of feminization that is second to none and attracts millions of domestic and foreign tourists every year.
Of all the carnivals that take place across Brazil, Rio de Janeiro in particular is the most famous and mesmerizing event in the world.
During the period, the whole city came out, people regardless of color and race, rich and poor, are like a tide on the streets, men and women, young and old, all heavily made up, singing and dancing, and give vent to their hearts.
The grand samba *** is the *** of Carnival, a large colorful car flanked by the "king" and "queen" (the famous football star Ronaldo's ex-girlfriend Suzanne was chosen as Rio de Janeiro's carnival"). The "queens" (Suzanne, the former girlfriend of the famous soccer star Cristiano Ronaldo, was chosen as Rio's "queen") lead the way, with fiery Latinas in bikinis or topless ***, and male dancers dancing a spirited samba that drives the atmosphere to a fever pitch, so that tourists can't help but join in with the revelry.
The glamorous costumes, the powerful music, the *** spicy samba and the beautiful scenery of Brazilian women make people forget.
In addition, the city of Salvador, the capital of Bahia, has a unique Carnival.
Because the Bahia people do not want to market it, the carnival here has been able to maintain its original flavor, and has become the truest embodiment of Brazilian tradition and the spirit of carnival.