First, fertilization in spring is very important, and fertilization has a doorway.
1. The importance of spring fertilization
Fertilization in spring is very important in apple producing areas on the Loess Plateau. Many fruit farmers may have questions. Fertilization is very important, and the most important thing is to apply base fertilizer in autumn. Because the fruit has just been picked at this time, a lot of nutrients are taken away by the apple fruit, so it is necessary to apply autumn fertilizer immediately to restore the weak trees and lay a good foundation for the next year's production. But why is it important to apply fertilizer in spring in the loess plateau production area? This is because in this area, many fruit farmers have no habit of fertilizing in autumn or have no time to fertilize in autumn, leaving this most crucial dinner to apples.
Because we missed the application of base fertilizer in autumn, when the next spring comes, the apple trees will easily grow weak. In the words of local fruit farmers, if the trees are not strong, the trees without strength will not have the strength to grow leaves and blossom, and the flowers will not be good, nor will they produce big and sweet apples in autumn, let alone ensure the yield and quality. Therefore, the more boring the trees are, the more important it is to fertilize the fruit trees in spring. Isn't it spring fertilization for apple producing areas in the Loess Plateau? Scrap copper and iron? , but? Golden pimple? .
2. Fertilization methods are particular.
If base fertilizer is not applied in autumn, 6-8 fertilization ditches are dug radially under the crown along the growth direction of horizontal roots, which are 0.8m away from the trunk, 30cm wide and 20cm deep. Of course, if the labor force allows, the more the better, so that fertilization in spring can be absorbed and utilized by fruit trees to the maximum extent.
We often say that fertilizer and water are not separated, and fertilizer needs water to be absorbed by roots and transported to various organs of plants. What the Loess Plateau lacks is water. Therefore, we can only harvest more ditches and let the fertilizer be dispersed as much as possible. This can improve the utilization rate of fertilizer. There is no need to dig the pit too deep, 20 cm is the appropriate depth. At a depth of 20 cm, apple trees have the most fibrous roots. Therefore, applying fertilizer at this depth can make the roots absorb fertilizer quickly and provide nutrients for the germination of fruit trees in spring in time.
3. Pay attention to the types of fertilization
Because of the low temperature in the loess plateau in early spring, the root activity is not fully stimulated and the root activity is not high, so the absorption and utilization rate of fertilizer is relatively low. Therefore, to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer, it is necessary to raise roots first and then fertilize. What is the basis for raising roots? Bio-organic fertilizer, through the application of bio-organic fertilizer, improves the ability of root system to absorb and utilize fertilizer.
The use of chemical fertilizers is also very particular. Fruit trees have different requirements for nutrients in different periods of annual growth. There are two metabolic types of fruit trees in the annual cycle, namely nitrogen metabolism and carbon metabolism, which determine the accumulation and consumption of nutrients in the tree. In the prophase of vegetative growth, it is consumptive metabolism dominated by nitrogen metabolism. At this time, the absorption and assimilation of nitrogen fertilizer is very strong, the branches and leaves grow rapidly, and the consumption of organic nutrients is more and the accumulation is less, so the requirements for fertilizer and water, especially nitrogen, are particularly high.
Therefore, the most important thing in early spring is to supplement more nitrogen fertilizer to fruit trees, and the absorption of nitrogen by fruit trees is first high and then low. Under the premise of not applying base fertilizer in autumn, the first fertilization in spring needs high nitrogen fertilizer to supplement the body of fruit trees and make them grow new branches and leaves; However, the demand for phosphorus in this period is not great; The demand of potassium for fruit trees is just the opposite of nitrogen, which is low first and then high, or medium first and then high.
With regard to the selection of chemical fertilizers, it is suggested to choose special fertilizers for apples with high nitrogen, medium phosphorus and low potassium, such as the special fertilizers for apples with the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of 22- 10-8. About 6 kilograms of chemical fertilizer per apple tree in full fruit period can meet the needs of trees. The principle of fertilization is that big trees should fertilize more and small trees should fertilize less. The amount of fertilization should be determined according to the age of the tree and the three-year average yield, under the guidance of experts and the local actual situation.
What is the first fertilization in spring? Quick? Word, fertilization should be quickly absorbed by trees. Therefore, the choice of nitrogen fertilizer is also very particular. Nitrate nitrogen can be directly used by fruit trees, and ammonium nitrogen or amide nitrogen needs to be converted into nitrate nitrogen to be absorbed by fruit trees. The ground temperature is low in spring, and the effect of using urea is poor. This is like eating steamed bread, which takes a while to be absorbed by the body, while using nitrate nitrogen can be directly absorbed and utilized by the body just like drinking glucose directly. Nitrate nitrogen is more easily absorbed and utilized than other types of nitrogen fertilizer.
3. Use foliar fertilizer to supplement the nutrition of trees.
Fertilizing through soil is like feeding a weak fruit tree a meal, but in spring, the ground temperature is low and the absorption capacity of roots is poor. Even if the fertilizer can be directly used by the root system, it still needs a process after fertilization, which needs the root system to absorb it slowly. For the aboveground parts, some side dishes can be added at this time to help the roots absorb nutrients quickly.
The organic small molecule water-soluble fertilizer containing fulvic acid, alginic acid and amino acid is directly sprayed on the dry branches by foliar spraying, so that the nutrients can quickly enter the tree body after hearing the epidermis, so that although the tree body absorbs less nutrients, the nutrients absorbed through lenticels can exert their fertilizer efficiency faster and have higher efficiency.
Second, laying gardening floor cloth
In spring, the biggest problem in the whole Loess Plateau is drought and water shortage. Therefore, it is particularly important to take certain moisturizing measures. Thermal insulation, moisture retention and water retention are to ensure yield and benefit. Fruit farmers may think of plastic film, but what they want to recommend to you is gardening floor cloth. Laying gardening floor cloth has three main functions:
Insulation: During the flowering and fruit-setting period of apples, although the outside temperature has increased, the temperature change in the loess plateau production area is still relatively large. Laying horticultural floor cloth can increase the ground temperature 1~2℃, although it is only 1~2℃, but don't underestimate it, it has an important influence on flowering and fruit setting. The moisturizing performance is higher than that of plastic film: the difference between gardening cloth and ordinary plastic film is that it is a cloth, which can not only moisturize, but also has some tiny holes through which rainwater can leak and store water while moisturizing. Different from ordinary plastic film, it can only retain groundwater, but can't accept foreign objects such as rain and accumulate moisture. Strong anti-aging ability: compared with ordinary plastic film, horticultural floor cloth has another remarkable point: firmness, anti-trampling and strong anti-aging ability. Generally, it can be used for three years and reused repeatedly, saving cost and manpower and material resources. Third, ask the wall bee for help.
In early spring, applying high nitrogen fertilizer and laying horticultural ground cloth introduced earlier promoted the growth of fruit trees. When the fruit trees reached flowering stage, management became more critical. As we all know, fruit can only be set after pollination. Therefore, the flowering period of fruit trees is the most critical stage of management in a year. If pollination is not good at flowering and the fruit setting rate is low, the yield will decrease. Many flowers have blossomed, but there is no result. This is a problem encountered by many fruit farmers during this period. To solve this problem, we need to ask the wall bee for help.
1, with the characteristics of angular frontalis muscle.
Wall bees, also known as horned bees, belong to the genus wall bees in the honey bee family. There are many rows of neatly arranged abdominal hairs on the abdomen of female bees, which are called abdominal brushes, while there is no abdominal brush on the abdomen of male bees. These abdominal brushes are the pollen collection organs of wallbees. After the horned frontalis climbed over the flowers, the brush on the abdomen was covered with pollen. Hornfrontalis muscle breeds one generation a year and does not need artificial feeding. There are 320 days in a year living in a nest tube, and only about 40 days in nature. Taking advantage of this characteristic of wallbee, we can bring wallbee into the orchard in the spring flowering period, and then collect the pollinated bee tubes that lay eggs and store them in the refrigerator for reuse in the next year. Fruit farmers will benefit from one year's investment.
2. Pollination advantage of wallbee.
Wallbee is used for pollination not only because of its unique personality, but also because it has different pollination characteristics compared with bees. Wall bee pollination has the characteristics of fast pollination speed, good pollination effect and simple management, which can save a lot of labor costs.
(1) The active temperature is lower than that of bees.
The activity temperature of the wallbee is lower than that of the common bee, which needs 15~ 16℃, but the pollination activity of the wallbee can be carried out at the temperature of 13~ 14℃, which is 2~3℃ lower than that of the common bee, so it is very suitable for pollination of fruit trees on the loess plateau.
(2) The number and area of visiting flowers are better than that of bees.
In the case of low temperature, wallbees are more diligent than bees, and can pollinate 300 to 400 flowers an hour, while ordinary bees only have one or two hundred. At the same time, in the way of picking flowers, wall bees often touch pollen or pistil with their whole bodies, while bees directly pedal on petals with their two legs and suck the honey juice with their mouthparts. Therefore, the wall bee has a good contact with pollen, thus ensuring the pollination quality and good pollination, not only improving the fruit setting rate, but also directly affecting the fruit quality, and the pollinated apple has a straight shape.
In addition, compared with artificial pollination, wallbee pollination also has great advantages. It was found that the fruit-setting rate of Fuji apples pollinated by bees can be increased by more than 50% compared with that of artificial pollination.
3, the use of wall bees
(1) Prepare to pollinate with Wallbee.
Pest control and pruning: First of all, before apple trees germinate, we should do a good job in pest control, especially the fruit tree diseases that need to be controlled by pesticides, such as spraying sulfur mixture. For the first two weeks, we can't spray any pesticides and fungicides. Secondly, after the fruit trees germinate, they should be pruned again before flowering, and the branches that are too strong or too weak should be removed to keep the amount of fruit branches moderate. This can not only improve the fruit setting rate, but also give the apple tree a reasonable load.
Preparation of the hive: The above is the preparation before releasing the bees. Next, let's talk about the preparations for the hive. Spring is coming, prepare a bee tube and let the wall bees lay eggs first. Why prepare a beehive? By making artificial bee tubes and putting them in the inoculation place, the time for wall bees to find spawning sites can be reduced, which can save time and pollinate more apple trees. If not, wallbees will look for suitable spawning sites everywhere, which will increase labor intensity and reduce pollination time.
The production of bee tube is very simple, and reed switch or straight tube can be used. Taking reed switch as an example, let's talk about the production of bee tubes. Select a reed pipe with an inner diameter of 0.6~0.8 cm, and cut the selected reed pipe into a short pipe with a length of 15 cm. The cut of the reed pipe should be smooth to avoid stabbing wall bees. Bundle every 50 cut reed pipes and dry them for later use.
Set up beehives: In the orchard, not all places are suitable for wall bees to nest, so choose the place in the leeward and sunny of the orchard. And there should be a small clearing in front of the Bird's Nest. Honeycomb materials can be selected, such as cartons, large water tanks, hollow bricks, etc. , but if conditions permit, it is best to set up a special beehive. Beehives generally stand in the southeast of orchards, with a height of 30~50 cm from the ground. The beehive is supported by wooden frames or bricks, and the direction of the beehive mouth faces south or west.
In the orchard where wallbees have just been released, a beehive should be built every 30-40 meters. In the second year, when there are many wall bees, you can put a beehive every 40-60 meters. After the beehive is erected, put the prepared beehive into the beehive, with the knotted end inward and the untrimmed end outward, and cover the beehive with plastic film to prevent rain. Then daub some waste engine oil on the support of the hive to prevent the invasion of natural enemies such as ants and plants.
Because of the drought in the Loess Plateau in spring, it is necessary to dig a mud pit in front of the nest for wall bees to nest. Before the hive 1 m, dig a pit with a width of 50 cm and water it to keep the soil moist all the time. At this point, an environment suitable for the growth of wallbees is ready.
(2) Time for releasing bees
The release time of wallbee should depend on the different tree species and flowering period. Generally, it is appropriate to start releasing bees with 3%~5% of the central flowers.
(3) Method of releasing bees
The bee cocoon taken out of the refrigerator is still in the reed tube, so we have to split it in the middle with a knife, take it out, put it in a small paper box with a wider width, poke holes with a diameter of 0.7 cm around it to let the wall bees climb out, and then put the paper box in the beehive. After the bee cocoon is put into the orchard, the wall bee will gradually bite through the bee cocoon and rush out of the hive, and it will come out in 7~ 10 days.
(4) the number of released bees
The number of bees released depends on the orchard area, tree species and the results over the years. There are 300~500 bees in the orchard during the full fruit period, and 200~300 bees in the orchard during the early fruit period and the young fruit bearing period.
In addition, it must be noted that during the pollination period, the orchard can't spray drugs to prevent the wall bee from being poisoned. After the flowering period, the short life cycle of the wall bee ends, and its eggs are laid in the nest tube, dormant until the next spring, and then a new wall bee is hatched.
In spring, by applying high nitrogen fertilizer and laying horticultural floor cloth under the tree, the tree vigor can be restored and the quality of flower buds can be improved. Then the pollination rate and fruit setting rate of apples are improved by using wallbee pollination, which not only makes up for the defects of regional climate and human factors, but also ensures the yield of apples better, thus improving the quality and efficiency of apple production in this area.