I. Postal and Beacon Communications in Ancient China
China's earliest records of communications came from oracle bones unearthed in the ruins of Yin. Yin is the Shang Dynasty, also known as Yin Shang. The former capital of Yin is in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province, today. During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, tortoise shells and animal bones were unearthed in this area and inscribed with words, later called oracle bones. The oracle bones recorded in the Yin Shang Pan Geng years (about 1400 BC), the border Huxu to the son of heaven to report the military situation of the account, there is "to drum" two Yu. It has been proved that "Lai Drum" is similar to today's reconnaissance and communication soldiers. In the ancient book "to be scripture", there are also "simple book" records, 'simple book" is carved with animal bones on the text, by the communication soldiers to pass the government emergency documents. The "simple book" came out of the end of Yin and the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty (12th century B.C. - 11th century), which is the predecessor of the postal station.
Postal and beacon communications originated from the political and military need for communication in slave states. According to historical records, in the era of King Yu of Zhou, 2,700 years ago, there was a method of using the beacon to communicate. There is a story about beacon communication called "A Thousand Gold Smiles". The general idea of the story is that King Yu of Zhou had a concubine, Baosi, who was very beautiful but refused to smile. For this reason, King Yu of Zhou made a reward: "Whoever can make the Queen smile will be rewarded with a thousand pounds of gold" (copper was called gold at that time). So someone came up with a way to light up the beacon fire to play the vassals, want to exchange for a smile of the Queen, one evening, King Yu of the Zhou Dynasty with his beloved concubine Bergsby climbed up the city tower, ordering all around to light up the beacon fire. The neighboring lords saw the beacon and thought that Xirong (a tribe in the west at that time) was coming to attack, so they rushed to the city with their troops to rescue them, but they saw the brilliant lights and the drums and music. When they asked about it, they realized that it was a ridiculous thing done by King Yu of Zhou for the pleasure of Niang Niang. All the lords of Nuo dared to be angry but could not dare to say anything, so they withdrew their troops back to the camp angrily. Attacking the sister to see this, really light smile. But not long after the incident, the Western Rong really came to attack, although the beacon was lit, but no reinforcements arrived. It turned out that the lords thought that King Yu of Zhou was repeating the same trick again. As a result, the Xirong captured the castle, killed King Yu of Zhou, and destroyed the surrounding area. This historical story not only vividly depicts the use of beacon communication at that time, but also warns future generations that communication should not be taken as a child's play regardless of who and when.
Using the beacon to transmit information, although faster, but can only play the role of the alarm, it is difficult to meet the enemy situation, command the need for combat. Therefore, with the development of society and political and military needs, from the Yin and Shang dynasties "to drum" to the Zhou Dynasty has gradually formed a transmission of official documents of the more rigorous postal system, and with the beacon complement each other, with the use of.
After the unification of China by Emperor Qin Shi Huang (221 BC), he repaired the Chi Road in the whole country, and established a network of deduction stations centered on the national capital Xianyang, and formulated postal laws and regulations, such as how to bundle bamboo slips, add sealing mud and sealing to keep them secret; how to supply grain and grass to the postal staff and horses; and how to receive the officials and servicemen, etc., which formed the basis of the postal system.
The Han Dynasty inherited the system of the Qin Dynasty and unified the name of the post. Provisions for five miles a, ten miles a pavilion, thirty miles to set up the post. Post also with the formation of the "Silk Road" and access to India, Burma, Persia and other countries. To the Tang Dynasty, the post greatly developed, the country **** there are land post, water post and land and water post more than 1600, the trip also has specific provisions, and set performance evaluation and inspection system, the post to carry out the task, carry a "post scroll" or "letter plate" and other The system of performance appraisal and inspection was set up.
Song Dynasty, due to frequent wars, military emergency documents, requiring both fast and safe, and therefore will be filled by the civilian postmen by soldiers, additional "emergency delivery store", set up gold, silver, copper three kinds of cards, gold a day and night line 500 miles, silver 400 miles, copper spleen 300 miles. The implementation of every stop to change people and horses relay transmission. By the Yuan Dynasty, due to the expansion of the military scope and territory, there were 1496 post stations in the country alone, and the postal station was renamed as post station.
The Ming Dynasty, on the basis of the old system, due to the increasingly developed maritime transportation, with the Ministry and seven to the West, but also opened up the sea post. In the early Qing Dynasty, there were more than 1,600 official post offices, more than 70,000 postmen, more than 40,000 post horses, under the supervision of the Ministry of War. 19th century, after the mid-century, the post funds were more than the official corruption in the satiation, postal government abolished. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the gradual rise of modern postal service, the role of the post gradually disappeared, so, in January 1913, the Beiyang government announced the abolition of all postal stations.
The postal system originated in the country of slavery, flourished in the feudal society, and ended with the decline of the feudal system. Although the post and beacon communication system of successive feudal dynasties of the imperial tools, but at the same time is also the beginning of China's entry into the organized communication work. It not only occupies a certain position in the history of China's postal communications, but also for the promotion of social progress, human civilization has made an important contribution.
Second, China's ancient civil communication organization
Post is the government's communication organization, only to pass official documents. The general public to pass information, only trust people to bring, but the transfer, slow not to help the urgent, and easy to delay the loss. China's ancient books recorded a lot of stories about the "wild geese" kind of story, see how difficult the ancient people's communication. And today people still take the geese as a symbol of postal communications, and visible to the masses of people on postal communications to the high hopes.
The formation of civil communication organizations, began in the Tang Dynasty. At that time, mainly due to the development of social economy, especially the need for trade. First of all, between Chang'an and Luoyang, there were "post donkeys" which served the private merchants. At that time, there was also a method called "flying money", that is, merchants from all over the money earned from selling goods in Chang'an, deposited in the offices of the local government in Chang'an, and then with the receipts to the local government, as taught to get back, which is the germ of today's currency exchange business. To the Ming Dynasty before the emergence of the civil information transmission for the people's Bureau of the people's letter. In the southwestern provinces also had "hemp countryside about" visiting relatives with the emergence of the letter. According to legend, Hubei Macheng County, filial piety township was moved to Sichuan reclamation farmers, due to homesickness, agreed to send a representative back to visit their hometowns every year, to and from the time to bring some souvenirs and letters, and then gradually formed the Bureau of Civilian Letters.
Minshin Bureaus began to appear in coastal cities with convenient transportation and well-developed trade, and gradually developed to the interior. Minshinburo was run by private individuals for the purpose of making profits. On the one hand, where they are favorable to do there, no one in remote areas; on the other hand, in order to solicit business, they compete to provide convenience for the patron, such as sending people to collect letters, remittances, charges can also be booked, and so on, prompting the rapid development of the Bureau of Civil Information. To the Qing Dynasty Tongzhi years (1821 to 1874) is the most prosperous period of the Minxin Bureau, the national size of the Minxin Bureau has reached thousands of more. Some of them set up their head office in Shanghai, the commercial center, and set up branch offices and representative offices all over the country. The Minxin Bureaus operated in conjunction with each other, constituting a private communication network.
Since the Song Dynasty, since the Yuan Dynasty, Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang and other coastal areas of the poor people, some in order to make a living, were abducted abroad to do hard labor, these compatriots living abroad, to communicate with their relatives and friends in the motherland, or will be goods and remittances to send back to the motherland, "Overseas Chinese Batch Bureau" came into being at the right time. "Overseas Chinese Bureau" is actually the Overseas Chinese Bureau of Letters, because the Fujian dialect "letter" called "batch", so the Overseas Chinese Bureau of Letters for Overseas Chinese communication services Xi loss known as the Overseas Chinese Bureau. Because of the Overseas Chinese Bureau of good service, excellent reputation, almost monopolized the business of sending letters and remittances to overseas Chinese.
Since the foreign capitalist invasion of China, the feudal ruling class allowed the invaders to seize the postal rights of our country, and in conjunction with the foreigners to take advantage of the special rights of the government and the foreigners, to take the forced registration of the Bureau of the People's Republic of China, to accept the customs and postal leadership, restrictions on the Bureau of the People's Republic of China to the ship to ship the mail, and the use of capitalist means of competition, most of the Bureau of the People's Republic of China in an impossible to operate the situation. By 1935, the Minxin Bureaus had been forced out of business by the Kuomintang, while the Overseas Chinese Bureaus remained more than 100 until the eve of liberation.
Three, semi-feudal and semi-colonial postal
Since 1840 after the Opium War to the eve of the liberation of the whole country in 1949, in the long more than 100 years of semi-feudal and semi-colonial years, our country's postal rights with the loss of the postal stage, the Minxin Bureau, Overseas Chinese Bills of lading bureau, the guest post, Customs and Excise Post, Qing Post and other co-existing chaotic situation,
(1) "Hakkai Post"
Since 1840, when the closed door of China's feudal dynasty was opened by the capitalist invaders, China was reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. First of all, Britain opened the British post office on the Chinese territory at will, followed by France, the United States, Germany, Russia, Japan and other countries also opened their own post offices on the Chinese territory, and the Qing government called these foreign post offices, which plundered the postal rights of China, "guest post". These so-called "guest post", from the coast to the interior, up to the remote areas of Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and other places, almost all over the country. The purpose of the imperialist powers in setting up "guest post" in China was not to facilitate the use of postal services by our people, but to serve the purpose of political, military, economic and cultural aggression against our country. Some countries also used the "guest post" to traffic in large quantities of opium, morphine and other drugs and to smuggle and evade taxes. In fact, the "Yung Post" was a place for plundering our wealth and poisoning our people. It was not until the Nine Countries Pacific Conference and the Arms Limitation Conference held in the United States in 1921 that the "Case of Passenger and Postal Service in China" was abolished, but the "Passenger and Postal Service" of Japan in the Northeast China and of the United Kingdom in Tibet were not withdrawn, and the "Passenger and Postal Service" of the United Kingdom in Tibet was inherited by India after the independence of India. "Yung Post", until April 1, 1954 was handed over to our country.
Beacon Hill. Is one of the most important components of the Great Wall defense project. Its role is to serve as a facility to transmit military intelligence. Beacon platform this kind of information transfer tool has a long time ago, the Great Wall began to build the time to make good use of it and gradually improve, became the ancient transmission of military intelligence of one of the best methods. The method of transmission is to burn smoke during the day and raise fire at night, because the sunlight is very strong during the day, the fire is not easy to see, and the fire can be seen at night from a distance. This is a very scientific and rapid method of transmitting information. In order to report the number of enemy soldiers, the use of smoke, the number of fires to distinguish. In the Ming Dynasty, the number of cigarettes burned and fires raised at the same time with the sound of artillery to enhance the effect of the alarm, so that the military information was transmitted in a matter of moments and thousands of miles. In ancient times, there is no telephone, radio communication, this method of passing military information can be said to be very rapid. The layout of a beacon tower is also very important. It is important to place it at a dangerous place in the mountains or at a place where the peaks and peaks turn around, and it is necessary that the three towers should be able to see each other, so as to facilitate the sighting and transmission of the information. In the Han Dynasty, beacon towers were once called pavilions, pavilion tunnels, beacon flints, and so on, and in the Ming Dynasty, they were called smoke piers. In addition to the transmission of military intelligence, it also protected the safety of incoming and outgoing ambassadors, provided food and lodging, and supplied horses with food and fodder, etc. Some sections of the Great Wall were only equipped with beacon towers. There are also some sections of the Great Wall only set beacon, pavilion flint and not build a wall, visible beacon in the Great Wall defense system in the importance of the beacon.
Information technology, the last two or three decades is the most rapid stage of scientific and technological development ever, a variety of high-tech like spring has emerged, the most prominent is information technology, and has become the most active field of the contemporary new technological revolution. Information technology is a comprehensive high-tech by computer technology, communication technology, information processing technology and control technology, it is the foundation and core of all high-tech. Its development is based on the premise of electronic technology, especially the progress of microelectronics technology. Information technology plays a leading role in the development of other high-tech, and the development of other high-tech and in turn promote the faster development of information technology. Generally speaking, other technologies work on energy and materials, while information technology changes people's understanding of space, time and knowledge. The universal application of information technology will fully tap the intellectual resources of mankind, and will play a catalytic and multiplying role in the performance of various factors of production, including energy and material resources.
Since so far there is no uniform and recognized definition of information, it is impossible to have a uniform and recognized definition of information technology. It is generally believed that the so-called information technology is the sum of all means of human development and utilization of information resources.
Information technology includes both the technology related to the generation, collection, representation, detection, processing and storage of information, as well as the technology related to the transmission, transformation, display, identification, extraction, control and utilization of information. It can be seen that, as a general sense of information technology, its history is almost as long as the information, because as long as there is information to make it work, can not play a role in the information is meaningless. And all kinds of technology to make information work not only in modern times, ancient times, that is, ancient times also have. As far as the transmission of information is concerned, it is an important part of information technology. In ancient times, it was carried out by gestures; in antiquity, it was carried out by beacons and stagecoaches; and in modern times, it is carried out by telephones, telegraphs, televisions, facsimiles, microwaves and communication satellites. Although the functions and efficiencies of the three eras are not comparable, their purpose is the same, that is, to transmit information as accurately and rapidly as possible. This is true for the technology of information transmission, and it is also true for the other components of information technology. Although the prototype of information technology has existed for a long time, but the real as a technology to be valued by people, and systematically research, development and utilization of recent decades, the development of information technology and the development of information is almost the same. Before the 1960s, computer technology was mainly used for military purposes. From the early 60's, computer technology is gradually used for information processing. 70's, especially into the 90's, the rapid development of computer technology, database technology, communication technology and network technology, so that the information processing technology as if inserted into a strong and powerful wings, has entered a new stage of rapid development. Therefore, in a sense, a history of human civilization is a history of information technology development.
Ancient Information Management Ideas
The construction of the Great Wall of China, the main purpose is to defend the enemy's invasion, and therefore the timely transmission of information, to grasp the enemy is very important, its information dissemination technology, methods are amazing. The beacon on the Great Wall plays the role of "source of information", daytime smoke, night fire as a medium for transmitting information. The Ming Dynasty stipulated that if the enemy came about 100 people, one smoke and one cannon to show; 500 people, two smoke and two cannons; more than 1,000 people, three smoke and three cannons; more than 5,000 people, five smoke and five cannons. This information transfer, both qualitative (enemy offense), and quantitative (to the number of enemies), smoke and artillery with the light and sound, and check each other, within a few hours will be able to accurately pass the military situation to the command authority thousands of miles away. China's famous ancient military Sun Wu attaches great importance to the role of information and intelligence, "Sun Tzu The Art of War" contains: "know yourself and know your enemy, a hundred battles will not be in peril; do not know your enemy and know yourself, a victory and a defeat; do not know your enemy do not know yourself, every battle will be defeated." Not only in the military use of information management tools, in economic management also use information tools. Liu Yan of the Tang Dynasty established a national information network to quickly grasp the economic information and price status of all parts of the country. He used the court's method of transmitting official documents by stagecoach, and set up officials to collect information on crops, changes in market prices, and the surplus and shortage of materials in the four directions to the recruited "driving feet", who would pass the information from one station to the next. Within a few days, information from all over the country could be quickly passed to Liu Yan, who then synthesized the information from all over the country and made decisions. Due to the flexible information and many channels, the market remained stable for many years, and the country got hold of enough funds. Although after decades of war, it still ensured that the Tang Dynasty was rich and the people were safe. Visible, information management on national politics, economic development plays an important role in the development of a, China's ancient post and beacon communications
China's earliest records on communications, is from the oracle bones unearthed in the ruins of Yin. Yin is the Shang Dynasty, also known as Yin Shang. The former capital of Yin is in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province, today. During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, tortoise shells and animal bones were unearthed in this area and inscribed with words, later called oracle bones. The oracle bones recorded in the Yin Shang Pan Geng years (about 1400 BC), the border Huxu to the son of heaven to report the military situation of the account, there is "to drum" two Yu. It has been proved that "Lai Drum" is similar to today's reconnaissance and communication soldiers. In the ancient book "to be scripture", there are also "simple book" records, 'simple book" is carved with animal bones on the text, by the communication soldiers to pass the government emergency documents. The "simple book" came out of the end of Yin and the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty (12th century B.C. - 11th century), which is the predecessor of the postal station.
Postal and beacon communications originated from the political and military need for communication in slave states. According to historical records, in the era of King Yu of Zhou, 2,700 years ago, there was a method of using the beacon to communicate. There is a story about beacon communication called "A Thousand Gold Smiles". The general idea of the story is that King You of Zhou had a concubine, Baosi, who was very beautiful but refused to smile. For this reason, King Yu of Zhou made a reward: "Whoever can make the Queen smile, he will be rewarded with a thousand pounds of gold" (copper was called gold at that time). So someone came up with a way to light up the beacon fire to play the vassals, want to exchange for a smile of the Queen, one evening, King Yu of the Zhou Dynasty with his beloved concubine Bergsby climbed up the city tower, ordering all around to light up the beacon fire. The neighboring lords saw the beacon and thought that Xirong (a tribe in the west at that time) was coming to attack, so they rushed to the city with their troops to rescue them, but they saw the brilliant lights and the drums and music. When they asked about it, they realized that it was a ridiculous thing done by King Yu of Zhou for the pleasure of Niang Niang. All the lords of Nuo dared to be angry but could not dare to say anything, so they withdrew their troops back to the camp angrily. Attacking the sister to see this, really light smile. But not long after the incident, the Western Rong really came to attack, although the beacon was lit, but no reinforcements arrived. It turned out that the lords thought that King Yu of Zhou was repeating the same trick again. As a result, the Xirong captured the castle, killed King Yu of Zhou, and destroyed the surrounding area. This historical story not only vividly depicts the use of beacon communication at that time, but also warns future generations that communication should not be taken as a child's play regardless of who and when.
The use of beacons to transmit information, although faster, but can only play the role of the alarm, it is difficult to meet the enemy to grasp the situation, the need to command the battle. Therefore, with the development of society and political and military needs, from the Yin and Shang dynasties "to drum" to the Zhou Dynasty has gradually formed a transmission of official documents of the more stringent postal system, and with the beacon complement each other, with the use of.
After the unification of China by Emperor Qin Shi Huang (221 BC), he repaired the Chi Road in the whole country, and established a network of deduction stations centered on the national capital Xianyang, and formulated postal laws and regulations, such as how to bundle bamboo slips, add sealing mud and sealing to keep them secret; how to supply grain and grass to the postal staff and horses; and how to receive the officials and servicemen, etc., which formed the basis of the postal system.
The Han Dynasty inherited the system of the Qin Dynasty and unified the name of the post. Provisions for five miles a, ten miles a pavilion, thirty miles to set up the post. Post also with the formation of the "Silk Road" and access to India, Burma, Persia and other countries. To the Tang Dynasty, the post greatly developed, the country **** there are land post, water post and land and water post more than 1600, the trip also has specific provisions, and set performance evaluation and inspection system, the post to carry out the task, carry a "post scroll" or "letter plate" and other The system of performance appraisal and inspection was set up.
Song Dynasty, due to frequent wars, military emergency documents, requiring both fast and safe, and therefore will be filled by the civilian postmen by soldiers, additional "emergency delivery store", set up gold, silver, copper three kinds of cards, gold a day and night line 500 miles, silver 400 miles, copper spleen 300 miles. The implementation of every stop to change people and horses relay transmission. By the Yuan Dynasty, due to the expansion of the military scope and territory, there were 1496 post stations in the country alone, and the postal station was renamed as post station.
The Ming Dynasty, on the basis of the old system, due to the increasingly developed maritime transportation, with the Ministry and seven to the West, but also opened up the sea post. In the early Qing Dynasty, there were more than 1,600 official post offices, more than 70,000 postmen, more than 40,000 post horses, under the supervision of the Ministry of War. 19th century, after the mid-century, the post funds were more than the official corruption in the satiation, postal government abolished. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the gradual rise of modern postal service, the role of the post gradually disappeared, so, in January 1913, the Beiyang government announced the abolition of all postal stations.
The postal system originated in the country of slavery, flourished in the feudal society, and ended with the decline of the feudal system. Although the post and beacon communication system of successive feudal dynasties of the imperial tools, but at the same time is also the beginning of China's entry into the organized communication work. It not only occupies a certain position in the history of China's postal communications, but also for the promotion of social progress, human civilization has made an important contribution.
Second, China's ancient civil communication organization
Post is the government's communication organization, only to pass official documents. The general public to pass information, only trust people to bring, but the transfer, slow not to help the urgent, and easy to delay the loss. China's ancient books recorded a lot of stories about the "wild geese" kind of story, see how difficult the ancient people's communication. And today people still take the geese as a symbol of postal communications, and visible to the masses of people on postal communications to the high hopes.
The formation of civil communication organizations, about the beginning of the Tang Dynasty. At that time, mainly due to the development of social economy, especially the need for trade. First of all, between Chang'an and Luoyang, there were "post donkeys" which served the private merchants. At that time, there was also a method called "flying money", that is, merchants from all over the money earned from selling goods in Chang'an, deposited in the offices of the local government in Chang'an, and then with the receipts to the local government, as taught to get back, which is the germ of today's currency exchange business. To the Ming Dynasty before the emergence of the civil information transmission for the people's Bureau of the people's letter. In the southwestern provinces also had "hemp countryside about" visiting relatives with the emergence of the letter. According to legend, Hubei Macheng County, filial piety township was moved to Sichuan reclamation farmers, due to homesickness, agreed to send a representative back to visit their hometowns every year, to and from the time to bring some souvenirs and letters, and gradually formed the Minxin Bureau.
Minshin Bureaus began to appear in coastal cities with convenient transportation and well-developed trade, and then gradually developed to the interior. Minshinburo was run by private individuals for the purpose of making profits. On the one hand, where they are favorable to do there, no one in remote areas; on the other hand, in order to attract business, they compete to provide convenience for the patron, such as sending people to collect letters, remittances, charges can also be booked, and so on, prompting the rapid development of the Bureau of Civil Information. To the Qing Dynasty Tongzhi years (1821 to 1874) is the most prosperous period of the Minxin Bureau, the national size of the Minxin Bureau has reached thousands of more. Some of them set up their head office in Shanghai, the commercial center, and set up branch offices and representative offices all over the country. The Minxin Bureaus operated in conjunction with each other, constituting a private communication network.
Since the Song Dynasty, since the Yuan Dynasty, Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang and other coastal areas of the poor people, some in order to make a living, were abducted abroad to do hard labor, these compatriots living abroad, to communicate with their relatives and friends in the motherland, or will be goods and remittances to send back to the motherland, "Overseas Chinese Batch Bureau" came into existence at the right time. "Overseas Chinese Bureau" is actually the Overseas Chinese Bureau of letters, because the Fujian dialect "letter" called "batch", so the Overseas Chinese Bureau of letters for overseas Chinese communication services Xi loss called Overseas Chinese Bureau. Because of the Overseas Chinese Bureau of good service, excellent reputation, almost monopolized the business of sending letters and remittances to overseas Chinese.
Since the foreign capitalist invasion of China, the feudal ruling class allowed the invaders to seize the postal rights of our country, and in conjunction with the foreigners to take advantage of the special rights of the government and the foreigners, to take the forced registration of the Bureau of the People's Republic of China, to accept the customs and postal leadership, restrictions on the Bureau of the People's Republic of China to the ship to ship the mail, and the use of capitalist means of competition, most of the Bureau of the People's Republic of China in an impossible to operate the situation. By 1935, the Minxin Bureaus had been forced out of business by the Kuomintang, while the Overseas Chinese Bureaus remained more than 100 until the eve of liberation.
Three, semi-feudal and semi-colonial postal
Since 1840 after the Opium War to the eve of the liberation of the whole country in 1949, in the long more than 100 years of semi-feudal and semi-colonial years, our country's postal rights with the loss of the postal stage, the Minxin Bureau, Overseas Chinese Bills of lading bureau, the guest post, Customs and Excise Post, Qing Post and other co-existing chaotic situation,
(1) "Hakkai Post"
Since 1840, when the closed door of China's feudal dynasty was opened by the capitalist invaders, China was reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. First of all, Britain opened the British post office on the Chinese territory at will, followed by France, the United States, Germany, Russia, Japan and other countries also opened their own post offices on the Chinese territory, and the Qing government called these foreign post offices, which plundered the postal rights of China, "guest post". These so-called "guest post", from the coast to the interior, up to the remote areas of Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and other places, almost all over the country. The purpose of the imperialist powers in setting up "guest post" in China was not to facilitate the use of postal services by our people, but to serve the purpose of political, military, economic and cultural aggression against our country. Some countries also used the "guest post" to traffic in large quantities of opium, morphine and other drugs and to smuggle and evade taxes. In fact, the "Yung Post" was a place for plundering our wealth and poisoning our people. It was not until the Nine Countries Pacific Conference and the Conference on Arms Limitation held in the United States of America in 1921 that the "Case of Passenger and Postal Service in China" was abolished, but the "Passenger and Postal Service" of Japan in the Northeast China and of the United Kingdom in Tibet were not withdrawn, and the "Passenger and Postal Service" of the United Kingdom in Tibet was inherited by India after the independence of India. "Yung Post", until April 1, 1954 was handed over to our country.
Beacon Hill. Is one of the most important components of the Great Wall defense project. Its role is to serve as a facility to transmit military intelligence. Beacon platform this kind of transmission of information tools very early, the Great Wall began to build the time to make good use of it and gradually perfected, into the ancient transmission of military intelligence of one of the best methods. The method of transmission was to burn smoke during the day and raise fire at night, because the sunlight was very strong during the day and the fire was not easy to see, while the fire could be seen at night from a distance. This is a very scientific and rapid method of transmitting information. In order to report the number of enemy soldiers, the use of smoke, the number of fires to distinguish. In the Ming Dynasty, the number of cigarettes burned and fires raised at the same time with the sound of artillery to enhance the effect of the alarm, so that the military information was transmitted in a moment and a thousand miles. In ancient times, there is no telephone, radio communication, this method of passing military information can be said to be very rapid. The layout of a beacon tower is also very important. It is important to place it at a dangerous place in the mountains or at a place where the peaks and peaks turn around, and it is necessary that the three towers should be able to see each other, so as to facilitate the sighting and transmission of the information. In the Han Dynasty, beacon towers were once called pavilions, pavilion tunnels, beacon flints, and so on, and in the Ming Dynasty, they were called smoke piers. In addition to the transmission of military intelligence, it also protected the safety of incoming and outgoing ambassadors, provided food and lodging, and supplied horses with food and fodder, etc. Some sections of the Great Wall were only equipped with beacon towers. There are also some sections of the Great Wall only set beacon, pavilion flint and not build a wall, visible beacon in the Great Wall defense system in the importance of the beacon.
Information technology, the last two or three decades is the most rapid stage of scientific and technological development ever, a variety of high-tech like spring has emerged, the most prominent is information technology, and has become the most active field of the contemporary new technological revolution. Information technology is a comprehensive high-tech by computer technology, communication technology, information processing technology and control technology, it is the foundation and core of all high-tech. Its development is based on the premise of electronic technology, especially the progress of microelectronics technology. Information technology plays a leading role in the development of other high-tech, and the development of other high-tech and in turn promote the faster development of information technology. Generally speaking, other technologies work on energy and materials, while information technology changes people's understanding of space, time and knowledge. The universal application of information technology will fully tap the intellectual resources of mankind, and will play a catalytic and multiplying role in the performance of various factors of production, including energy and material resources.
Since so far there is no uniform and recognized definition of information, it is impossible to have a uniform and recognized definition of information technology. It is generally believed that the so-called information technology is the sum of all means of human development and utilization of information resources.
Information technology includes both the technology relating to the generation, collection, representation, detection, processing and storage of information, as well as the technology relating to the transmission, transformation, display, identification, extraction, control and utilization of information. It can be seen that, as a general sense of information technology, its history is almost as long as the information, because as long as there is information to make it work, can not play a role in the information is meaningless. And all kinds of technology to make information work not only in modern times, ancient times, that is, ancient times also have. As far as the transmission of information is concerned, it is an important part of information technology. In ancient times, it was carried out by gestures; in antiquity, it was carried out by beacons and stagecoaches; and in modern times, it is carried out by telephones, telegraphs, televisions, facsimiles, microwaves and communication satellites. Although the functions and efficiencies of the three eras are not comparable, their purpose is the same, that is, to transmit information as accurately and rapidly as possible. This is true for the technology of information transmission, and it is also true for the other components of information technology. Although the prototype of information technology has existed for a long time, but the real as a technology to be valued by people, and systematically research, development and utilization of recent decades, the development of information technology and the development of information is almost the same. Before the 1960s, computer technology was mainly used for military purposes. From the early 60's, computer technology is gradually used for information processing. 70's, especially into the 90's, the rapid development of computer technology, database technology, communication technology and network technology, so that the information processing technology as if inserted into a strong and powerful wings, has entered a new stage of rapid development. Therefore, in a sense, a history of human civilization is a history of information technology development.