Western Music History Trivia Points 1. I would like to learn some simple knowledge of music theory in Western classical music, such as intonation timbre, etc. b?
When it comes to classical music, I didn't hesitate to enroll in an elective course in Western Music Appreciation after I went to college, and I didn't think that I would enroll in it again when I went to graduate school.
At first, I only knew Beethoven, Mozart, and Tchaikovsky, and then through the elective course, I learned about great musicians like Strauss, Chopin, Vivaldi, Britten, and Dvorak. I think the appreciation of classical music is not only the appreciation of the music itself, but also the appreciation and exploration of the connotation expressed by the music, and through the style and characteristics of classical music, we can understand the inner world and personal character of the musicians.
Therefore, a musician without deep connotations cannot write great works, but can only be excellent at most. I think this is also the purpose of the musician, to express his understanding of life, society and art to the audience through the form of musical expression.
When they compose for themselves and not for the aristocracy and the audience, great works are created, even though they may not be appreciated at the time. Because of this, when I listen to classical music, I make sure to look at the background and origin of the piece first.
Otherwise, just enjoying its melody may be unproductive. The Mozart biography was the one that struck me the most, and it deserves to be an Oscar winner.
The movie highlights Mozart's genius and Salieri's jealousy (the movie vilifies Salieri for the sake of characterization and conflict). Mozart was extremely musical, and when Salieri saw his manuscript, Salieri was stunned that Mozart didn't change a single thing, and every single thing couldn't be changed because it was too perfect.
Salieri thought that Mozart was not composing music, and that all he had to do was to copy down the musical notes in his head, and at the same time lamented why God did not grant him such a talent. And Salieri's jealousy of Mozart was not only because of his talent, but also because of Mozart's bravado and self-confidence, as well as his defiance of the traditional internal system of the court, because he always thought he was the best composer in the world, and that he was not subject to anyone's constraints or control.
And then there is Mozart's Requiem, which is truly soul-shatteringly great. It brings out the psychological state of Mozart before his death.
There is helplessness, bitterness, and sadness, and the complexity of the psychological situation makes the listener feel sorry for it. It is no wonder that some people say that the world can not have such a sad melody! It can be said that Beethoven is always a person who fights with fate.
Because he was ugly, he was rejected several times by his beloved women, which was not a small blow to him, and his late deafness showed that he was not God's favorite. Under such difficulties, he was still able to create such a work as the Ninth Symphony, then more reflect the greatness of Beethoven.
It is important to realize what the loss of hearing means to a composer. It's like a chef losing his sense of taste or a painter losing his eyes.
And it was this Beethoven who created the pinnacle of symphonic music that could not be surpassed by future generations. So Beethoven's music is not to be missed.
His "Field", "Destiny" and "Ninth" were all invited into my computer. Then came Strauss, the master of the round dance, whose "Blue Danube", "Vienna Woods", "Emperor's Round Dance" and "Springtime Round Dance" can be said to be the classics of the classics, and I listened to them over and over again at that time.
It was also around this time that I heard what I consider to be the best symphony of all time, Dvorak's New World. I never got tired of listening to it, especially the majestic fourth movement.
All in all, I am glad that I have been able to get in touch with classical music, and I am grateful for the joy it has brought me, and I hope that more people will be able to share this joy with me. I hope more people can share this joy with me. I'd like to call you a friend! ~I'd like to call you a friend!
2. Knowledge of Chinese and foreign music history and art history
Here is a little bit of Chinese and western development history, to see if it can help you a little bit!
The divergence and fusion of the "form and god" concepts in Chinese and Western art history
Introduction: Ancient enemies - "form" and "god. "
"Form" and "God", one is the rational treatment of the object; the other is the emotional treatment of the object. In the field of painting is an eternal topic. In front of this kind of problem, it is not possible to be sincere. The problem of size is the key to avoid getting lost; and the discerning analysis is the way out of the theoretical labyrinth. In this paper, I have no intention or ability to make an evaluation of this ancient theoretical case, but just want to rationalize the various types of views into a vein. Shape like (referred to as shape), as the name suggests is in the shape of the object similar. But this meaning in different environments (Chinese and Western, ancient and modern ......) is different. In Western Europe, during the ancient Greek and Renaissance periods, the status of resemblance was related to the success or failure of a painting. In ancient China, the status of resemblance was a bit more subtle. Gu Kaizhi was an advocate of both form and spirit. His: "Transmitting the spirit and writing the picture is in the middle of the a-witness." Quoted by later generations for ages. Later, Xu Beihong was also included in the "New Six Methods". This tradition was successfully maintained in the painting academies of the Song Dynasty. However, at that time, the rise of literati painting, the treatment of the shape of subtle changes. Under Su Shi's advocacy, painting was concerned with self-expression and the pursuit of mood and resemblance, which was generally recognized by the literati. Wentong, Li Gonglin, Wang Monk, Zhao Ling Rang, Mi Fu and his sons rose along the wave and practiced. Divine resemblance became a synonym for taste in painting (the divine resemblance here is different from that of Gu Kaizhi's.). That is, the difference between the God of the object and the God of the picture - the author).
Therefore, the divine resemblance is far from being as simple as resemblance. First of all, it is not only to grasp the charm of the object, in the work of art to add their own feelings, so that the work of art has its own ideas is also another kind of similarity.
I'm afraid the topic is getting bigger and bigger, so I'll stop here. Let's move on to the upper part.
The upper part: a meaningful historical trajectory
- the contrast between the ancient (modern) Chinese and Western "concepts of form and spirit".
It is always interesting to compare Chinese and Western art history. It is even more interesting to explore the reasons for the differences.
As mentioned above, resemblance was treated differently in different regions. But there is one thing that is common to both East and West. The first painting in Chinese and Western art *** was the figure ***.
After the development of Chinese figure painting in the Qin and Han dynasties, it finally reached a peak in the Wei, Jin, and North and South Dynasties. The three masters, Gu, Lu and Zhang, influenced the entire development of Chinese figure painting.
Gu Kaizhi (346 - 407), the word Changkang, the small character tiger head, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, in the Yi Xi for the scattered riding standing minister, erudite and talented. He is a precocious painter. 20 years old Jiangning tile coffin temple mural, actually "light a temple, the giver fill throat, Russia and get millions of money" (Zhang Yanyuan "record of famous paintings of all times" cited in the "Beijing Temple Records"), and since then, painting fame. His status, in the three best, is the highest: "like the beauty of man, Zhang got its flesh, Lu got its bone, Gu got its God, God's marvelous unparalleled, to Gu for the noble." It is clear that, in the Wei and Jin dynasties, the concept of Chinese painting has been y established "God" performance is more important than the "form" performance.
After seeing the first *** of Chinese figure painting, represented by Gu Kaizhi. Take a look at the first peak of the Western figure art - ancient Greek art. Sculpture Sculpture is the most important part of the Greek art, it is a concentrated expression of the Greeks on the ideal of beauty, extraordinary artistic talent and the deep study of the human body. Many of the best carvings are unparalleled for their grandeur, perfect images and refined styles; countless painters and craftsmen have been inspired and influenced by it over the centuries; and its unique intrinsic vitality and artistic charm are still radiating a brilliant light.
Ancient Greek sculpture went through three periods.
Ancient style period.
As the Archaic period sculpture, usually from the former 7th century. At this time, most of the portrait carving is an upright figure, in general, have not broken the rigid form, modeling techniques are also more rigid. Until the sixth century, the carving of the artistic skills have made significant progress in the human body and dynamic expression are more free and dynamic.
Second, the classical period
From 490 years ago, the classical period of Greek art began. With a strong body, high spirit and elegant and beautiful modeling, is the classical period of sculpture *** with the characteristics of the Greek city states in the years of victory over the invasion of foreigners and build their own strong country, the people of the heroes of the ideal embodiment; at the same time, also formed with the corresponding norms of beauty.
Third, the Hellenistic period
Greek sculpture after the peak of the development of the classical period, to the Hellenistic period, the center moved to the western part of Asia Minor and some of the islands in the Aegean Sea. This period has rarely built a grand temple, the kind of solemn sublime atmosphere in the sculpture is also gradually weakened, while the tendency of secularization has developed. However, in some outstanding works, still maintains the spirit of the classical period of the atmosphere of the valiant. But in the late period (represented by 〈Laocoon〉) sculpture has lost the spirit of the sublime.
Ancient Greek sculpture. Although also emphasize the human spirit and anger. But more obviously showed the spirit of science. The precise grasp of the proportion of the human body (represented by the golden rule) clearly brought European art on the road of realism. This difference can be clearly seen when juxtaposed with the above-mentioned masterpieces of Chinese and Western painting.
3. Who helped me to introduce the history of Western music
The music was born in Florence, Italy, at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century. By members of the Camerata (camerata, meaning club or small group) of the court of Buddy, Buddy, Vincenzo. Galilei and the Florentine scholar May was born on the basis of a large number of studies of ancient Greek tragedy.
The specific content of the teaching of Western music history mainly includes three aspects:
First, the historical development and evolution of Western music.
First, the historical development and evolution of Western music. For example, the history of the evolution of Western music content and form, the origin and development process of Western music theory and various music genres; the artistic careers of major composers and performers, the stylistic characteristics of their works, and their influence;
Second, the influence of the history of Western socio-political, economic, and cultural development on the development of Western music, and the reflection of the historical process of Western civilization and its humanistic spirit from the unique point of view of music.
Third, music expression and music aesthetic methods.
Third, the musical expression and musical aesthetic method. Such as the basic knowledge of music appreciation, the elements of music and various theories, schools, etc.
4.
Some people think that "classical" gives people a feeling of antiquity and old-fashioned flavor, so it is renamed "classical music". Others call it "serious music" according to the definition of classical in the Oxford English Dictionary: to be in traditional and serious style.
Romantic music is the continuation and development of classical music, a style or an era in European music history. Romantic music focuses on the expression of emotion and content, and breaks away from the formal constraints of the classical period.
Baroque music The word Baroque originally meant an irregularly shaped pearl, and had a pejorative connotation at the time, when its flamboyant, showy style was seen as a devaluation of the Renaissance style, but it is now recognized as one of the great artistic styles of Europe. Country music The name emerged in the United States in the 1920s, and it has a wide range of origins.
At that time, the content of the songs, in addition to the performance of the labor life, disgusted with the lonely wandering life, yearning for a warm, peaceful home, singing sweet love and the pain of lost love and so on. Jazz music Jazz music from the development of folk songs, there are a variety of sources, it is not easy to carefully verify.
During the 19th century music was an important means of self-expression of the lives and emotions of black slaves on plantations in the southern United States. From the end of the 19th century, jazz was based on traditional British and American music, mixed with blues, ragtime and other musical genres, and was a "hybrid" product.
Rock In its purest form, rock is three *** intensified hard sustained drums and mouth melody. Rock is not just a form of music, it's actually an "attitude and philosophy of life", and that's what makes it so different from Pop Music.
The real rock culture can be distilled into at least a microcosm: hippie culture, art rock, punk, avant-garde music, heavy metal, and so on. Heavy metal music (HEAVY METAL), simply put, is rock and roll played with slightly over-the-top intensity.
Guitars, as the main element of this music, are played a little louder and with more vengeance than usual. Punk music Punk punk is an anti-rock musical force that emerged in the 1970s.
PUNK is translated as "punk" in mainland China, "punk" in Taiwan, and "punk" in Hong Kong. In the West, PUNK in the dictionary is the meaning of (slang) punk, punk, ***, child molester, shitty, etc. (although now its meaning has changed somewhat).
Soul music. Soul music was a fusion of Southern gospel and Midwestern rhythm and blues, and the revival of worship music was brought into the Boogie-Woogie world of rhythm and blues.
From this fertile foundation, soul music was born. Soul music is characterized by a solid rhythm section with clear secular dynamics and religious music.
The guitar often gave way to a Hammond B-3 organ, with some winds. However, almost all of the soul music is marked by a passionate, soaring voice, with occasional improvisation.
The full name of R&B is Rhythm & Blues, which is generally translated as "rhythm and blues". Broadly speaking, R&B can be regarded as "black pop music", which originated from the black Blues music, is the foundation of today's westbound pop and rock, Billboard Magazine has intermediated R&B for all black music, in addition to Jazz and Blues can be listed as R&B, it can be seen that the black music is not the same as the black music, it is not the same as the black music.
In recent years, R&B has become one of the most popular music genres in the world, and it has become one of the most popular music genres in the world.
Hip hop and rap, which have become so prevalent in the black music scene in recent years, are both derived from R&B, and at the same time preserve a lot of R&B components. HOUSE is the dance music that developed out of disco in the 1980s.
This is the music played by DJs in Chicago, who remixed a record by the German electronic band Kraftwerk with the regular rhythm of electronic drums (Drum Machine) and black blues vocals, and house came into being~ Generally translated as "house" dance music, it is the most basic type of electronic dance music, with a 4/4 beat rhythm, one beat of drums and a simple melody, often with a high pitched sound. Simple melody, often with a high-pitched female voice. After the popularity of DISCO, some DJs will change it, with the intention of DISCO to become more non-commercial, BASS and drums become more deep, many times into a pure music works, even if there is a singing part is mostly sung by the jump *** singer sings a short sentence, often no clear lyrics. Britpop (British rock) Although there is a "Pop" word, but in fact is a kind of Rock, originated in the nineties in England, the Chinese can be translated as "British rock", which is the British music world to the United States Grunge wave of a response, mainly in the form of bands.
However, the Britpop style is actually very broad, such as Oasis is a guitar rock band, Blur is a lot of Pop, and Pulp is close to Glam Rook and dance styles, but they are all listed as Britpop. Trip-Hop Trip-Hop is a kind of British/European dance music, and its name is "Trip+ Hip Hop". Its name is derived from "Trip + Hip Hop" = Trip-Hop", as it originated in Bristol, England, and was first called "Bristol Hip-Hop".
Gangsta Rap is a kind of Rap, the content of Rap is mostly related to urban crime, full of violence, *** feelings, which is a kind of music to reflect the reality of the road. Gangsta Rap emerged in the United States in the late 1980s, and has become very popular in the U.S., with high record sales.
The "Synth" in Synth Pop is Synthesizer, as the name implies, Synth Pop is "Pop made by Sythesizers", of course, in addition to Synthesizers there are also other electronic instruments such as computers and drum machines. Of course, apart from Synthesizers, other electronic instruments such as computers and drum machines are also used. Synth Pop became popular in the early 1980s, and then went quiet until the mid-1980s, when it became a big hit in Hong Kong.
Synth Pop is characterized by a strong sense of technology, sometimes quite cold, and the songs are mostly "3-minute pop" (3-minute pop), and often the Synth Pop musicians will be dressed in fashion. ORCHESTRA is an orchestra, which is divided into four parts: 1 strings, including violin, cello, etc., 2 brass, 3 woodwinds and 4 percussion four groups.
The strings have multiple players for each instrument (except the harp), and the four groups are coordinated and led by a single player, who is the conductor of the orchestra. CHAMBER POP is the canon.
5. How to review the written test for elementary school music teachers, professional knowledge, mainly Western music
I just got my high school teacher's license last year, the professional theory of this piece of basically not how to review, because this thing can not be reviewed, relying on the accumulation of the usual, the proportion of the history of Western music and the history of the Chinese music is not too big, only in the choice of questions inside the emergence of the most significant, or the final big questions, lesson plans. The most important thing is that the last big question, the writing of the lesson plan.
The first thing you need to do is to look at the previous questions and see if you can find a way to get the answers you need. You will look at the previous year's questions once you will find that this basic knowledge can be too many points, there is no repeated examination of things, some of the most basic such as the "Yellow River Cantata lyricist and composer who" and other common sense will not be examined, so my advice is to focus on the big question, the knowledge of the history of music to buy a material to browse through once good.
For example, this year there is a topic I was very impressed, called "string quartet" wind. The first time I saw this, it was a very good one, but it's not a good one. Ode" who is the author of "options inside the Tan Dun, Guo Wenjing and other contemporary Chinese composers, you say this kind of topic how to review? So these mainly rely on accumulation, the role of memorization is indeed not much, investment and return is not proportional.
6. History of Western Music
I. Ancient Greco-Roman music Because the music score left behind is very poor, so we know very little about the music of this period.
The origin of music in ancient Greece is linked to the worship of gods and myths. The word "music" comes from the word "muse", and in ancient Greek mythology, the muse was the goddess of the arts.
The famous gods Apollo, Athena, Dionysus and so on are gods of art, and legend has it that music was created by them. The use of ancient Greek music in religious activities is extremely common, but also plays an important role.
Ancient Greek musical instruments mainly include the Lyre and the Aulos, which are said to have been invented and owned by different gods, and are therefore often associated with different god cults. The Lyre is a stringed instrument, mostly used for solo accompaniment, epic playing and singing, often associated with the cult of Apollo, and was the main instrument used in ceremonies dedicated to Apollo.
The afros is a wind instrument commonly used in ceremonies honoring Dionysus, the god of wine. In the modern Western cultural conception, the lira and the worship of Apollo and the music of the afros and the worship of the god of wine have become the symbols of two major types of music with opposing characters.
The former is the calm and restrained style of the sun god, and the latter is the indulgent and romantic style of the god of wine. It was often combined with poetry, dance and drama, and the singing was sometimes accompanied by musical instruments.
Second, medieval music From about the 5th century to the 14th century AD, it was the longest medieval period in the history of Western music. Medieval music was mainly Christian religious music, and secular folk music was not emphasized.
The power of the church was above that of the state and other social groups, and all social ideologies, including all kinds of art, as well as all aspects of philosophy, were to serve the church. Widely spread during this period were the chants and hymns sung in church services.
The concept of "Art Nouveau" comes from a treatise by the French bishop, poet and musician Philippe Vitry.
The concept was soon widely used, indicating the emergence of a new musical trend, different from the old "old art" of the 13th century. "Art Nouveau was characterized by an unprecedented secularization of music, with composers combining religious polyphony with a secular musical vocabulary and exploring new possibilities for the creation of musical forms.
The use of smaller note-times and the systematization of rhythmic notation. The most important representative of Art Nouveau was Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377), and in Italy, Francesco Landini (1325-1397).
The "medieval" period in the history of Western civilization was once seen as a dark and obscurantist era, but today we often tend to judge it more objectively. From a musical point of view, the influence of the Church on music has been both negative and positive.
The Church's emphasis on music, its efforts to unify liturgical music, and its commitment to musical development all contributed to the development of music in medieval Europe and to the preservation of musical materials. The creation of polyphony and the organ laid a solid foundation for the later development of professional music.
Third, the music of the Renaissance Renaissance (Renaissance) is a French word, the original meaning of "regeneration". This period in Western history lasted from about 1300 to 1650.
The term reflects the skeptical rejection of the Middle Ages and the veneration of ancient cultures by thinkers of this period, who were interested in reviving the cultural heritage of ancient Greece and Rome. But this revival was not a mere reproduction of the original, but the construction of a new culture, a new tradition, by reviving the essence of antiquity, and its achievements soon transcended the realm of ancient Greek and Roman influence.
In this movement, "humanism" was the most influential current of thought and the centerpiece of change. Humanists advocated a human-centered approach, encouraging people to promote their humanity and break free from the shackles of divinity, emphasizing that man is the master of society and not God.
They celebrated man's love of life and human ingenuity, believing in the power of man to overcome all. The Renaissance generally refers to the period from about 1430 to around 1600, when changes in the field of music followed those in literature and painting.
Renaissance music, on the one hand, already has a clear tendency to secularization, on the one hand, but still maintains a close relationship with religion. 1, Netherlandish music school.
The Netherlandish School refers to a group of musicians from the Low Countries in the 15th and 16th centuries, roughly in northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands and other northern regions of Europe. Secular music of the 2nd and 16th centuries.
In the 16th century, some new tendencies appeared in the music of Western Europe. Countries have risen a number of national style music, these music is mainly vocal genre-based, mainly Italian pastoral (madrigal), France's Chanson, Germany Lied (Lied), Spain's pastoral songs and romances, the British pastoral and Ryuthen songs and so on.
3, the music of the Reformation and the development of secular music corresponds to the 16th century, the Reformation also brought profound changes in church music. Fourth, the music of the Baroque period The Baroque period usually refers to the range of 150 years between 1600 and 1750.
"Baroque (Baroque)" is a word from the Portuguese language, originally meaning irregularly shaped pearls, originally used in the field of architecture, fine arts, and then gradually used in the field of art and music 1, the birth of the opera Opera is a kind of music to express the drama, which can be traced back to the ancient Greek era It can be traced back to the ancient Greek tragedy, the medieval liturgical drama, mystery plays and so on. 2, the development of instrumental music Baroque instrumental music rose to a new prominence, the formation of this period of vocal music, instrumental music, opera, the three-legged situation, instrumental music for the first time and vocal music in an equal position.
One of the most important features of the Baroque period is the extensive use of the "through bass", which is a different kind of polyphonic weave from the Renaissance is the pro polyphonic weave of the main key and the harmonic weave, basically by the melody and harmonic accompaniment composition. There is an independent bass voice sustained throughout the work, with a florid and decorative high voice above it, and an unwritten middle voice, played by the performer on the spot.
During the Baroque period, the major and minor tonal systems and functional music were gradually established; notation was perfected; and the theory of "emotivism" was developed, the belief that the main purpose of music was to evoke emotion. They used a type of music to express the emotion of the lyrics, such as a high note for light.
7. The development of the history of Western music is divided into those periods, and the masterpieces of each previous period
The music was born in Florence, Italy, at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century. By the Badi court of the Camerata Society (camerata, meaning club or small group) members of the Badi, Vincenzo. Galilei and the Florentine scholar May was born on the basis of a great deal of research on ancient Greek tragedy. The specific content of the teaching of Western music history mainly includes three aspects: First, the historical development and evolution of Western music. First, the historical development and evolution of Western music, such as the history of the evolution of Western music content and form, the origin and development of Western music theory and various music genres; the artistic careers of major composers and performers, the stylistic characteristics of their works, and their influences; second, the influence of Western socio-political, economic, and cultural history on the development of Western music, and the characteristics of Western civilization and its humanistic spirit as reflected in this unique perspective of music. Third, music expression and music aesthetic methods. The basic knowledge of music appreciation, the constituent elements of music and various theories and genres, etc., and the period of development experienced by the following: the history of Western music and the development of musical genres has experienced the following stages:
First, the origin of Western music can be traced back to the ancient Mesopotamian plains. The music of the origin period was mainly used for temple rituals and festivals, with obvious religious colors. The Sumerians, Egyptians, Hebrews and ancient Greeks promoted the development of music.
Second, the pre-medieval period and the heyday
This period is mainly monophonic music period, roughly from 600 to 1300 AD.
Third, the "Art Nouveau" period
1300 ~ 1450 AD, is the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance.
Fourth, the Renaissance period
1450 ~ 1600, the center of the Renaissance in Italy, but the center of music in the Burgundy region of France and Flanders. The rise of German and English music in this period, the reform of Roman church music and the active Venetian school of music made the musical achievements of this period not inferior to other arts.
V. Baroque period
1600~1750, from the beginning of Monteverdi to the end of Bach and Handel. The Baroque era is a very important era in the history of Western music and even in the history of art. Baroque music is noble and touching, and its content is richer and more dramatic than that of the Renaissance. Many important genres of European music were initially formed at this stage, such as opera, suite, sonata, concerto, oratorio, cantata (large-scale vocal suite) and so on, all of which already had a classical form. Music giants Bach and Handel pushed Baroque music to ***.
Sixth, the classical period
To restore the classical style of Greece and Rome for the purpose of mainly focusing on the pursuit of the objective beauty of classical music, formed a climate in Vienna, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven's outstanding works of the three musicians to make the history of music for the first time. This period became the golden age of instrumental music, with the creation of numerous piano and violin concertos, and the establishment of the sonata form is considered to be a representative of the achievements of this period.
Seventh, the Romantic period
Romantic music is a great "treasure trove" in the history of human art. This period not only produced great musicians, but also an unprecedented wide range of musical genres, such as lyric-free songs, nocturnes, art songs, narratives, symphonic poems and other novel and chic forms. This more content-oriented musical genre made non-musical elements dominate the music. Romantic music was perfected by Mendelssohn, Schumann, Chopin and Verdi, and reached its peak in the era of Tchaikovsky, Liszt and Wagner.
VIII. New Music
This is the collective term for music in the 20th century. Like other arts, music began to blossom in a variety of genres. The conservative and innovative schools of music creation competed with each other in Germany, Russia, Britain, and the United States, where music culture was well developed, and this contributed to the prosperity of music to a certain extent. But after the 1950s, with the emergence of electronic music and computers and other high-tech, musicians want to find a new generation of music in the music of the musical language, the development of rhythm **** the same point, to reshape the role of the composer and the essence of the art of music.