Gothic architecture is mainly composed of stone skeleton coupons and flying buttresses. Its basic unit is to make double center frame peak coupons on the four corners of a square or rectangular plane, with one on each side and on the diagonal. The roof slates are placed on the coupons to form a vault. Using this method, coupons with the same sag height can be made on different spans. The vault is light in weight and has clear intersection lines, which reduces the thrust of the coupon feet and simplifies construction. Due to the use of architectural forms such as pointed arches, pointed arches and flying buttresses, the internal space of the Gothic church is high, simple and unified. The decorative details also use pointed coupons as the theme, making the architectural style and structural techniques form an organic whole.
The characteristics of Byzantine architecture mainly include four aspects: The first aspect is the roof shape, and the "dome roof" is commonly used. The second feature is the protruding center of the overall shape. In general Byzantine architecture, the center of the architectural composition is often very prominent. The tall and large dome often becomes the composition center of the entire building. Around this central component, there are often some orderly settings around it. Widgets to coordinate with. The third feature is that it creates a structural method of supporting the dome on independent square columns and a corresponding centralized architectural form. The typical method is to issue coupons on the four sides of a square plane, and build a dome with a diagonal diameter between the four coupons. It is as if a complete dome is cut by issuing coupons on the four sides. Its weight is entirely composed of four coupons. The coupons are borne, thus giving great freedom to the internal space. The fourth feature is that in the use of colors, attention is paid to both change and unity, making the interior space and exterior facade of the building appear dazzling.
Ancient Roman style:
Ancient Roman architecture
Ancient Roman architecture is the ancient Romans who followed the construction techniques of the Etruscans on the Apennine Peninsula. An architectural style that inherits the architectural achievements of ancient Greece and extensively innovates in architectural form, technology and art. Ancient Roman architecture was at its peak from the first to third centuries AD, reaching the peak of ancient Western architecture.
There are many types of ancient Roman architecture. There are religious buildings such as the Roman Pantheon, the Temple of Venus and Rome, and the Balbec Sun Temple, as well as public buildings such as the Royal Palace, the Arena, the Baths, the Square and the Basilica (Rectangular Hall). Residential buildings include inner-courtyard residences, residences that combine an inner-courtyard style with a pillared courtyard, and four- and five-story apartment-style residences.
The form of secular architecture in ancient Rome was quite mature and well integrated with function. For example, in large theaters across the Roman Empire, the audience seats were semicircular in plan, rising row by row, with vertical aisles as the mainstay and horizontal aisles as a supplement. Audiences can reach seats in various areas from different entrances and stairs according to their ticket numbers. The flow of people does not cross and it is convenient to gather and disperse. The stage is elevated, with an orchestra pit in front and a dressing room behind it. The facade of the dressing room is the background of the stage. Both ends protrude forward to form the prototype of the proscenium entrance, which is similar to the basic shape of modern large-scale performance buildings.
Standard units were commonly used in multi-storey apartments in ancient Rome. Some apartments have shops on the ground floor and residents above have balconies. This shape is generally similar to modern apartments. Judging from the shapes of theaters, arenas, bathhouses and apartments, the technical science of architectural design was already quite developed at that time. The "Ten Books on Architecture" written by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius is a summary of this science.
Ancient Roman architecture can meet various complex functional requirements, mainly relying on high-level arch structures to obtain wide internal spaces. The barrel arch of the main hall of the Flavius ??Palace on the Palatine Hill has a span of 29.3 meters. The diameter of the Pantheon's dome is 43.3 meters. In the middle of the first century AD, the cross arch was invented, which covered a square building space and concentrated the weight of the vault on the four corner piers, eliminating the need for continuous load-bearing walls, making the space more open.
Combining several cross arches with barrel arches and vaults can cover complex internal spaces. The royal baths of the Roman Empire are representative works of this combination.
The Basilica of Constantine on the east side of the central square of ancient Rome has three cross arches in the center with a span of 25.3 meters and a height of 40 meters. There are three barrel arches with a span of 23.5 meters on the left and right. Horizontal thrust, high structural level. The huge auditoriums in theaters and arenas are also built on a complex arch system.
The arch structure has been popularized because of the use of pozzolanic concrete with high strength, easy construction and low price.
Around the second century BC, this kind of concrete became an independent building material. By the first century BC, it almost completely replaced stone and was used for building arches and walls. The concrete surface is often protected by a layer of square conical stones or triangular bricks, and then a layer of ash or a layer of marble slabs is applied. There is also a practice of building a stone wall in front of the concrete wall as a surface layer.
The wooden structure technology of ancient Roman architecture has reached a certain level and can distinguish the tie rods and compression rods of trusses. In the Roman city of Trajan's Basilica, the wooden trusses span 25 meters. The Roman Colosseum, built in the first century AD, could accommodate 50,000 spectators and was completed in only 5 to 6 years. It was built on a filled-in lake, but there was no obvious subsidence in the foundation.
The Balbec Sun Temple built in the middle of the second century AD is surrounded by 45 pillars, each 19.6 meters high and 2 meters in base diameter, all made of a single piece of granite. At a height of 8 meters on the back wall of the temple, there are three large stones of about 500 tons each, which shows the huge lifting capacity at that time.
Public bathhouses generally have central heating facilities. Hot smoke and hot air from the fire room flow through the ceramic tubes under the floors, in the walls and in the vaults of each hall, dissipating heat. According to Vitruvius's "Ten Books on Architecture", copper sounding urns were buried under the seats in the theater to improve the sound quality. In addition, as late as the middle of the 1st century AD, highly transparent plate glass tens of centimeters square had been installed on windows. In addition to the highest achievements of ancient Roman architecture concentrated in the capital city of Rome, there are various high-level and large-scale buildings throughout the empire.
The architectural art of ancient Rome was very high. The style of large buildings was majestic and dignified, the compositions were harmonious and unified, and the forms were diverse. The Romans opened up new fields of architectural art and enriched architectural art techniques.
The more important ones are: the newly created internal space covered by arches, the single space of the solemn Pantheon, the sequential combination space of the Royal Baths with multiple levels and great changes, and One-way depth space in Basilica. In some buildings, the artistic treatment of the interior space is more important than the exterior shape.
Developed the composition of ancient Greek columns to make it more adaptable. The most significant thing is to create a combination of columns and arches, such as column columns and continuous columns, which serve as both structure and decoration. Most of the triumphal arches in various parts of the empire have a column-type composition. Centralized buildings with planes composed of various arcs and arch structures appeared. Hadrian's Palace, built on the outskirts of Rome in the first half of the 2nd century AD, is a mature example.
Since the second half of the fourth century AD, ancient Roman architecture has been in decline. After the fifteenth century, through the Renaissance and Classicism. With the Classical Revival and the promotion of the French "Empire Style" in the early nineteenth century, ancient Roman architecture once again became a model for learning in Europe. This phenomenon lasted until the 1920s and 1930s.
Books and pictures of ancient Roman architecture began to be introduced to China in the late Ming Dynasty. The Italian missionary Matteo Ricci obtained three volumes of the "Map of the Ancient City of Rome" from Italy and deposited them in the Jesuit Library in Beijing. In 1672, the Italian missionary Aleni brought two volumes of Guangyu Tushuo to China. These books contain pictures of Roman arenas, baths, temples, and Roman streets. In addition, at the beginning of the 17th century, there were three volumes of Vitruvius's "Ten Books on Architecture" in the Jesuit Library in Beijing, but ancient Roman architecture had no actual impact on Chinese architecture.
Romane Architecture
Romane architecture is an architectural style in areas where Christianity was popular in Europe from the 10th to the 12th century. Roman architecture originally means Roman architectural style architecture, and is also translated as Roman style architecture, Romanesque architecture, Roman-like architecture, etc. Romanesque architectural style is often found in monasteries and churches.
Romane architecture inherited early Christian architecture and adopted some traditional practices of ancient Roman architecture, such as semicircular arches, cross arches, etc., and sometimes simplified classical columns and detailed decorations. After a long period of evolution, the wooden roof of the early Christian church was gradually replaced by a vault. The Roman arch technology was continuously tested and developed, and buttresses were used to balance the transverse force of the heavy vault. Later, it was gradually replaced by a skeleton vault. Thick vaults. The plane remains a Latin cross. Out of the need to worship icons and relics, several small worship rooms were added at the east end, and the plane form gradually became more complex.
The typical characteristics of Roman architecture are: the walls are huge and thick, with continuous small coupons on the walls, and concentric multi-layered small circular coupons on the door openings to reduce the feeling of heaviness. There are one or two bell towers on the west side, and sometimes there are bell towers on the Latin cross and the transverse hall. The large and small columns in the central hall are arranged rhythmically alternately.
The windows are narrow, creating a dark and mysterious atmosphere in the larger interior space. The simple middle hall contrasts with the gorgeous altar. The large spatial changes in the middle hall and side corridors break the sense of balance of classical architecture.
With the development of Roman architecture, the atrium became higher and higher. Gothic architecture was later created in order to reduce and balance the lateral vertebral forces on the arches of the soaring nave, and to adapt the vaults to planes of different sizes and forms. As a transitional form, Romanesque architecture's contribution is not only to combine heavy structures with vertical rising momentum, but also to successfully organize towers into the complete composition of the building for the first time in the history of architecture.
Famous examples of Roman architecture include: the Cathedral Complex in Pisa, Italy, the Cathedral of Worms, Germany, etc.
Gothic:
Gothic Architecture
Gothic architecture originated in France in the second half of the 11th century and was popular in Europe from the 13th to the 15th century. an architectural style. Mainly found in Catholic churches, but also affects secular architecture. Gothic architecture occupies an important position in the history of architecture with its superb technical and artistic achievements.
The structural system of the Gothic church consists of stone skeleton coupons and flying buttresses. Its basic unit is to make double center frame peak coupons on the four corners of a square or rectangular plane, one on each side and one on the diagonal, and the roof slates are placed on the coupons to form a vault. Using this method, coupons with the same sag height can be made on different spans. The vault is light in weight and has clear intersection lines, which reduces the thrust of the coupon feet and simplifies construction.
The flying buttresses are issued from the column piers outside the side hall to balance the lateral thrust of the arch feet of the central hall. In order to increase stability, spires are often built on column piers. Due to the use of pointed arches, pointed arches and flying buttresses, the interior space of the Gothic church is high, simple and unified. Decorative details such as canopies, niches, etc. are also themed with pointed coupons. The architectural style and structural techniques form an organic whole.
Classic Gothic architecture in European countries
In the second half of the 11th century, Gothic architecture first emerged in France. At that time, prototypes of ribbed vaults and flying buttresses had already appeared in some French churches. The first true Gothic church is generally considered to be Saint-Denis in the suburbs of Paris. The four-pointed church cleverly solves the problem of the rib vault structure between the arches, and has a large area of ??stained glass windows, which was followed by many churches in the future.
Although the plan of the French Gothic church is a Latin cross, its horizontal wings have little protrusion. To the west is the main entrance, and to the east there is a circular corridor in the ring hall, with many small worship rooms arranged in a radial pattern. The interior of the church, especially the towering nave, has a large area of ??stained glass. The distinctive feature of its appearance is that there are many large and small spiers and spiers. Some of the tall bell towers in the west also have spiers. There is a very tall spire on the roof at the intersection of the planes. There are also exquisite spiers on the buttresses and wall stacks. The windows are thin and high. The entire church has a strong upward momentum and is extremely rich in carvings.
The west facade is the focus of the building. The typical composition is: a pair of tall bell towers on both sides, connected horizontally by transverse corridors below. The three gates are made up of perspective doors with receding peaks. Full of statues. There is a large circular window above the main entrance, called the rose window, with exquisite and gorgeous carvings. The representative work of early French Gothic churches is Notre Dame de Paris.
The Cathedral of Amiens is a representative work of French Gothic architecture in its peak period. It is 137 meters long and 46 meters wide. The horizontal wings protrude very little. The east end of the ring hall is arranged in a radial shape with seven small chapels. . The middle hall is 15 meters wide, and the vault is 43 meters high. The plane of the vaults in the middle hall is rectangular, and each room uses a cross vault, which corresponds to the vault of the side hall. The pillars are no longer round, and four thin pillars are attached to a cylinder to form a beam. The thin columns are connected with the ribs above to enhance the upward momentum. The interior of the church is filled with stained glass, and the walls are almost invisible. The exterior of the church is beautifully carved and magnificent. This church is a symbol of the maturity of Gothic architecture.
The famous churches in France during the high period include Reims Cathedral and Chartres Cathedral. Together with Amiens Cathedral and Beauvais Cathedral, they are known as the four major Gothic churches in France. The Cathedral of Strasbourg is also famous, with its spire 142 meters high.
After the Hundred Years War, almost no churches were built in France in the 14th century. When Gothic architecture revived, it had reached the flame pattern period. This style got its name because the lattice was shaped like a flame. Architectural decoration tends to be "fluid" and complex. Bundle columns often have no capitals, and many thin columns extend from the ground to the vault to form ribs. Decorative ribs appeared on the vaults, and the ribs became star-shaped or other complex forms. At that time, large churches were rarely built.
This style often appears in additions or reconstructions of cathedrals, as well as in relatively minor new churches.
The French Gothic period has a large number of secular buildings, which are very different from the structure and form of Gothic churches. Due to years of war, the city is very defensive. Most of the castles are built on high ground, with thick stone walls, numerous bunkers and a stern appearance. However, the city wall restricted the development of the city. The city was noisy and crowded, and the living conditions were very poor. Multi-story residential buildings line the narrow streets with gabled fronts. The second floor began to overhang to expand the space, and the first floor was usually a workshop or shop. The structure is mostly made of wooden frames, which are often exposed to form beautiful patterns, which are quite interesting. The mansions of the wealthy, city halls, trade guilds, etc. were mostly built with bricks and stones, using many of the decorative techniques of Gothic churches.
Gothic architecture in Britain appeared later than in France, and was popular from the 12th to the 16th century. English churches do not stand in crowded urban centers like French churches, striving to be tall and dominate the city. Instead, they are often located in open rural environments, as part of complex monastic complexes, relatively low, and along the waterfront with the monastery. stretch. They pay less attention to structural technology than French churches, but their decoration is more free and varied. The construction period of British churches is generally very long, during which they are constantly being remodeled and added to. It is difficult to find a unified overall style.
The Salisbury Cathedral in the UK and the Amiens Cathedral in France were built in a similar period. The central hall is shorter and deeper, with a side hall on each side, more protruding horizontal wings, and a The shorter rear transverse wing can accommodate more priests, which is a common layout technique in Britain. The front of the church is also on the west side. The east end usually ends with a square hall, and a ring hall is rarely used. Although Salisbury Church has flying buttresses, they are not significant.
The spiers of English churches at the intersection of the plane are often very high, becoming the center of the composition, and the bell tower on the west takes a secondary position. The central spire of Salisbury Church is about 123 meters high, making it the tallest church in England. The church has an English appearance on the outside, but the interior is still French in style with simple decoration. The interior of the later church has a strong British style. The window grilles on the west facade of York Church are complex, with many curved lines forming a vivid pattern. The vault ribs of this period were abundant. The ribs of Exeter Church were as powerful as the branches of a big tree, and they also used beams composed of many columns.
The windows at the east end of Gloucester Cathedral and the west end of Canterbury Cathedral are very large and are divided by many straight lattice. The slender ribs are stretched and coiled, which is extremely gorgeous. The vaults of King's Chapel in Cambridge resemble many open fans, called fan arches. The vaults of Henry VII's chapel in Westminster Abbey are decorated with many pendulous funnel-shaped ornaments, which are extremely ingenious. At this time, the ribs had lost their structural role and became the object of British craftsmen's superb skills. A large number of small country churches in the UK are very simple and friendly. They often have one church and one tower, and use a variety of exquisite wooden roof trusses, which are very distinctive.
The secular architectural achievements of the British Gothic period were very high. In the early days of the popularity of Gothic architecture, the castles of feudal lords were very defensive, with thick walls, many towers and bunkers, and tall nuclear fortresses inside the walls. After the 15th century, the royal power was further consolidated, windows were opened on the outer walls of the castle, and more consideration was given to the comfort of living. The half-timbered houses of British residents use wooden columns and wooden rungs as the framework, and are decorated with decorative patterns. Dark wooden beams alternate with white walls, giving a lively appearance.
The Cologne Cathedral, one of the earliest Gothic churches in Germany, was built in 1248. It was designed by the French who built the Amiens Cathedral. It has the style of the Gothic church in the high period of France, with singing and The temple is similar to the church of Amiens. Its interior nave is 46 meters high, second only to the Cathedral of Beauvais in France. The twin towers on the west side are 152 meters high and are extremely spectacular.
German churches have formed their own shapes and characteristics very early. Its central hall and side halls are of the same height. It has neither high side windows nor flying buttresses. It relies entirely on the tall and thin outer walls of the side halls. Windows provide light. An overall steeply sloped roof is added to the vault, and inside is a multi-column hall. There are two tall towers on the west side of St. Elizabeth's Church in Malbork. It has a relatively simple and elegant appearance and is a representative of this kind of church.
There is also a Gothic church in Germany that only builds a very tall bell tower on the front of the church. A famous example is the Ulm Cathedral. Its bell tower is 161 meters high and dominates the entire architectural composition. It can be described as a wonder in medieval church architecture. Brick churches are very popular in Northern Europe, and there are also many brick Gothic churches in northern Germany.
After the 15th century, Germany’s stone craftsmanship reached its peak.
The stone carving window lattice is skillfully crafted, exquisite and gorgeous. Sometimes two layers of stone-carved window grilles with different patterns overlap each other, making them exquisite and clear. There are also exquisite masterpieces in the decorative pieces inside the building.
Secular buildings during the Gothic architectural period in Germany were mostly built with masonry. The double-slope roof is very steep, with attics or even multi-storey attics inside. There are layers of windows on the roof and gables. Light wooden windows, balconies or niches are often picked out on the walls, giving a very distinctive appearance.
Italian Gothic architecture was introduced from abroad in the 12th century, mainly affecting the northern region. Italy did not really accept the structural system and modeling principles of Gothic architecture, but only used it as a decorative style, so it is extremely difficult to find a "pure" Gothic church here.
Italian churches do not emphasize height and verticality, and there is no tall bell tower on the front. Instead, they adopt a screen-style gable composition. The roof is relatively flat, the windows are small, and pointed and semi-circular buttons are often used together. Flying buttresses are extremely rare, and the carvings and decorations have obvious Roman classical style.
Siena Cathedral uses ribs, but they are only slightly pointed on the vault, and the rest are still semicircular. The main church of Oviato still has a wooden roof. The two churches have similar facades, and the general composition is a development of screen gables, high in the middle and low on both sides, with three gables. Although many Gothic spiers and walls are used as decoration on the exterior, the large round windows and continuous corridors on the flat walls are still the inherent style of Italian churches.
The most famous Gothic church in Italy is Milan Cathedral. It is one of the largest churches in Europe in the Middle Ages. Construction began in the 1480s and was not completed until the early 19th century. The interior of the church is separated by four rows of giant columns and is 49 meters wide. The middle hall is about 45 meters high, and at the intersection of the horizontal wings and the middle hall, it is even higher than 65 meters, with an octagonal lighting pavilion above it. The central hall is very little higher than the side halls, and the high side windows are very small. The interior is relatively dark, and the exterior of the building is entirely made of dazzling white marble. The tall flower windows, upright buttresses and 135 minarets all show upward momentum, and the statue on the top of the tower seems to be about to soar. The west facade is an Italian gable, also decorated with many Gothic spires. But its doors and windows already have a late Renaissance style.
In addition, during this period, the secular architectural achievements of Italian cities were very high, especially in many wealthy cities and countries, many famous municipal buildings and mansions were built. The city hall is generally located in the central square of the city. It has rough stone walls and is solemn and heavy. It is often equipped with a tall and thin clock tower. The architectural composition is rich and has become the symbol of the square. There are usually many tall towers built in cities, and the overall outline is beautiful.
Venice has many masterpieces of secular architecture. The Doge's Palace in Piazza San Marco is considered one of the most beautiful works of medieval secular architecture. The facade adopts continuous Gothic peaks and flame-patterned corridors, with unique composition and bright colors. Venice also has many mansions with Gothic colonnades, standing near the water, which are very elegant.
Baroque:
Baroque Architecture
Baroque architecture is an architectural and decorative style developed on the basis of Italian Renaissance architecture in the 17th and 18th centuries. It is characterized by free appearance, pursuit of dynamics, preference for gorgeous decoration and sculpture, strong colors, and commonly interspersed curved surfaces and oval spaces.
The original meaning of the word Baroque is strange and eccentric, and classicists used it to refer to this architectural style that was considered deviant. This style played an important role in opposing rigid classical forms, pursuing free and unrestrained style, and expressing secular tastes. It had an impact on city squares, garden art, and even literature and art sectors. It was once widely popular in Europe.
The Jesuit Church in Rome designed by Vignola, a famous Italian architect and architectural theorist in the late Renaissance, is a representative work of the transition from Mannerism to Baroque style, and some people call it the first Baroque building.
Mannerism is an artistic style in Europe in the late 16th century. Its main feature is the pursuit of weird and unusual effects, such as expressing space in a deformed and uncoordinated way, expressing characters with exaggerated slender proportions, etc. In architectural history, it is used to refer to the tendency of early Baroque style to be reflected in the works of certain Italian architects from 1530 to 1600.
The Jesuit church in Rome is rectangular in plan, with a niche protruding from the end. It evolved from the Latin cross commonly used in Gothic churches. The nave is wide and the vault is full of statues and decorations. Two rows of small prayer rooms were used to replace the original side corridors on both sides. A dome rises in the middle of the cross.
The altar of the church is richly and freely decorated. The mountain flowers above break through the classical French style and serve as icons and decorative lights. The facade of the church draws on the treatment of the Santa Maria Chapel in Florence designed by the early Renaissance architect Alberti. The layered eaves and pediments on the main door are made into overlapping arcs and triangles, and leaning columns and flat pilasters are used on both sides of the door. There are two pairs of large scrolls on both sides of the upper part of the facade. These treatment techniques were unique and were later widely imitated.
The Baroque style broke the blind worship of Vitruvius, the ancient Roman architectural theorist, and also broke through the various rules and precepts set by the late Renaissance classicists, reflecting the secular thought of yearning for freedom. On the other hand, Baroque-style churches are magnificent and can create a strong mysterious atmosphere, which is also in line with the requirements of the Catholic Church to show off wealth and pursue mystery. Therefore, after Baroque architecture originated in Rome, it soon spread throughout Europe and even as far as the Americas. Some Baroque buildings overly pursue luxury and style, even to the point of being cumbersome.
Since the 1730s, the wealth of the Italian church has increased day by day, and each parish has built its own Baroque style church. Due to the small scale, it is not suitable to use a Latin cross-shaped plane, so it is often changed to a single-space palace such as a circle, an ellipse, a quincunx shape, a round petal cross shape, etc., and a large number of curved surfaces are used in the shape.
A typical example is the Church of San Carlo in Rome, designed by Boromini. Its hall is approximately olive-shaped in plan, surrounded by some irregular small prayer rooms; there are also living courtyards. The decoration on the plane and ceiling of the hall emphasizes the dynamic curves, the pediments on the facade are disconnected, the eaves are horizontally curved, the walls are highly concave and convex, the decoration is rich, and there is a strong light and shadow effect. Although the design technique is skillful, it still feels artificial9. After the mid-17th century, Baroque churches became popular in Italy. There were many novel and original works, but there were also buildings with poor techniques and excessive piling.
In order to show off the wealth of the Papal State to pilgrims, the papal authorities built wide avenues and magnificent squares in the city of Rome, which opened up a new way for the free and unrestrained style of the Baroque.
The Polo Square in Rome, built by the Roman architect Fontana in the 17th century, is the meeting point of three radial arteries. There is an obelisk in the center, surrounded by statues and green belts. There are two symmetrical churches of the same style built between the radial main roads. This square is open and unrestrained, and many European countries are imitating it. France built radial squares in front of the Palace of Versailles and Russia in front of the Admiralty Building in Petersburg. The front square of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome designed by Bernini, the outstanding Baroque architect and sculptor, is surrounded by Roman Tuscan colonnades. The entire layout is bold, dynamic, and has strong light and shadow effects.
The Baroque architectural style is also popular in some Central European countries, especially Germany and Austria. In the second half of the 17th century, many German architects returned from studying in Italy and combined the Italian Baroque architectural style with the German national architectural style. By the first half of the 18th century, German Baroque architectural art became a strange flower in the history of European architecture.
The appearance of German Baroque church buildings is simple and elegant, with soft shapes and few decorations. The exterior walls are dry and flat, in harmony with the natural environment. The interior decoration of the church is very gorgeous, creating a strong contrast between the inside and outside. Famous examples are the pilgrimage church of the Fourteenth Saints on the outskirts of Bamberg and the abbey church in Rogel.
The layout of the Fourteenth Saints Pilgrimage Church is very novel. The main hall and the holy niche are made into three continuous ovals. The vaulted ceiling also echoes this. The interior of the church is covered with various stucco sculptures. Plant-shaped decorative patterns are magnificent. The church has a relatively plain appearance, with a pair of towers on the front and soft curves, which is full of intimacy.
The Rohel Monastery Church also has a simple appearance and exquisite interior decoration, especially the upper ceiling of the shrine, which is covered with flying angels carved in white marble. In the center of the shrine is a group composed of the Virgin and two angels. sculpture; below the shrine is a group of statues of saints with different expressions.
Austria’s Baroque architectural style was mainly introduced from Germany. In the first half of the 18th century, many famous buildings in Austria were designed by German architects. For example, the Schubrunn Palace in Vienna has a serious classical architectural form on the outside, and the interior hall has an Italian Baroque style. All the pillars in the hall are carved into figures, and the column tops and vaults are covered with relief decorations, which is a combination of Baroque style and classical style. The product of the combination of ism style.
It emerged in the mid-17th century. Its style is free and unrestrained, with complex shapes and rich changes, but some architectural decorations are excessively piled up. The Cathedral of Santiago in Spain is a typical example of architecture from this period.
"Byzantium" was originally a castle in ancient Greece. In 395 AD, the once-prominent Roman Empire was split into two countries, the East and the West. The capital of the West Rome was still in Rome at the time, while the East Rome moved its capital to After moving to Byzantium, the country followed its move and became known as the Byzantine Empire. Byzantine architecture is an architectural culture of the Byzantine Empire that was born during this period.
From the perspective of historical development, Byzantine architecture was developed on the basis of inheriting the architectural culture of ancient Rome. At the same time, due to geographical relationships, it also absorbed Eastern styles such as Persia, Mesopotamia, and Syria. Culture, formed its own architectural style, and had a positive impact on later Russian church architecture and Islamic mosque architecture.
The characteristics of Byzantine architecture mainly include four aspects: The first aspect is the roof shape, and the "dome roof" is commonly used. The second feature is the protruding center of the overall shape. In general Byzantine architecture, the center of the architectural composition is often very prominent. The tall and large dome often becomes the composition center of the entire building. Around this central component, there are often some orderly settings around it. Widgets to coordinate with. The third feature is that it creates a structural method of supporting the dome on independent square columns and a corresponding centralized architectural form. The typical method is to issue coupons on the four sides of a square plane, and build a dome with a diagonal diameter between the four coupons. It is as if a complete dome is cut by the coupons on the four sides. Its weight is entirely composed of four coupons. The coupons are borne, thus giving great freedom to the internal space. The fourth feature is that in the use of colors, attention is paid to both change and unity, making the interior space and exterior facade of the building appear dazzling.
Hagia Sophia
The entire plane of this church is a huge rectangle. From the outside, it is a typical centralized building with a dome hall as the center. From a structural point of view, it has a complex and well-organized structural stress system. From the interior space, this church not only introduces natural light into the church through a circle of 40 small windows arranged at the lower part of the large dome, making the entire space become ethereal, light and magical, adding to the religious atmosphere, but also with the help of the building's Color language further constructs the artistic atmosphere. The doors and windows of the hall are colored, the pillars and interior walls are made of white, green, black, red and other colored marbles, the pillars are green, the capitals are white, some places are inlaid with gold, and the dome is decorated with blue and gold-and-gold glass mosaics. These colorful colors complement each other, are rich, varied, and harmonious, unified into an overall artistic conception: sacred, noble, and rich. Thus, it effectively shows the charm of Byzantine architecture in making full use of the color language of architecture to construct artistic conception. This building has naturally become a dazzling and glorious masterpiece in the Middle Ages and even in the history of human architecture.