Biography of the character
Dante Alighieri (Dante Alighieri) was born in Florence, Italy, into a declining urban aristocratic family. He was born in 1265. He himself said in the poem that he was "born under the sign of Gemini", which should be in late May or early June. When he was 5 years old, his biological mother passed away and his father had a second marriage. His stepmother gave birth to two younger brothers and a younger sister. His father had been in business for a long time due to his family's financial difficulties.
There are very few records of Dante's life, but there are many people who wrote them, many of which are unreliable. He may not have received formal education (some people say that he studied in Bologna and Paris). He learned a lot from many famous friends and teachers, including Latin, Provence and music. He may have been a knight when he was young and participated in several wars. He got married when he was 20 years old. His wife gave birth to 6 children for him. There are 3 sons and 1 daughter alive.
At that time, the Florentine political circles were divided into two factions. One was the Zeppelin party loyal to the Holy Roman Emperor, and the other was the Gaelic party loyal to the Pope. After 1266, due to the strong power of the Pope, the Gaelic party The faction was victorious and the Zebrins were exiled.
Pope Boniface VIII, who was elected in 1294 after the Gaelfis came to power, wanted to control Florence. Some wealthy citizens wanted the independence of the city and were unwilling to be controlled by the Pope, so they divided into the "White Party" and others. Some of them did not settle down, hoping to use the power of the Pope to turn over and become a "black party".
The two factions fought again. Dante's family originally belonged to the Gaelfi sect. Dante passionately advocated independence and freedom, so he became the backbone of the White Party and was elected as six members of the Executive Committee of the highest authority. one. He has a famous saying: "Go your own way and let others say it."
In 1301, the Pope sent Carlo di Valois, the brother of the French king, to Florence to "regulate peace." The White Party suspected that the trip had another purpose and sent a delegation headed by Dante to persuade the Pope to withdraw his order.
But there was no result. Sure enough, after Carlo arrived in Florence, he immediately organized the Black Party to massacre the opposition, took control of Florence, and announced the exile of Dante. Once he returns to the city, any Florentine soldier can execute him and burn him to death. From then on Dante never returned to his hometown.
In 1308, Henry VII of Luxembourg was elected Holy Roman Emperor and was preparing to invade Florence. Dante wrote to him, pointing out the locations where he needed to attack, so the White Party also began to hate Dante. When Henry died in 1313, Dante's hopes were dashed.
In 1315, Florence was taken over by the military, and it was announced that if Dante was willing to pay a fine, scatter ashes on his head, hang a knife under his neck, and parade through the streets for a week, he would be exempted from crime and return to the country.
Dante wrote back: "This method is not the way for me to return to my country! If it damages my reputation, Dante, then I will never set foot on the land of Florence again! Can't I enjoy it elsewhere? The light of the sun, moon, and stars? Can I not touch the precious truth without bowing to the citizens of Florence? Surely I will have no bread to eat!"
Dante in exile! , lived in several Italian cities, and some recorded that he had been to Paris. He used his writings to relieve his homesickness, and wrote all his benefactors and enemies in his life into his masterpiece "Divine Comedy". He ridiculed the Pope and wrote His unrequited lover, a woman named Beatrice, who died at the age of 25, was arranged to go to the highest realm of heaven.
Dante died in a foreign country in 1321, in Ravenna, northeastern Italy.
Introduction
Dante Alighieri (Italian: Dante Alighieri, Italian: [?dante ali?ɡj?ri], 1265 - September 14, 1321 His full name is Duranti di Alighiero del Alighieri, also known as Dante, the famous Italian medieval poet.
He is the founder of modern Italian and a pioneering figure in the European Renaissance. His epic "Divine Comedy" will leave a name for future generations. He is known in Italy as the supreme poet and poet and the father of the Italian language.
Dante is the greatest poet in Europe and one of the greatest writers in the world.
Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio were the pioneers of the Renaissance. They were called the "Three Stars of the Renaissance" and also the "Three Heroes of Literature."
Extended information:
1. Works
"La Divina Commedia" describes Dante's journey in Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio) and Paradise (Paradiso) Travel experience.
At first he was guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil, and later by his sweetheart Beatrice Potinari (Bettyrice Potinari is also the author of Dante's collection of poems). The theme of "New Life".)
The description of heaven is quite vivid for modern people, while other parts reveal theological subtleties that require considerable patience and knowledge on the part of the reader. Among them, the Purgatory is the most lyrical of the three, and is also interspersed with a large number of poems. The Paradise is the most theological, and has the most beautiful and ecstatic content.
Some of these are things that Dante admits he cannot express (for example, when Dante saw the face of the god "it was a scene that he could not describe." Paradise XXXIII, 142)
Due to its serious purpose, literary status and scope, the Divine Comedy became an important cornerstone of the development of Italian literature. Dante understood Italian dialects better than any other early Italian writer and knew the need to create a unified script and language beyond the limitations of Latin at the time.
At this level, Dante is a pioneer of the Renaissance and can be compared with early classical writers in civilian literature. Dante's knowledge of ancient Rome and his admiration for some of its pagan aspects also influenced the fifteenth century. Ironically, a few centuries after his death, The Divine Comedy was no longer popular among literati. It was too medieval, too rough and tragic, and it was not the literature that everyone expected to see during the Renaissance.
Dante called the language he used to write "The Divine Comedy" "Italian", which was mainly based on the regional dialect of Tuscany, but also added Latin and other regional dialects. dialect. He specifically hoped that ordinary people, clergy or other poets could read his epic poem. For the purpose of creating the structure and complexity of the epic, Dante composed the Italian text.
In France, Italian is sometimes jokingly called "Dante's language". Dante published the Divine Comedy in a common language, becoming one of the early pioneers of publishing outside of Latin, along with Geoffrey Chaucer and Giovanni Boccaccio. This breakthrough made it possible for more literary works to be published for many readers.
However, unlike Giovanni Boccaccio, John Milton or Ariosto, Dante was not a famous author throughout Europe before the Romantic period. During the Romantic Period, Dante, like Shakespeare, was a standard "original genius" who set his own rules and created characters with status and depth that surpassed previous writers and could not be imitated by other writers.
In the 19th century, Dante's reputation became more and more stable. In 1865. He has become one of the greatest literary figures in the Western world.
Dante's other works include the Convivio, his longest collection of poems and allegorical commentaries, and the Monarchia, a political philosophy written in Latin set.
The Latin treatise "De Vulgari Eloquentia" (De Vulgari Eloquentia) was condemned and destroyed by the papal ambassador Bertrando del Poggetto after Dante's death. It is a study of civilian literature.
"La Vita Nuova" (La Vita Nuova) tells the story of his love for Beatrice Potinari, who is also the final salvation in the Divine Comedy. The New Life contains many of Dante's love poems written in Tuscan, the first of its kind.
2. Evaluation
British writer Andrew Norman Wilson: "Dante is the greatest poet in Europe, and it can also be said that he is the greatest poet in the Middle Ages.
But many non-Italian readers shun his work, thereby missing out on the greatest aesthetic, imaginative, emotional and intellectual experience possible. ", "First of all, you just need to know that he has two ambitions. One is to become a great poet, and he succeeded in this.
Secondly, he has political ambitions. When he was 12 years old, according to the custom of the 13th century, his father made the decision and he was engaged to Gemma Donati, but he said nothing about his wife in his works. ”
T·S Eliot: “What Shakespeare shows is the breadth of human emotions; what Dante shows is the supreme and deepness of human emotions.” "It is the Italian Dante, who was the last poet of the Middle Ages and the first poet of the new era."
3. Character Influence
Dante wrote a lot of works in his life, the most valuable of which is undoubtedly "The Divine Comedy". This work reflects the achievements and some major issues in the field of medieval culture through the author's dialogues with various famous figures in hell, purgatory and heaven. It has the nature of an "encyclopedia" and can also vaguely glimpse the humanism of the Renaissance. The dawn of thought.
In this epic of more than 14,000 lines, Dante firmly opposed the obscurantism of the Middle Ages, criticized all the evil deeds of people in the old century, and praised the beauty of the soul and the guidance of light. It expresses the persistent pursuit of truth and has a profound influence on the poetry creation of later generations in Europe.
In addition to "The Divine Comedy", Dante also wrote a collection of poems "Renaissance", a treatise on linguistic poetry "On the Sayings", a treatise on philosophy and theology "Feast" and a political treatise "On the Empire" and other works. "Rebirth" includes thirty-one lyric poems, which mainly express the attachment to Beatrice. They are simple, clear, beautiful and moving. Among the poems of the "gentle new style" poetry, it has reached the highest level. achievements.
Dante is a great writer in the world and a symbolic figure of an era.
Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia-Aligheili Dante