The Mongols are now mainly distributed in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the rest are distributed in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other provinces and regions. The population of 4,806,849,000 (1990 fourth census), of which 13,000 in Yunnan, living in Tonghai County, Xinmeng Township, divided into Zhongcun, the village, the next village, Baige, Jiaochewan and Taojiazui five natural villages, is the early years of the Yuan Dynasty with the Kublai war left behind in the Mongolian descendants in Yunnan. Tonghai Mongolia from the motherland northwest prairie to the Yunnan plateau of the Tonghai Qilu Lake, the foot of the Phoenix Hill, has a history of more than 740 years. 700 years, and the people of all ethnic groups and live in harmony, friendly exchanges, with the spirit of self-reliance and self-reliance and national cohesion, to overcome all kinds of difficulties and obstacles, the Qilu Lake, the foot of the Phoenix Hill construction into the town of fish and rice.
Animal husbandry is the main economy on which the Mongolian people have long relied to survive and develop. In addition, also engaged in processing industry, agriculture and industry. Now farming is the mainstay. The Mongolian people are good at singing and dancing, and the folk songs are divided into two kinds of long and short tunes. The main musical instrument is the horse-head fiddle. They love wrestling. Mongolian yurts and lorries are the companions of their nomadic life.
Language and writing: The Mongols have their own language and writing. Mongolian language belongs to the Mongolian language family of the Altaic language family, there are Inner Mongolia, Weilat, Balkhu Buryat three dialects. Now the common script is the early thirteenth century with the migratory bird alphabet created in the early 14th century, by the Mongolian scholars, but Ji - good offices to reform the original script, to become a common model of the Mongolian language. The Mongols in Yunnan speak Yi] and Chinese, and their Mongolian language is largely compatible with that of the north.
The press and publishing, broadcasting, theater, and film in Mongolian language and script have also developed considerably. The Secret History of Mongolia and other canonical books have been recognized by UNESCO as the world famous cultural heritage; the famous heroic epic poem "Jangal" is one of the three major heroic epics in China; and "Drinking Goodness is about to be" is listed as one of the important medical inventions that have made outstanding contributions to the world's civilization.
Main distribution areas: Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Qinghai, Hebei, Henan and other places.
History
The Mongols have a long history, and the title of Mongolia was first seen in the Tang Dynasty, when it was just the name of one of the many tribes in Mongolia. The birthplace of this tribe was along the east bank of the Ergun River, and then gradually moved westward. The tribes competed for population, livestock and wealth, resulting in endless tribal wars. in the early 13th century, Chinggis Khan united the tribes of Mongolia and established a unified Mongolian aristocracy. in 1219, the western expedition, the territory expanded to Central Asia and South Russia. in 1271, the Mongol state was renamed Yuan. in 1279, the Southern Song Dynasty was destroyed, unifying all of China. the Yuan Dynasty fell in 1368. Since the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolian people have made significant contributions to China's politics, military, economy, science and technology, astronomy and calendar, culture and art, medicine and other aspects.
On May 1, 1947, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established under the leadership of the Chinese ****productivity party, which became the earliest autonomous region established in China. Later, nine autonomous regions and counties were established one after another:
Northern Mongolian Autonomous County of Gansu Province (July 29, 1950)
Bayin'guoleng Mongol Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang (June 23, 1954)
Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang (July 13, 1954)
Hebukser Mongol Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang (1954) September 10)
Henan Mongol Autonomous County of Qinghai (October 16, 1954)
Qiangolos Mongol Autonomous County of Jilin (September 1, 1956)
Dulbert Mongol Autonomous County of Heilongjiang (December 5, 1956)
Karachi Left Wing Mongol Autonomous County of Liaoning (April 1, 1958)
Fuxin Mongol Autonomous County, Liaoning (April 7, 1958)
Taboos
Mongolians should not ride a horse or drive a car near a yurt, so as not to startle the herd; if there is a fire in front of the door or hang a red strip of cloth and other signs, it means that there is a sick person or a woman in labor in the house, and it is forbidden for outsiders to enter the house; guests can't sit on the west kang, because the west is the place for the Buddha; it is forbidden to eat meat of animals that have died, donkey meat, dog meat, and other meat from the dead animals. meat and donkey meat, dog meat, white horse meat; avoid red and white for funerals and black and yellow for joyous occasions; avoid baking feet, shoes, socks and pants etc. on the fire pot; prohibit smoking, spitting and touching the dharma vessels, classics, Buddha statues as well as loud noise when visiting the temple's scripture halls and the halls of worship, as well as hunting in the vicinity of the temple.
Customs
Greetings should be exchanged when meeting each other, even if they are strangers; when peers and acquaintances meet, they generally ask: "Sai Bainu" (hello), and if they meet elders or people meeting for the first time, they should ask: "He Sai Bainu" ( (hello). It is a traditional Mongolian virtue to treat people who are traveling on the road (whether they know them or not), but when you visit a Mongolian home, you must respect the host. When you enter a yurt, you should sit on the carpet with your legs crossed around the stove, but the west side of the stove is the host's place, so you can't just sit there when the host doesn't sit there. Master on the milk tea, guests usually want to drink, do not drink rude; master please eat dairy products, guests do not refuse, otherwise it will hurt the master's heart. If it is inconvenient to eat more, eat a little is okay.
The offering of Hada is also a noble ritual of the Mongolian people. Offer Hada, the dedicatee bowed and handed to each other with both hands, the recipient should also bow and take it with both hands or bow and let the dedicatee hang Hada around his neck and express his gratitude.
Mongolian hospitality is very concerned about etiquette and rules. For example, when eating hand-held mutton, generally the sheep's pipa bone with meat with four long ribs to the guests. If it is a beef hospitality, a piece of spine with meat plus half a section of ribs and a section of fat intestines to the guests. The grandest hospitality is the whole goat feast. The whole goat feast includes recommended bone, limbs, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sheep's head, and in some areas, sheep's heart, sheep's liver, rectum and sheep's belly. Method is the whole sheep parts poured into the cauldron, the water temperature rises, and then add a certain amount of cooked yoghurt cooked over moderate heat to boil, and often turn. Intestine, belly, heart, liver and prairie good sheep's head cooked in a separate pot. Separate seasoning. Banquet will be boiled parts into a large plate, tail outward, sheep head to be carved to symbolize the auspiciousness of the "ten" on the table. When eating, the host will ask the guests to cut the bones of the goat, or the elders will cut the knife first, and then everyone will eat with them. Before a girl gets married, her mother's family cooks the breast of a sheep for her to eat as a farewell. Roasted whole sheep used to be used for ceremonies or sacrifices to the Ovoo, but now it has become a special dish for grand festivals or welcoming distinguished guests.
Religion
The Mongols believed in Shamanism in the early days, and Lamaism became common after the Yuan Dynasty.
Clothing
Jewelry, robes, belts and boots are the four main parts of Mongolian clothing, women's heads are decorated with onyx, pearls, gold and silver. Men wear long robes and girdles, and women's sleeves are embroidered with lace patterns and tops with high collars, still similar to the Mongols. Women like to wear three pieces of clothes of different lengths, the first one is close to the body, sleeve length to the wrist, the second tunic, sleeve length to the elbow, the third one is collarless lapel kangshi, nailed with straight rows of flash buttons, especially eye-catching. The Mongolian people have a culture of unity and mutual help. There are festivals such as Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Torch Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. The Mongols are good at singing and dancing, and their folk songs are divided into two types: long and short tunes. Their favorite dance is called "Jumping Music", in which people form a circle and dance while high-fiving and singing. In recent years, more and more relatives with Inner Mongolia, began to organize "Naadamu" event, attracting guests from all directions to participate.
Festivals
Traditional festivals include the White Festival, the Ovoo Festival, Naadam, and the Brave Man's Game on the Grassland: the Mane Festival.
The biggest Mongolian folk festival of the year is the equivalent of the Chinese New Year Festival of the New Year, also known as the "White Moon", the legend has to do with the whiteness of the milk, containing the blessing of the meaning of good luck. The timing of the festival roughly coincides with the Spring Festival. On New Year's Eve, every family eats hand-meat, but also dumplings, pancakes, the morning of the first day of the year, the younger generation to the elders to toast the "farewell wine".
In Xilingol League folk in addition to the New Year's Day, but also in the summer of each year, "horse milk festival". Before the festival, every family should slaughter sheep to do hand-me-down mutton or whole sheep feast, but also milking horse milk wine. On the day of the festival, every herdsman's family should take out the best dried milk, cheese, milk tofu and other dairy products on the plate to entertain guests. Horse milk wine is considered a holy drink, dedicated to the honored guests.
Naadamu Assembly: held every year in the summer and fall pastoral leisure. "Naadamu" in the Mongolian language in the meaning of entertainment or games. The content of wrestling, horse racing, archery, dance, and material exchange. In addition, after the liberation, many new contents were added, such as track and field, ball games, cultural performances, photo exhibitions, film screenings, exchange of production experience, etc., which became the favorite event of the Mongolian people.
The Luban Festival, a traditional festival of the Mongolian people around the western city of Tonghai County, Yunnan Province, is held on the second day of the fourth lunar month every year for one day. The Mongolian people living here learned construction techniques from other brotherly peoples. The houses they built are not only chic and beautiful, but also durable, and are quite praised by the people of various ethnic groups in the neighborhood. In order to commemorate and celebrate the achievements in civil engineering construction, they set the second day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar as the Luban Festival. Festival day, go out to build the mud, wood, stonemasons, regardless of the distance to come back home to celebrate the festival. All villages to kill pigs and sheep, stage singing. People also put sandalwood carving Lu Ban statue picking up, beating gongs and drums, traveling straight to the villages, and then, everyone gathered on the field, singing and dancing. Their favorite dance is called "jumping music". When jumping, first by the male youth as a pioneer, they embrace the dragon head ukulele, playing and jumping, behind the crowd of people divided into two rows, sometimes in a circle and sometimes interspersed with each other, the team shape changes, and singing and dancing, the scene is very active.
After the festival, the villages were busy collecting wheat and rapeseed, and plowing rice paddies. After these agricultural work, the craftsmen went out in groups to contract construction.
Food customs
Mongolia is rich in special food, such as roasted sheep, oven-roasted whole sheep with skin, hand-held mutton, big fried sheep, roasted leg of lamb, milk tofu, Mongolian buns, Mongolian pies and so on. Folk also have: thin cream, Mongolia's regular dairy products; milk skin; depilated whole sheep feast, is a traditional Mongolian feast dishes, rituals are also commonly used; cooked roasted sheep, Inner Mongolia Ordos region flavorful dishes; cabbage and lamb rolls; new Su cake, Mongolia's traditional folk pastries; drying rice, Mongolian snacks.
Mongolian herders regard sheep as the guarantee of life, the source of wealth. Three meals a day, each meal is inseparable from the milk and meat. Milk as raw materials made of food, the Mongolian language, called "Chagan Ide", meaning holy, pure food, that is, "white food"; meat as raw materials made of food, the Mongolian language, called "Ulaan Ide", meaning "Ulaan Ide", meaning "white food". "meaning "red food".
In addition to consuming the most common cow's milk, Mongolians also consume goat's milk, horse's milk, deer's milk and camel's milk, a small portion of which is made into fresh milk beverages, and most of which is processed into dairy products, such as: dried yogurt, milk tofu, milk skin, cream, thin cream, cream crumbs, buttermilk, powdered milk and so on more than a dozen kinds of food can be consumed in the main meal, but also snacks for young and old alike. Dairy products have always been regarded as the finest treasures, such as guests, the first to offer, if the child to come, but also the milk skin or cream on their heads, to show the good wishes.
Mongolia's meat is mainly cattle, sheep meat, followed by goat meat, camel meat and a small amount of horse meat, in the hunting season also hunted yellow sheep meat. Mutton common traditional way of eating the whole goat feast, tender skin whole goat feast, depilated whole goat feast, roasted goat, roasted goat heart, fried goat belly, goat brain braised vegetables and more than 70 kinds of. The most characteristic is the Mongolian roasted whole sheep (peeled and roasted), oven roasted whole sheep with skin or called Alashan roasted whole sheep, the most common is hand-held mutton. Mongolian people eat lamb pay attention to cooking, cooked that is eaten to maintain the tenderness of the lamb, especially when doing the handlebar mutton, avoid cooking too old. But the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, Mongolia and Han mixed areas of the Mongolian people also like to eat boiled with spices, and the meat cooked into a crispy handlebar mutton. Some areas of the Mongolian people also like to sheep waist nest of meat cut into large pieces, hanging batter deep-fried into deep-fried pieces of meat, folk known as "big fried sheep". Beef is mostly eaten in winter. There are made into a whole beef feast, more stewed, braised, made soup. Also eat camel meat and horse meat, deep-fried hump pieces dipped in sugar, as a delicacy, experienced cooks are also good at cow hoof sinews, deer tendons, cattle whips and oxtails cooked into a variety of therapeutic dishes. In order to facilitate the preservation, but also often made of beef and mutton jerky and bacon.
In the daily diet and red food, white food occupies the same important position is Mongolia's unique food - fried rice. The Mongolians in the western region also have the custom of making a "crash" with fried rice. When using fried rice to make "crash", they add sheep's fat, red dates, red and white sugar and mix them well, and then pinch them into small pieces to make tea as rice. Without steaming and frying the rice is used to cook with meat into porridge, rice flour can be pancakes; flour made of a variety of food in the daily diet of the Mongolian people is also increasing, the most common is the noodles and pancakes, and is good at using the flour stuffing made of Mongolian buns, Mongolian pies and Mongolian pastries, such as the new Mongolian Su cake. The Mongolians in Alxa and Ordos in the west also have the habit of making deep-fried noodle cake like "Zhangru" with flour. The eastern part of the Zherimu League is rich in buckwheat, buckwheat flour with pancakes is a local more characteristic of a kind of food.
Mongolians can not leave the tea every day, in addition to drinking black tea, almost all have the habit of drinking milk tea, the first thing in the morning is to cook milk tea, milk tea is best to use a new hit of clean water, boiling, rushed into the net pot or pot with tea, slow cooking 2-3 minutes, and then fresh milk and salt into the, boiling can be. Mongolian milk tea sometimes add butter, or milk skin, or fried rice, etc., its flavor aromatic, salty and delicious, is a variety of nutrients containing tonic beverages. Some people even believe that three days without food can be, but a day without drinking milk tea can not. Mongolians also like to use the fruits, leaves and flowers of many wild plants to cook milk tea, which has different flavors, and some of them can prevent and cure diseases.
Most Mongolians can drink alcohol, and the wine they drink is mostly white wine and beer, and some areas also drink milk wine and horse milk wine. Mongolian brewing milk wine, that is, the first fresh milk into the barrel, and then add a small amount of acidophilic milk juice (more acidic than the general yogurt) as a lead, daily stirring, 3-4 days until all the milk becomes sour, you can enter the pot to heat up the pot, the pot covered with a bottomless wooden barrel, the large mouth down the inside of the barrel hung on the side of a number of small cans, and then in the bottomless wooden barrel sitting on an iron pot full of cold water, the yogurt by the evaporation of the heating When the cold iron pot condensed into liquid, dripping into the small cans, that is, the first pot of milk wine, such as the degree is not thick, you can also steam two pots. Whenever a festival or guests and friends get together, they have the habit of drinking it. Horse milk wine is fresh horse milk made by fermentation, without distillation.
Marriage customs
Mongolians generally begin to talk about marriage in August in the golden fall. The parents of the young man entrusted trusted relatives, choose a good day to take their son to the girl's home to talk about marriage. The girl and her parents, if they like the boy, accept the offer of the khata and a plate of cakes, and the matter is settled. Winter is a good day to hold a wedding, after both sides selected the day, the groom's family in the evening to the girl's home to pick up the marriage, so the wedding has begun, a strong ethnic style, interesting and various wedding programs are staged continuously, until the east of the day; to pick up the marriage of the procession to cross the horse, with the procession of the bridegroom's family together to the home of the bridegroom. Not far from the bridegroom's home to send the bridegroom's party to stop, welcome the bridegroom's party to the home together with the bridegroom's parents and relatives to come to meet for the second time. After the mother-in-law lifts the head of the daughter-in-law, the bride and groom make a kowtow and toast to their parents, the celebrant, and their relatives. The crowd will also be excited to sing a song of toast, dance, joy in the grassland ripples.
Habitat
"Yurt" is the Manchu name for Mongolian herders housing. "Package", Manchu is "home", "house" means. In ancient times, the yurt was called "dome", "felt tent" or "felt room" and so on.
The yurt is round, large and small, large, can accommodate more than 20 people rest; small, can also accommodate more than 10 people. Yurt set up is very simple, generally in the water and grass suitable place, according to the size of the package first painted a circle, and then along the painted circle will be "Hana" (with a 2.5-meter-long cross-woven willow knot and become) set up, and then set up the top of the "Uni" (long about) 3.2 meters long wicker stick), the "Hana" and "Uni" according to the round articulation in the kidnapping together, and then put on the felt, with the wool rope tied, it will be completed. A herdsman even in the grasslands settled.
After the yurt is built, people decorate the package. Lay a thick carpet on the ground, set up furniture, hung around the frame and poster flowers. Now some furniture and electrical appliances into the yurt, life is very comfortable and happy.
The biggest advantage of the yurt is easy to disassemble. Relocation is simple. Set up when the "hana" pull open into a round wall, disassembly when the hana folded back into the volume will be reduced, and can be used as cattle, horse-drawn carriage board. A yurt only needs two camels or a two-wheeled oxcart can be transported, two or three hours to build up.
The yurt looks like a small shape, but the area inside the bag is very large. And indoor air circulation, good lighting conditions, warm in winter and cool in summer, not afraid of the wind and rain, very suitable for frequent transhumance herding people live and use.
The Mongolian people in Barkol have been living with the Han Chinese for a long time, so their costumes are close to the Han Chinese, and only a few elderly people wear traditional Mongolian clothes, blue head scarves, blue lapel robes, ribbons on the waist, and leather boots on the feet. But in major festivals, Mongolian men and women have to wear traditional national dress, lace Mongolian robe, with colorful silk belt, foot Mongolian boots, valiant, handsome and powerful.
In the past, the Mongolian people were mainly nomadic, so they lived in all yurts. Now in addition to nomadic herding, quite a lot of Mongolians engaged in agricultural production or agriculture and animal husbandry, they have settled in villages and towns.
The traditional diet of the Mongolian people in Barkol is mainly pasta, milk, meat and some wild leeks, green onions and mushrooms in summer. After a long time because of the Han Chinese, engaged in semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral life, now generally eat vegetables. The Mongolian people are warm and generous, and treat their guests with sincerity. When entertaining guests, they must drink and sing "toasting songs" to create a warm atmosphere, thus expressing their welcome, blessings and respect for the guests. Mongolians especially advocate respect for elders, love and care for the younger generation, if the family came to the older elders, must be greeted to take over the horse to tie up, the elders want to go, but also to take the horse to help its saddle.
Mongolian festivals are mainly the Spring Festival and Ovoo Festival, in addition to this there is also a little light festival (Zulu Festival), Maier Festival and so on. Mongolian people to send winter to welcome the first day of spring, that is, the Spring Festival called: "Chagansa Day". Mongolian people have their own unique way of celebrating the Spring Festival. The 13th day of the 5th lunar month is the Ovoo Festival, which is the most common kind of sacrificial activity of the Mongolian people. Ovoo is a common mountain pile for human sacrifice on the steppe, the top of which should be inserted willow branches as bushes and poles as pillars. "Bastion into a mountain", "regarded as a god", it is the god of the mountain, the god of the earth and nomadic people to protect the embodiment of God, is a typical shamanism primitive worship. Sacrifice Ao Bao this day, people gathered in joy in front of the Ao Bao sacrifice, first by the lama incense chanting, people are offering offerings, from left to right around the Ao Bao palm up, while walking around the side of the kowtow need to circle three times, pray for God's blessings. After sacrificing Ovoo, but also horse racing, wrestling, archery and song and dance and other recreational activities. Therefore, the sacrifice of Ovoo is not only a religious activity, but also a chance for young Mongolian men and women to show their talents, skills and emotional exchanges.
Horse racing, wrestling, archery is known as the "good man three arts" is the grassland horseback nation's skill. Mongolian men and women, from childhood to learn to ride a horse, to the age of ten years old on the horse like flying, and can be in the horse running down to pick up the handkerchiefs, whips and other things placed on the ground. Wrestling is also Mongolia's favorite athletic activities, wrestling scene dragon and tiger leap, heart-stopping. Archery is the strong point of the Mongols, and it is also a skillful and self-sustaining sport that has been passed down to the present day.
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