Introduction:
The Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang is located at the northern foot of Mount Li, 30 kilometers east of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. (The other two sources are: the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang is located in the village of Xihe, 5 kilometers east of Lintong. The Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang is located in Lintong District, 35 kilometers east of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province), which is south of Mount Li's layers of love in the mountains, lush forests; north of the winding winding, like a silver snake lying on the shore of the Wei River. Tall seal mound in the towering peaks surrounded by Mount Li and the seamless integration of the beautiful scenery, the environment is unique. Mausoleum scale, majestic. The total area of the mausoleum is 56.25 square kilometers. Mausoleum on the original sealing soil height of about 115 meters, is still as high as 76 meters, the mausoleum inside and outside the two walls, the inner city perimeter of 3,840 meters, the outer city perimeter of 6,210 meters. Inside and outside the outline of the city there are about 8-10 meters high walls, today still remains the site. The burial area is in the south and the complex of bedchamber and temple is in the north.
Qin Shi Huang was an outstanding statesman in Chinese history, surnamed Ying Zheng, son of King Zhuangxiang of Qin, born in Handan, the capital of Zhao in 259 B.C. He was crowned King of Qin at the age of 13 in 246 B.C., and at the age of 22 he was crowned Emperor of Qin. In the 15 years from 236 B.C. to 221 B.C., Qin consecutively destroyed six vassal states, namely, Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi, completely ending the history of the Warring States period, and established the Qin Dynasty, the first united, multi-ethnic, and centrally centralized feudal dynasty in the history of China, in the midst of blood and fire. "The Qin Emperor swept the Six Harmonies, the tiger's power is so majestic; waving the sword to break the floating clouds, the vassals all come west." Qin Shi Huang - the powerful and unprecedented monarch, not only left a thousand years of greatness for future generations, but also left this mysterious and unpredictable royal mausoleum.
According to historical records, the mausoleum began to be repaired in the year following the reign of Qin Shi Huang Ying Zheng. It took 39 years until it was completed in 208 BC. (Two other sources: first, he reigned for 37 years, and it took 36 years to build his mausoleum; second, construction of the mausoleum began in the first year of Emperor Qin Shi Huang's reign, and it took 38 years). Li Si, the prime minister at the time, was the designer of the mausoleum, and Zhang Han, the general, supervised the construction. ***720,000 men were recruited, and the number of people used to build the tomb peaked at nearly 800,000, almost eight times the number of people who built the Pyramid of Khufu.
The mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang was the first emperor's mausoleum in Chinese history. Its huge scale and richness of burial objects ranked among the largest emperor's mausoleums of all times. Mausoleum in accordance with the principle of Qin Shi Huang died as usual to enjoy the glory and wealth, modeled on the layout of the Qin capital of Xianyang construction, roughly back to zigzag, the mausoleum around the internal and external walls, mausoleum within the city wall perimeter of 3,870 meters, the outer wall perimeter of 6,210 meters, the mausoleum area of the current large-scale ground building for the bedchamber, the Hall, the garden temple officials house and other sites. According to history, Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum is divided into mausoleum area and two parts from the burial area. Mausoleum covers an area of nearly 8 square kilometers, built outside, the inner city of two, the sealing soil is a four-sided cone. Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum of the sealing soil formed a three-stage ladder, the shape of the bucket, the bottom is similar to the square, the bottom area of about 250,000 square meters, 115 meters high, but due to more than 2,000 years of wind and rain erosion and destruction, the bottom area of the current sealing soil of about 120,000 square meters, the height of 87 meters (another source: the mausoleum was 120 meters high at the beginning of the "tall as a mountain") (another source: the mausoleum was 120 meters high at the beginning, "as tall as a mountain", and then lowered by more than 40 meters through weathering, erosion and human damage). The whole mausoleum area covers a total area of 56.25 square kilometers. Construction materials were brought from Hubei and Sichuan. To prevent the river from washing away the mausoleum, Emperor Qin Shi Huang also ordered the north-south flow of water to be changed to east-west.
The southern part of the mausoleum has an earthen mound that is 43 meters high. There are two inner and outer rammed earth walls. The inner city has a circumference of 3,890 meters and the outer city has a circumference of 6,249 meters, symbolizing the imperial city and the palace city, respectively. Between the inner city and the outer city, archaeologists have discovered burial pits for horses, terracotta figurines, rare birds and animals, as well as pits for human martyrs outside the mausoleum, stable pits, torture pits, and burial chambers for those who repaired the mausoleum. More than 400 burial pits have been discovered.
The mound of Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum is 55.05 meters high and 2,000 meters in circumference. It was found that the whole cemetery covers an area of 220,000 square meters and contains large-scale palace and pavilion buildings. The shape of the mausoleum is divided into two cities inside and outside. The inner city is a square with a circumference of 2,525.4 meters, while the outer city has a circumference of 6,264 meters. The sheer size of Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum is far beyond the Egyptian pyramids.
Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum is China's first royal mausoleum, in China's nearly one hundred emperor's tomb, known for its grand scale, buried rich in the world. 1956 Shaanxi Provincial People's Government announced as a provincial-level key cultural relics protection units, in 1961, by the People's Republic of China *** and the State Council announced the first batch of key cultural relics protection units, 1987, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, put the In 1987, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the mausoleum of the first emperor of Qin Shi Huang was included in the world cultural heritage protection directory, become the whole of mankind *** with the wealth. 2002, the mausoleum of the first emperor of Qin Shi Huang honored the national AAAA level tourist attractions.
The ancient Egyptian pyramids are the largest above-ground royal tombs in the world, and the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin Shi Huang in China is the largest underground imperial tomb in the world.
The Qin Dynasty was a brilliant page in Chinese history, and the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang concentrated the highest achievement of Qin civilization. Qin Shi Huang brought all the glory and wealth of his life underground. The underground palace of Qin Shi Huang's Mausoleum is the core part of the mausoleum building, which is located under the sealing mound. The Records of the Grand Historian recorded: "Through the three springs, under the copper and to the coffin, the Palace of the Hundred Officials, strange weapons and oddities migrated to hide full of it. To mercury for the hundred rivers and seas, machine phase infusion. Upper with astronomy, lower with geography, with mermaid cream for the candle, the degree of non-extinguishable for a long time." Archaeological discovery dungeon area of about 180,000 square meters, the depth of the center point of about 30 meters. Mausoleum to seal the mound as the center, surrounded by a large number of burial distribution, rich in connotation, unprecedented scale, in addition to the famous terracotta warriors and horses burial pits, bronze carriages and horses pits, and the new discovery of a large stone armor pits, hundreds of drama terracotta warrior pits, terracotta warrior pits as well as accompanying tombs and other more than 600 burials, the archaeological work of the Qin mausoleum in the past few decades, as many as 100,000 pieces of cultural relics unearthed. In the mausoleum set up a number of cultural relics booths, displaying the Qin Mausoleum in the past 20 years, part of the unearthed cultural relics; layout of the waterway exhibition area, reproduced when the mausoleum in the scientific drainage facilities; believe that with the progress of the archaeological work, there will be a greater unexpected discoveries.
Between the heavy green and tall tombs, in order to let visitors feel the king's honor, the king's majesty, Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum staged a large-scale "re-enactment of the ceremonial guard - Qin Shi Huang mausoleum guarding troops changing of the guard ceremony" performances and sets of "sound, light, electricity" in one of the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang mausoleum area, mausoleum, palace sand table model display, reproduced more than 2,000 years ago, the spectacular scene of the mysterious mausoleum, show the archaeological results over the decades, vivid and intuitively reveal the mystery of the Qin mausoleum, show its rich connotation.
The Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang is the first imperial mausoleum in the history of China, which is the crystallization of the diligence and ingenuity of China's laboring people, and a treasure house of history and culture, famous for its grand scale and rich buried treasure among all the tombs of feudal emperors.
According to the Records of the Grand Historian-Qin Shi Huang Ben Ji, the mausoleum was dug all the way down to the springs underground, with a copper-reinforced plinth and coffins ...... placed on top of it, and the inside of the burial chamber was filled with exotic treasures. The key organs inside the chamber were equipped with bows and crossbows with sharp arrows, and grave robbers would be shot to death as soon as they approached. The tomb room is also filled with mercury, symbolizing rivers, lakes and seas; the top of the tomb is encrusted with night pearls, symbolizing the sun, moon and stars; the tomb is lit with fish oil for long-lasting brightness ......
Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum***Found 10 gates, the north and south gates and the south gate of Neiqiquan in the same central axis. The north side of the mound is the central part of the mausoleum, east, west and north, there are tomb passages leading to the chamber, east and west sides are also juxtaposed with the remains of four buildings, some experts believe that it is part of the bedchamber building. The mausoleum of the first emperor of Qin Shihuang concentrated on the "death as life" ritual system, the scale of the grand, majestic, structural ShuTe.
The center of the mausoleum dungeon is the place to put Qin Shi Huang's coffin, mausoleum surrounded by burial pits and tombs more than 400, a wide range and 56.25 square kilometers. The main burial pits are bronze car, horse pits, rare birds and animals pits, stable pits and terracotta warrior pits, etc. Over the years, there have been more than 50,000 pieces of important historical artifacts have been unearthed. 1980 excavations unearthed a group of two large painted bronze carriages and horses - high car and An Che, is so far the largest body shape, the most gorgeous decorations, the structure and the system of the driving the most realistic, the most complete ancient bronze carriages and horses, is the most important part of the ancient bronze carriages and horses, is the most complete ancient bronze carriages and horses. complete ancient bronze carriages and horses, known as the "crown of bronze".
The Terracotta Warriors Pit is the burial pit of the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, located 1,500 meters to the east of the mausoleum, and was discovered in the spring of 1974 by a local farmer who was drilling a well. It was discovered in the spring of 1974 by a local farmer who was drilling a well, thus the treasure buried underground for more than 2,000 years came to light, and was known as the "Eighth Wonder of the World". For the study of the Qin Dynasty period of military, political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological, etc., provides a very valuable physical information, and has become a valuable asset of human culture in the world. Terracotta Warriors and Horses pit has been excavated three, terracotta pits sit west to east, was "Pin" arranged, the pit has more than 8,000 pieces of terracotta warriors, ceramic horses, and more than 40,000 pieces of bronze weapons.
The pottery sculpture art work in the pit is a replica of the Qin host army. Nearly 10,000 ceramic guards either holding bows, arrows and crossbows, or bronze gorgets, spears and halberds, or carrying crossbows forward, or riding horses on imperial chariots, make up the four types of armies: foot, crossbow, chariot and cavalry, respectively. All the guards in the underground pits were placed facing east. According to the drilling it is known that *** there are three burial pits, of which Pit No. 1 discovered in 1974 is the largest, it is 230 meters long from east to west, 62 meters wide from north to south, and about 5 meters deep, with a long corridor and 11 overcrossing holes making up the whole pit, and more than 6,000 warrior figurines of the same size as the real men and horses, arranged in a square formation, and ceramic horses dragging a chariot, were placed in the pit. About 20 meters northeast of Pit 1 is Pit 2, discovered in the spring of 1976, which is another spectacular formation of soldiers. At 84 meters wide from north to south and 96 meters long from east to west, Pit Two has an area of 9,216 square meters and a floor area of 17,016 square meters. Pit No. 2 contains a combined formation of multiple armies, including infantry, charioteers, cavalry and crossbowmen. To the west of Pit 2 is Pit 3, which was only opened on October 1, 1989 to allow visitors. With a width of 24.5 meters from north to south and a length of 28.8 meters from east to west, Pit Three covers an area of more than 500 square meters. The third pit is inferred by the experts concerned and is considered to be the military curtain used to command the first and second pits. A chariot, 68 figurines of guards as well as weapons are preserved in the pit.
Since 1974, 1.5 kilometers east of the Mausoleum was found from the burial of terracotta warrior pits three, finished zigzag arrangement, an area of *** up to 20,000 square meters or more, unearthed terracotta figurines 8,000 pieces, chariots by the hundreds of tens of thousands of pieces of physical weapons and other cultural relics. One of the pit for the "right army", buried and real horses and real terracotta figurines, ceramic horse about 6,000 pieces; the second pit for the "left army", there are terracotta figurines, ceramic horse more than 1,300 pieces of chariots, 89 chariots, is a mix of infantry, cavalry, chariots, and other three types of military organizations, and is also the Qin terracotta warriors, and is also the Qin terracotta warriors. Curved array, but also the essence of the pit of Qin terracotta warriors; pit three has 68 warrior terracotta warriors, 1 chariot, pottery horse 4 horses, is the command of the underground army command. This military formation epitomizes the organization of the Qin army. In 1980, two large cast bronze chariots and horses were unearthed on the west side of the mausoleum. Caused the world's shock and attention, these terracotta warriors, ceramic horses organized according to the military formation at the time for the Qin Dynasty military establishment, combat mode, horse and foot soldier equipment research provides an image of the physical data. The discovery of the Terracotta Warriors has been hailed as the "Eighth Wonder of the World" and "one of the great discoveries in the history of archaeology in the twentieth century". Terracotta warriors of realistic approach as the history of Chinese sculpture of the art of the former and the latter for the world to see. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum has been set up in the first, second and third pits of the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin Shi Huang, and is open to the public.
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is one of the largest, most peculiar and richest imperial tombs in the world. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are a valuable treasure of the world's human culture comparable to the Egyptian pyramids and ancient Greek sculptures, and its discovery itself is the most spectacular archaeological achievement of China in the 20th century. They fully demonstrate the artistic talent of the Chinese people more than 2,000 years ago, and are the pride and precious treasure of the Chinese nation. French President Jacques Chirac praised it as the "Eighth Wonder of the World", making the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor known to a wider audience. The crown of the World Cultural Heritage adds luster to the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang.
Appendix I:
Tomb Project
"The Qin Emperor swept the six, the tiger's eye is not heroic, the criminal 700,000, starting the soil Lishan Kuma."
This popular poem from the great poet Li Bai pen, it eulogized the Qin Shi Huang's brilliant performance, describing the creation of the Lishan tomb project of the great momentum. Indeed, the magnitude of the mausoleum project, the number of workers and the duration of the project are unprecedented.
The construction of the mausoleum project was accompanied by the political career of Qin Shi Huang throughout his life. When he was 13 years old, he just ascended to the throne of the king, the mausoleum construction project also began. It was not the first time that an ancient emperor built a mausoleum during his lifetime. As early as in the Warring States period, it was already a trend for the kings of the vassal states to build tombs during their lifetime. For example, Zhao Su Hou "15 years from the Shouling", and Pingshan County, King of Zhongshan's mausoleum is also created before life. Qin Shi Huang only advanced the time of making mausoleums during the king's lifetime to the early period of his reign, which was a little improvement of Qin Shi Huang. The mausoleum project took more than 30 years to build and was not completed until the death of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, who succeeded to the throne and then built it for more than a year before it was basically finished.
The mausoleum project can be divided into three construction stages. The 26 years from the reign of King Qin to the unification of the country was the initial stage of the mausoleum project. This stage has launched the design of the mausoleum project and the construction of the main project, initially laid the scale of the mausoleum project and the basic pattern. From the unification of the country to the 35th year of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, it took 9 years for the large-scale construction of the mausoleum project. After hundreds of thousands of people 9 years of large-scale construction, basically completed the main project of the mausoleum. From the 35th year of Emperor Qin Shi Huang to the winter of the 2nd year of the 2nd Dynasty, which lasted for more than 3 years, was the final stage of the project. This stage is mainly engaged in the finishing works of the mausoleum and the task of covering the soil. Despite the long duration of the mausoleum project, the whole project was still not finalized. At that time, a great peasant uprising broke out in history. Zhou Wen, a subordinate of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, led his troops to the vicinity of Xiushui (near the present-day Xinfeng Town of Lintong County), which is less than a few miles from the mausoleum. Faced with an army pressing down on Xianyang, the second emperor, a new and untested emperor, panicked and summoned his ministers to discuss what to do. He was in a state of despondency and pleaded with his ministers, "What can I do? At this time, Zhang Han, the order of the Shaofu, suggested: "The thieves have already arrived, and all the border, and it is not enough to send the near counties, and there are a lot of people in Mount Li, so please pardon them and authorize the troops to attack them." The Second Emperor immediately catered to the situation and asked Zhang Han to lead the army to repair the mausoleum back to attack Zhou Wen's rebel army. It was only then that the work on the mausoleum, which had not yet been fully completed, had to be halted.
All in all, the mausoleum project from the selection of design, construction and building to the final forced to suspend, before and after as long as 37 to 38 years long, in China's mausoleum in the history of the construction of the list, the construction of the time than the Egyptian pyramid of Khufu longer than 8 years.
Appendix II:
The legend of feng shui of Qin Mausoleum
Li Mountain is famous for its unique hot springs and scenery. King Yu of Zhou and his concubine Baosi at the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty had performed a historical tragedy of raising beacons and playing with vassals here, thus burying the Western Zhou Dynasty. Legend has it that Emperor Qin Shi Huang met the goddess at Mount Li during his lifetime and wanted to play with the goddess during his excursion, and the goddess spat in his face in anger, and Emperor Qin Shi Huang soon grew a full body of rotten sores. Although this is a mythological story, it can be seen vaguely that Qin Shi Huang and Mount Li seemed to have some affinity. His tomb was also chosen beside Mount Li. Why was Qin Shi Huang particularly enamored with Mount Li as a piece of feng shui treasure?
The ancients regarded the choice of the cemetery as a major event for the benefit of future generations, especially as the first emperor of Qin Shi Huang this attempt to be passed on to the world of feudal emperors naturally pay more attention to the location of the cemetery. The reason why he wanted to be buried in the A of Mount Li, according to the Northern Wei Dynasty Li Daoyuan explained: "Qin Shihuang was very generous burial, and built a mound in the mountain of Li Rong, a Lantian, whose yin is full of gold, and whose yang is full of jade, and Shihuang was greedy for its beauty, and thus was buried there." Li Daoyuan's view is recognized by most scholars in the academic world. However, some scholars have raised objections, and those who hold a negative view believe that the choice of the mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin Shi Huang at Mount Li was dependent on the ritual system at that time, and influenced by the traditional concept of "building a mausoleum based on a mountain". (See "Exploration of the origin of the mausoleum of the first Qin emperor", Wenbo, 1990, No. 5.) Now from the feng shui point of view of the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang is also an ideal feng shui treasure land.
As early as in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the concept of building a mausoleum based on the mountain has emerged. Later, people chose the cemetery and characterized the importance of the geographical environment of the mountains and water. "To set up a grave, you need to register the mountains and the water." (See "Han Yuanling Secret Burial Scripture".) The mountains and water were regarded by the ancients as the best feng shui treasure land. As to when this concept began, there is no way to find out. It should be said that the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang is a good example of "building a mausoleum based on mountains and water". Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum south of Mount Li, north of the WeiShui, this is a fact for all to see ****. However, in the east side of the mausoleum of the first emperor of qin shihuang also has an artificial transformation of the fish pond water. According to the "Water Classic" records: "water out of the northeast of Mount Li, this guide source of the north flow, after the Qin Shi Huang buried in the north of the mountain, the water over the curve line, the east note north turn, the first emperor to build a mausoleum to take the soil, the land in the deep, the water into a pool, known as the fish pool is also ...... pool of water flowing northwest through the north of the first emperor's mound." Visible fish pond water was originally from the northeast of Mount Li, the water flows from south to north. Later construction of the mausoleum of the first emperor of Qin Shi Huang, in the southwest side of the mausoleum built an east-west dam, dam length of more than 1,000 meters, generally more than 40 meters wide, the widest place up to more than 70 meters, remnants of the height of 2 to 8 meters, which is usually referred to as the site of the Wuling. It is this dam will originally come from the north-east of the fish pond water to the north-west flow, around the northeast of the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang. In addition, on the east side of the mausoleum, in the endless flow of hot spring water passes by. According to the "Water Classic" records: "in the fish pond water southwest of the hot spring water, the world to cure the disease". The Sanqin Records said: "There are hot springs in the northwest of Mount Li." Visible when the hot springs and the northwest of the fish pond water corresponds to. From this, it is not difficult to find the feng shui of the mausoleum of the first emperor of Qin Shi Huang is characterized by the south back of the mountain, the east and west sides and the north side of the formation of the three sides of the water around the situation. "Mountains surrounded by water" is not exactly the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang deliberately selected feng shui treasure?
The Qin Dynasty's concept of building a mausoleum "based on the mountains and surrounded by water" has had a far-reaching impact on the construction of mausoleums in later generations. Western Han Dynasty mausoleums, such as the Changling Mausoleum of Emperor Gaozu, the Ba Ling of Emperor Wen, the Yang Ling of Emperor Jingdi, and the Mausoleum of Emperor Wu, were chosen after the Feng Shui idea of the mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, which was based on the idea of "relying on the mountain and surrounding the water". Later generations of mausoleums basically inherited this idea of building mausoleums.
Appendix III:
The mausoleum really flying geese?
What are the precious burial objects in the Qin Palace? This has given rise to many amazing legends and stories over the centuries. The flying geese in the palace is a very fascinating legend.
The Three Auxiliary Stories recorded that after Xiang Yu, the king of Chu, entered the customs, he used 300,000 people to excavate the Qin mausoleum. During their excavation, suddenly a golden goose flew out of the tomb, and this magical flying goose kept flying towards the south. After hundreds of years, to the Three Kingdoms period, (Bao Ding yuan year) an official in the south of the day to do the governor's name is Zhang Shan, one day, someone sent him a golden goose, he immediately from the golden goose on the text to determine that this is from the tomb of the first emperor also. This magical legend has no historical basis? In recent years, some scholars pointed out that: "This is a legend, but the Qin Mausoleum of cultural relics were lost outside, and as far south as Yunnan. As for the golden goose is well-made, not only good-looking, but also can fly, it is also possible. Because during the Spring and Autumn Period, the famous craftsman Lu Ban was already able to create wooden geese that flew in the sky right up to the city of Song. It is plausible that hundreds of years later, craftsmen in Qin were able to create flying golden geese." (Wu Bo Lun and Zhang Wen Li, "The Imperial Tomb of Qin Shi Huang", Shanghai People's Publishing House, March 1990) So, is this legendary story credible or not?
In China, a country that has historically placed little value on science and technology, it would have been a rare miracle in the history of Chinese science and technology and the history of world science and technology if flying golden geese could have been made more than 2,200 years ago. However, the credibility of the metal flying geese really make people sweat. If carefully scrutinized, will immediately see the legend of the broken place. Imagine a metal object flying in the air is not as simple as flying kites and light balloons. The latter due to the quality of light, it can fly in the air with the help of nature's wind, however, for a metal object, it is if there is no mechanical power to rely solely on nature's wind, not to mention the air flight, I am afraid that even take off this basic problem can not be solved. 2200 years ago, how can China solve the problem of the flight of metal objects of the power it? Further analysis, assuming that the Qin Dynasty has the ability to produce will fly the golden goose, then the golden goose buried in the palace will keep flying automatically, has been in the palace flying nearly a thousand days and nights. When Xiang Yu opened the tomb of the palace, the automatic flight of the golden goose and along the tomb of the palace smoothly fly out of the ground, and then over the south side of the Qin mausoleum thousands of meters high peaks fly to the far south. If this strange story is not gossiping literati made up said, then, the golden goose control and command system is afraid that even today's computer can not be expected. Therefore, we can say for sure that the Qin mausoleum metal flying geese legend does not have the slightest possibility, with modern technology consciousness of the Chinese people do not gullibly believe this legend.
The legend of the golden goose should end here. However, furthermore, the ancient literati fabricated this legend story in the historical documents there is no trace of it? Relevant documents of the Han Dynasty, in Sima Qian and Ban Gu's account of the "gold for the eider geese" text, obviously the two masters of history is recorded in the tomb with gold made of "eider geese", and the ancient literati is likely to be thus evolution and "created" the story of the flying geese legend.
Appendix IV:
Why was the tomb chosen at Mount Li?
The creation of mausoleums for some of the Warring States period rulers often involved fewer floor plans. Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum construction according to reason should also have a floor plan, and before making a map first need to choose the cemetery. We know that Qin Shi Huang ruled in the capital city of Xianyang, why the mausoleum is far from the Xianyang Lixian Mountain of the a?
Consulting the relevant canonical books, the earliest explanation of this problem is the Northern Wei Dynasty "Water Classic Note" author Li Daoyuan. He said: "Qin Shihuang big boom burial, camping construction mound Xieng Khouang in the mountains of Li Rong, a Lantian, its yin more gold, its yang more jade, Shihuang coveted its beautiful name, and thus buried" ("Water Classic - Weishui Note"). This theory has been carried on in the academic world for more than a thousand years, and is considered to be the earliest and most authoritative viewpoint and is believed to be unquestionable. The explanation of "Water Classic" seems to be not unreasonable on the surface alone, however, if we look back carefully, it is still questionable whether Qin Shi Huang, as a 13-year-old child, could have known about the dollars and jade in Lantian. Even if he did know, he would not have chosen the location of his tomb according to the personal will of a king who was just an empty name. So it seems that the answer to this question should be sought in terms of the rituals of the time and the design intent of the tomb.
First of all, the location of the mausoleum is not unrelated to the location of the tombs of the previous kings of Qin. The tombs of Qin Shi Huang's ancestors and the Empress Dowager were buried in the area of Zhiyang west of Linzhang County. The choice of Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum to be located in the A of Mount Li east of Zhiyang was dictated by the ritual system of that time, because the tombs of ancient emperors were often arranged according to the seniority and inferiority, the upper and lower levels of the emperor's family when living in the country during his lifetime. The Rites of Passage and Er Ya recorded that. "Southward, northward and westward are superior". "The southwestern corner is called this Ao, the place of honor and superiority". The book "On Heng" of the Eastern Han Dynasty recorded even more clearly: "If the West, the place of the elders, the place of honor is also, honored in the West, the humble young in the East ...... Fu tomb, the dead are hidden; field, the people eat and drink; mansion, the people live in, the three in the people, go to the murder of the appropriate and so on." Even in Zhiyang, Empress Dowager Xuan also hope that her tomb can be buried between her husband and son, that is, "looking west at my husband, looking east at my son", seems to be in accordance with the elders in the west, the younger generation in the east of the principle. The ancestors of Qin Shi Huang are known to have been buried in Zhiyang, including King Zhaoxiang, King Zhuangxiang and Empress Dowager Xuan. Since the tombs of the ancestors were buried in the west of Linzhang County, the late Qin Shi Huang could only be buried in the east of Zhiyang. If the tomb is located west of Zhiyang, it is obviously against the traditional etiquette. It can be seen that Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum was chosen at the foot of Mount Li in full compliance with the etiquette of the younger generation living in the east.
Secondly, the choice of the location of the mausoleum was also related to the concept of "building a mausoleum on a mountain". Since the Spring and Autumn Period, the monarchs of the vassal states have been building their tombs in the mountains. Many of the king's tomb is either the back of the mountains and the river, or face a wide view of the plains, and even some of the king's tomb simply built on the top of the mountain, to show the lofty status and the majesty of the imperial power. Spring and Autumn period of the Qin cemetery is also affected by this concept, some "buried in the west mountain", some buried in the mausoleum near the mountain. During the Warring States period, the Qin cemetery still inherited the model of "building a mausoleum based on the mountain", and Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum was built in the A of Mount Li, which is also fully in line with the traditional concept of "building a mausoleum based on the mountain". It is situated at the back of Mount Li, facing the Weihe River, and the area has a beautiful natural environment. The only part of Lishan Mountain that has a high altitude is the section of mountains from Lintong County east to Ma'er, which has undulating and hanging scrolls. From the north bank of the Wei River, this mountain range is symmetrical, like a huge screen standing in the mausoleum of Emperor Shi Huang, standing on the top of the mausoleum looking south, this mountain range is curved, the mausoleum is located in the peaks of Mount Li surrounded by the whole of Mount Li as a whole.
In short, the location of the mausoleum of the first emperor of Qin Shi Huang is in line with the rites of the younger generation in the east, but also reflects the traditional concept of "building a mausoleum based on the mountain".
The mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang is located 5 kilometers east of the city of Lin'an County, about 37 kilometers away from Xi'an City, relying on the Lixi Mountain in the south and facing the Weishui River in the north. Why was the location chosen here? Some people believe that it is inseparable from the ancient superstitious feng shui treasure. In recent years, geologists based on satellite photography pictures: from Jiao Mountain to Huashan Mountain seems to be a dragon, the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang is located in the location of the eyes of the dragon. As we all know, since ancient times, there is a "dragon eye-dotting" said, in the end, the ancients have a "visionary" skills, or today's people attached to the wind is too heavy, a time is not clear.
The tomb of Qin Shi Huang nearly square, flat top, slightly stepped waist, 76 meters high, east-west length of 345 meters, 350 meters wide north-south, covering an area of 120,750 square meters.
According to the preliminary investigation, the mausoleum is divided into two parts: the inner city and the outer city. The inner city is square with a circumference of about 3,000 meters, with 2 gates on the north wall and 1 gate on each of the east, west and south walls. The outer city was rectangular, more than 6200 meters in circumference, each corner has a gate site. Between the inner and outer city, there are pits for burying horses, rare birds and animals, and pits for pottery barrels; outside the mausoleum, there are pits for stables, martyrdom pits, pits for criminals, and more than 400 tombs of people who repaired the mausoleum, which covers a wide area of 56-25 square kilometers. The center of the mausoleum's underground palace is the place where Qin Shi Huang's coffin was placed.
Since 1974, in the mausoleum 1-5 kilometers east of the discovery from the burial of terracotta warriors and horses pit three, finished zigzag arrangement, an area of *** up to 20,000 square meters or more, unearthed 8,000 pieces of barrels, chariots, as well as tens of thousands of pieces of physical weapons and other cultural relics. Among them, the first pit buried and real people real horse the same big pottery Bai, pottery horse about 6000 pieces; the second pit has pottery barrel, pottery horse more than 1300 pieces, chariot 89; the third pit has warrior barrel 68, chariot 1, pottery horse 4.
In 1980 and in the west side of the mausoleum unearthed bronze cast large carriages and horses 2 by. This group of painted bronze carriages and horses high car and car, is so far China found the largest, most ornate decorations, structure and driving the most realistic, the most complete ancient bronze carriages and horses, known as the "bronze of the crown".
In addition to the burial pits, the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang was also found to be the site of a stone processing plant, with architectural relics such as door anvils, column bases, tiles, ridges, tiles, stone watercourses, ceramic watercourses, and so on.
The scale of the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang is evident, but is there a design blueprint for the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang?
According to the history of the book, "so that the water phase of the world will be the world's criminal disciplined 72 million people for the mausoleum, chiseled to the statute" to see, the construction of the mausoleum of the first emperor of Qin Shihuang is by no means arbitrary, it must be according to the design of the plan to create a plan, looking at the history of construction of the mausoleum of the emperors and kings of the history of the correlation of which is not difficult to imagine. Specific design blueprints, but also in further research.
Who presided over the construction of the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang?
It is speculated that the Shaofu was in charge of construction, and the national mausoleum should have been managed by it. Of course the highest management superior is still the prime minister, just the prime minister's day-to-day business, by the lesser government specific operation to handle it. However, here there is another problem, that is, the lesser of an official is named after the unification of Qin, in the unification of the official position before there is no way to prove, but no matter whether there is, there must be a kind of institutions specializing in the court of civil engineering construction project. As for the name of this organization, to be further verified.
How deep is the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang?
How deep is the mausoleum of the first emperor of Qin? The Old Book of Han" on the description of the mausoleum of the first emperor of Qin Shi Huang "has been very deep", "very deep can not be people" of the language. Some people think that the Qin mausoleum is not shallow nor deep, the book mentioned "three springs" is nothing more than people often mention "nine springs" and so on. According to "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" records: "shallow fox Yang, deep and water springs", that is, the deepest to the spring. In ancient times, due to technical constraints, to construction in the spring is not easy, and if the Palace is located below the water table, groundwater infiltration for a long time, will make the Palace suffered a "dip" harm, Qin Shi Huang and his mausoleum designers could not not take this into account. Of course, these are just speculation, the specifics of how, do not know.
How is the structure of the underground tombs of Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum?
From the excavated remains of the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, it seems that Qin Shihuang wanted to bring the palace, mountains and rivers and some others in his lifetime to the underground world, and to realize this, non-construction of a vast chamber is difficult to wish. According to the "historical record - qin shihuang benji" records: "great things, has been hidden, closed in the envy, under the outer envy door, all closed craftsmen hide, no re-emergence." Here, both mentioned in the envy of the door, outside the envy of the door, I think there must be internal envy of the door. This seems to indicate that there is a passage to the main tomb in the underground palace, the craftsmen can only be closed in the envy of the door outside the place, within the envy of the door is the coffin of Qin Shi Huang camphor put place. As for the long road to the tomb can be imagined, if the existence of 300 feet of the cave since the existence of reasonable, it is no wonder that some people believe that the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum underground palace of the cave room in the now man-made sealing soil south of the center of the riding mountain directly under the main peak --- Wangfeng.
According to archaeological exploration, as well as the location of the tomb road terracotta warriors and horses, experts believe that the mausoleum's orientation is sitting west to east. This is a peculiar layout. As we all know, China's ancient times to the south-facing position is honored, successive emperors' tombs are basically sitting in the north-south pattern, and the unification of the world's Qin Shihuang, why is willing to sit in the west to the east?
Some people believe that the first emperor of Qin Shi Huang sent Xu Fu east to the Yellow Sea, looking for Penglai, Yingzhou fairyland, and many times personally on patrol, east of the drink stone, south of the Huiji, in the Langxie, Zhizhu around the memorable, which all show its urgent yearning for the fairyland. Unfortunately, Xu Fu a go no news, Qin Shi Huang's wish to visit the fairyland ended up in vain. Can not get the medicine of longevity in life, after death, also want to face the east, in order to seek the extradition of the immortals and reach the kingdom of heaven, probably this is the twilight of Qin Shi Huang's biggest wish. Based on this, the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang can only sit west to east.
Some people believe that Qin is located in the west, in order to show their determination to conquer the six countries in the east, the king of Qin Yingzheng initially built the mausoleum of the east; and after the annexation of the six countries, in order to make their own deaths are still able to watch the six countries in the east, the first emperor was determined not to change the design of the mausoleum construction of the original intention, so we see the mausoleum is only east-west orientation.
There are also those who believe that Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum sits in the west and faces east, which is related to the ceremonial customs of the Qin and Han dynasties. According to the relevant documents, at that time, from the emperor, lords to generals, and even ordinary scholar families, the master of the seat are sitting west to east. Qin Shi Huang the world's only, in order to maintain the "position of honor", the mausoleum of the direction can be imagined.
In fact, it is not only the direction of Qin Shi Huang's tomb that is puzzling. According to the study, the vast majority of the 917 Qin tombs that have been excavated in Shaanxi are oriented east-west. All of the 32 large tombs in the Qin Gong Mausoleum also face east. This feature of the Qin burial style became more and more obvious the earlier the period. What made the Qin people adopt this east-facing burial style? Scholars who insist that the Qin people originated in the east believe that because the east is the place where the ancestors of the Qin people once labored and lived, they have special feelings for the east, however, the east and west are separated,