The Parthenon is located in Greece **** and the capital of the Acropolis of Athens is located in the center of the ancient city, limestone hillock, towering over a towering rectangular building, the temple stands in the Acropolis of the highest point, which is in the world's art treasure trove of the famous Parthenon, also known as the Bathenon.
The temple has survived the vicissitudes of more than 2,000 years, and now the roof has collapsed, the statues have disappeared, and the reliefs are badly eroded, but from the towering colonnade, the temple can still be seen in the year's richness.
The Parthenon, also known as the Parthenon, is the most important main building on the Acropolis. The name Parthenon comes from the nickname of Athena. In the Latin alphabet, Parthenon is a translation of the Greek word ∏αρθενωνα? meaning "virgin" (root παρθενο?, "virgin"). Columns, the Parthenon used the Doric columns.
Basic introduction Chinese name ：Parthenon Temple Foreign name ：Parthenon Temple Geographic location ：Acropolis of Athens, Greece, in the center of the ancient city Climate type ：Mediterranean climate Covering an area of 23,000 square feet Open time ：8:00-20:00 Admission price ：Package ticket of 12 euros Famous attractions ：Reliefs, the goddess statue Designer ：Iktinos Built ：First 447 to 432 years ago. Alias : Greek Temple, Parthenon Other names : Parthenon, Parthenon Architectural style : Typical works of the Hellenistic period Affiliated country : Greece Affiliated city : Athens Suitable time to visit : May, June, September and October Recommended playing time : 2 hours Best season to visit : Spring and Autumn Must read before traveling,Scenic spots, key information, how to get there, attractions beautiful pictures, the main Attractions,Parthenon,Architecture,Practical Information,Ticket Information,Opening Hours,Best Time to Visit,Things to Do,Transportation Information,History,Construction,Destruction,Modern Restoration,Historical Role,Related Legends,Athena's Capture of the City,Parnassus,Main Attractions,The Parthenon The main building of the Acropolis was constructed to glorify the victory of Athens over the Persian invaders. The architects who designed the temple were Ictinus and Callicrates. The Parthenon is the largest temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, whose name means "virgin" and is an alias for Athena. Not only is this temple the grandest in size, sitting at the highest point in the center of the Acropolis, but it also housed the tallest statue of the goddess Athena in gold and ivory (made by Phidias himself) in all of Greece. Construction began in 447 B.C., the temple was topped out nine years later, and the carvings were completed another six years later. But in 1687, when the Venetians fought the Turks, the temple was destroyed, and in the second half of the 19th century, the temple was partially restored, but it was not possible to restore the original appearance, and now only a shell of stone pillars remains. Appearance The Parthenon is rectangular in shape, with a front temple, a main temple and a back temple. The temple base covers an area of 2,300 square feet, the size of half a soccer field, and 46 marble columns up to 34 feet high hold up the temple. The Colonnade of the Goddesses at the Temple of Erechteion The design of the Parthenon represents the highest level of architectural art in all of Greece. From the outside, it is a magnificent, luminous structure with fine detailing. It inherited the tradition on the basis of many innovations, everything is perfect, thus becoming the greatest example of ancient architecture. It adopts the Doric style of eight pillars, with eight pillars on the east and west sides and 17 pillars on the north and south sides, with a width of 31 meters from east to west and a length of 70 meters from north to south. East and west two facade (the whole temple facade) the top of the wall is 19 meters from the ground, that is to say, its facade height and width of the ratio of 19:31, close to the Greek favorite "golden ratio", no wonder it makes people feel beautiful. Column height of 10.5 meters, nearly 2 meters in diameter at the bottom of the column, that is, its height and width ratio of more than 5, than the ancient wind period of the Doria column (three Greek classical architecture columns in the simplest one) usually used in the height and width ratio of 4 to 1 a lot, the column body is also correspondingly long and straight some. This reflects the general trend of Doric columns towards the norms of antiquity. Naming Parthenon for the Athens city-state patron goddess Athena and the temple. The temple back west towards the east, towering over the 3 tiers of steps, jade steps, huge columns, paintings and openwork eaves, all decorated with reliefs, spectacular. The entire temple is surrounded by 46 marble columns with grooves. The Pantellerico marble is white in color and slightly rough compared to the high quality marble found on Paros, which is why it is used only for sculpture, and its smooth and flawless texture makes it particularly valuable. The 92 walls of the temple, made of marble between the columns, are carved with lifelike images of various gods and rare birds and animals. The temple has two main halls: the Hall of Sacrifice and the Hall of the Goddess. You can enter the Hall of Sacrifice through the front door of the temple and enter the Hall of the Goddess by stepping on the back door. In the east of the herringbone wall of a group of reliefs, engraved with the Goddess of Wisdom Athena from the head of the king of all the gods in the birth of Zeus vivid pattern; in the west of the herringbone wall carved and painted Athena and the god of the sea, Poseidon, the patron saint of Athens scene. Legend has it that she and Poseidon fought over the city. Carvings The outside of the temple is decorated with the procession of Athena's festivals: joyful youths, beautiful maidens, musicians plucking the lyre, sacrificed animals and officiating priests. In the Parthenon, a 12-meter-high statue of the goddess Athena was originally enshrined. The idol was deftly designed to be moved or shifted for concealment. The image was like this; she stood, her spear leaning on her shoulder, her shield at her side, and in her right hand she held a gold and ivory sculpture of the god of victory; the helmet, breastplate, and robes made of gold were of a luxurious and subdued color, and the ivory sculpture of the face, hands, feet, and arms were of a softer tone, and the jewel-encrusted eyes were shining. ...... The sculptor handed it to the then-existing goddess of Athena at the time of the completion of the work. After completing the work, the sculptor placed it in the hands of the most distinguished painter of the time, who believed that "the final brushstroke of the painter adds religious color to the idol". This work of art, crafted by Phidias, the greatest sculptor of ancient Greece, was taken by the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire in 146 A.D., and people can only imagine her beauty according to the small replicas of the Roman era. The Parthenon Statue The Parthenon has survived many natural and man-made disasters, and in 393 it was converted into a Christian church. In 1687, Venetian troops bombarded the citadel and detonated the explosives the Turks had planted in the temple, collapsing the roof and walls, and at the beginning of the 19th century, the British ambassador in Constantinople, Erskine, hired craftsmen to loot the huge marble bas-reliefs of Athena. Some of these rare treasures were broken and damaged during the sawing process, some sank to the bottom of the sea as a result of shipwreck, and the survivors are still displayed in museums in Britain and France. Interior The interior of the temple, both to follow the practice of the Dorian columnar, arranged in a very simple, but also the theme is prominent, solemn and grand. As with general temples, the halls were divided into two rooms, the front room housed the idols, and the back room housed the offerings and possessions. The front hall of the Parthenon housed the golden ivory statue of Athena made by Phidias, which was 12 meters high. In order to accommodate the statue, the vestibule was surrounded by a two-tiered doric column around the left, right and back of the statue. The upper bearing roof, the side of the open corridor, more set off the statue of the tall, and their eaves are greatly simplified, only the front square and no three Long boards and between the boards. Like before the square until the door for a blank, do not place any sundries, but near the base of the giant statue dug out a rectangular pool, the use of water in the pool to reflect the sunlight from the door, so that the golden flashes of the giant statue is more opulent. And the front hall is separated from the back of the library is the real treasure trove, used to store the Athenian maritime alliance of the tribute paid by the states. The front of the gallery was lined with a carved iron grille, and the treasury was supported by four columns, although the columns were of the Ionic type rather than the Dorian type used in the antechamber. This is an adaptation to the predominantly Ionian situation of the Confederate states, but it also reflects a major feature of the temple's design philosophy, which was to accommodate both types of columns in a single structure, in accordance with Pericles' idea that "Athens was the school of all Greece". Parthenon Architectural style Parthenon especially pay attention to the "visual correction" process, make the originally straight part of a slight curve or inclined, so it looks more elastic, more vivid. This kind of visual correction has been noticed in the Dorian columns before, such as the reduction of the body of the column. In the Parthenon, this correction is played to the point of no return. According to research, there are as many as 10 such corrections. For example, the straight lines of the four cornerstones of this temple are slightly corrected, the center is slightly higher than the two ends, but it looks closer to a straight line, avoiding the hardness and dullness brought about by the purely straight line. Accordingly, the eaves have been slightly adjusted. In the arrangement of the columns, not all of them are vertically juxtaposed; of the eight columns on the east and west sides, only the central two are really perpendicular to the ground, while the rest are slightly inclined towards the center; the distance between the columns at the corners and the neighboring columns is smaller than that between the central two, and the body of the columns is thicker (with the base diameter of 1.944 meters, instead of 1.905 meters for the other columns). Acropolis The reason for this treatment is that the corner columns are in the bright background of the exterior, while the background of the rest of the columns is a darker wall, and the human visual habit will see the columns of the same dimensions as being thicker on the dark background, and thinner on the bright one, and the visual correction is to go in the opposite direction, and thicken the columns of the brighter ones, so that they look consistent. Similarly, the inner gallery has thinner columns with more fluting. The mountain walls are also not absolutely vertical, but are slightly inwardly inclined so as not to give the observer standing at ground level the impression that the standing walls are outwardly inclined. Decorative reliefs and statues are tilted outward to facilitate the viewer's appreciation. So on and so forth, to say that has been tedious, artists, designers and craftsmen for this time, energy is even greater. People can still be seen from the vicissitudes of the temple of the subtle traces of correction and the effect of the gods, which is really a miracle of civilization. Decoration In terms of decoration, originally, the peripheral columns of the vestibule are all Dorian, but the gable wall does not use Sanlong boards and interlaminar boards, but an Ionian decorative band in relief to express the celebration of the feast of the Great Athena by the people of Athens. This relief band extends from the porch to the north and south walls, around the week, connected. The total length is 160 meters with over 500 figures. It is the first time in the temple on the main reliefs directly express the Athenian citizen population and the reality of social activities, the boldness of its conception is also unprecedented, reflecting the Athenian democratic politics in the Hippo war after the further development. Parthenon in the classical architecture and art has become a model, not only in its architecture, but more importantly, its sculpture. Athena colossal statue has not survived at all, according to ancient descriptions, it is actually wooden tires, gold ivory only play the role of inlay, probably the skin with ivory, clothing and weapons are affixed with gold. Such valuable statues are usually small, Athens made it 12 meters high behemoth, is to show the wealth of Athens. Reliefs The temple reliefs are no less beautiful and rich than its statues. The 160-meter-long bas-relief band, which was completed in one piece, with its lively atmosphere and perfect movement of the figures, has always been regarded as the masterpiece of Greek bas-reliefs. It was the first time that the image of an ordinary citizen was listed on the temple hall with the theme of the procession celebration of the Great Athena Festival. This procession, held every four years, begins in the city of Difron on the west side of Athens, then passes through the Pottery District, through the marketplace, and finally ascends to the Acropolis. The centerpiece of the procession is the dedication to Athena of a new robe, carefully woven by Athenian teenagers. The artist devoted 160 meters of relief to the procession from its beginning to the dedication of the robe. The starting point is on the south-west corner of the temple, where the citizens prepare to saddle up and mount their horses, and then on the long south and north walls the procession of the citizens is shown, with the young citizens on horses dominating the procession. At the corner of the eastern end of the north and south walls, the procession begins to approach the entrance to the temple, meaning that the people have reached the end of the road, the sacred Acropolis, and the content of the bas-reliefs has changed from cheering to solemnity and silence, as young people walking at a gentle pace gradually move towards the center of the Acropolis. The relief ends directly at the main gate of the temple, where the gods and goddesses are seated on chairs to watch the procession, implying that the gods and goddesses have been invited to celebrate the festival with the Athenians. The Parthenon Statues The sculptural splendor of the bas-reliefs can still be seen in the surviving sculptures. In particular, the Athenian youth on horseback parade large section of the relief, whether it is the head of the steed running forward or the reins of the saddle of the youth, are portrayed in a lively manner. Human physique, the horse's movement and fluttering lapels are handled appropriately. Fierce movement and exuberance and full of the beauty of dignity and elegance. What is even more valuable is that none of the hundreds of images of people and horses are the same. They are traveling forward in the posture of jumping, galloping, resting, step, saddle and other actions, not to mention the body shape and face, personality and temperament differences. The whole relief is like a magnificent symphony. In contrast, the calm and slow pace of the maiden with a quiet and dignified, elegant and noble classical style, later described it as "great simplicity and quiet grandeur". The girls walk alone or in pairs, and are guided and instructed by male elders. Through the fine as silk thread of the folds of the clothes, the artist to the original monotonous composition dealt with a wall full of glory, highlighting the young girls quiet and virtuous demeanor and solid and healthy body shape, there is to show them as the cylinder of the bumps and grooves of the general straight, so that the relief band from the north and south sides of the procession surging from the hustle and bustle of a turn to bowing to the temple when the pious and solemn. The 92 panels of the temple are decorated with myths and legends about the Greeks' victorious struggle against the foreigners, probably as a metaphor for the life-and-death war between Greece and Persia. As the panels are quadrangular, each relief generally depicts only one battle scene. In addition to the Parthenon, the other two small buildings on the Acropolis are small but distinctive. The Gatehouse, which is the only entrance to the Acropolis, does not emphasize the solemnity, but only the image. Practical information Ticket information Package ticket 12 euros, half ticket 6 euros, the package is valid for 4 days from the purchase of the ticket, including the Acropolis of Athens (Acropolis of Athens), the Ancient Agora of Athens (Ancient Agora of Athens), the Roman Agora of Athens (Roman Agora of Athens) and other 10 attractions. Free admission policy: EU students and visitors under 18 years old are free of charge. Free of charge on national holidays and designated holidays: March 6, April 18, May 18 (International Museum Day), June 5, and the last weekend of September (European Heritage Day). Opening hours Open every day from 8:00 to 20:00, with the latest admission at 19:45. Closed on January 1, March 25, May 1, Easter Sunday, December 25 and December 26. January 6, Shrove Monday, Holy Saturday, Easter Monday, Holy Spirit Day, August 15, October 28 Open from 8:00 to 15:00; Good Friday from 12:00 onwards. Best time to visit Best time to visit: May, June, September and October. Spring and fall are the best times to visit Greece, especially May, June, September and October. July and August are the European summer vacation season, when prices rise and accommodations get crowded. Note that from December to the end of February, some seasonal tavernas will be closed, ferries will be reduced or adjusted according to the weather, and public ****cars will operate as usual. Note: For best results, go early in the morning or late in the evening when there are fewer people. Please wear light shoes if you need to climb the mountain. Wedding photos are not allowed in the Acropolis. Transportation MRTYou can take the MRT Red Line to Acropolis Station (Acropoli), walk out of the MRT exit to the left, and walk for a while to the Acropolis Ticket Office. If you live near Constitution Square, you can walk across Hadrian Street to the eastern entrance of the Acropolis. Alternatively, you can enter through the northwestern entrance all the way south from Pucilli. By Air There are many domestic flights to Athens Eleftherios Venizéros International Airport. History Construction The Parthenon was built in 447 B.C. and officially opened in 438 B.C. It was built entirely of white marble and dedicated to Athena on the occasion of the great Panathenaic Festival. The Parthenon is the main representative of Greek architecture and sculpture in its heyday, known as the "Greek National Treasure", and a bright pearl in the treasury of human art. Destruction In the middle of the 5th century, the temple was converted into a Christian church, and the statue of Athena was removed. 1458, after the occupation of Athens by the Turks, the temple was converted into a mosque. Parthenon In 1687, the Parthenon was extensively damaged. The Venetians sent Francesco Morosini with an expedition to attack Athens and the Acropolis. The Ottoman Turks strengthened their defenses against the Acropolis and used the Parthenon as an ammunition arsenal. It was this dangerous use that led to the explosion of the temple and the severe destruction of the via, which served as a refuge for the people of the local Turkish community.On September 26 Venetian mortars opened fire on the top of the hill of the Philopappus, instantly obliterating the arsenal and partially destroying the interior buildings. The explosion destroyed the center of the building, causing the walls of the inner hall to collapse and lay in ruins. The Greek architect and archaeologist Kornilia Chatziaslani writes: "The four walls of the Triple Sanctuary were almost completely disfigured, and three-fifths of the sculptures were broken. About three hundred people died in the explosion, and countless fragments of marble flew down in the neighborhood." The damage was most severe in 1801-1803 when Lord Elgin, a British nobleman, removed most of the remaining carvings. Many of the antiquities formerly belonging to the temple are now scattered in the Britannica Museum, the Louvre, Copenhagen, and elsewhere. The temple was partially restored in the second half of the 19th century, but it could not be restored to its original form, and only a shell lined with stone pillars remains. Modern Restoration In 2008, the Parthenon restoration project, supported by Greece *** and the European Union, entered its 33rd year, with some of Europe's and the world's leading archaeologists, architects, civil engineers, and skilled craftsmen working on the restoration project, but many problems continue to plague modern scholars. In 1975, Greece *** allocated 23 million dollars for the restoration of the Parthenon, and the directors of the project expected that they would complete it within ten years. However, problems arose during the restoration process that they did not expect. For example, the architects replaced the damaged marble fragments with new ones, and to speed up the process, the engineers used a fluted carving machine. However, the precision of these instruments was still not as good as that of the ancient craftsmen's hands for carving fine veins, and the relief patterns required a keen eye and a sure hand. The head of the restoration project, Manolis Kris, is an associate professor at the Department of Architecture at the National Technical College of Athens and a leading scholar of the Parthenon. He has spent decades studying every architectural detail of the Parthenon, and describes how ancient Athenians excavated marble from quarries 11 miles away, polished it into pillars, and then transported the marble pillars, which weighed a total of 100,000 tons***, to the center of the Acropolis in large carriages and pulled them up to the top of the Acropolis hill. But even more time-consuming and laborious, according to Chris, was the polishing and carving of the marble columns' patterns and motifs. Once the temple's marble surfaces had been polished, craftsmen used the "stippling" method to give the temple its final coat: thousands of artisans used chisels to carve precise lines into the temple's plinth, floors, pillars and much of the facade, which added a subdued shine to the marble and masked surface imperfections. Chris says this was the hardest part of the project. Under the supervision of the great sculptor of the time, Phidias, some of the temple's carvings are considered to be some of the finest bas-reliefs in the world, some 5 centimeters thick, and the detail is astonishing. HISTORICAL ROLE The Parthenon was built around 450 BC, the golden age of Athens. The civil democracy pioneered by the politician Pericles became a system much appreciated by later generations of Westerners; before that, the Athenians had just led the Greek city-states to defeat the Persian army, and nearly 200 city-states along the Aegean Sea competed to offer Athens gold and silver treasures every year - which became an important source of funding for the construction of the Parthenon. The Parthenon was made of white marble, showing the Athenians' reverence for the goddess Athena, the protector of their city-state. In Greek mythology, Poseidon, the god of the sea, and Athena, the goddess of wisdom, fought over the city of Athens, and Zeus, the chief god, ruled that the city would go to whoever could give the Athenians the same useful thing. Poseidon struck a rock with his trident and a war horse galloped out, a symbol of war; Athena struck a rock with her spear and an olive tree grew out of it, a symbol of peace. The Athenians chose Athena, and the temple was dedicated to the patron god of the city-state. The temple meant more than just honoring the god; it also embodied the budding of Athenian democracy. Inside the temple there is a huge fresco depicting an Athenian festival, meaning "the festival of all Athenians", indicating that the decision to build the temple came from a direct vote of all citizens of the city-state. In addition, the budget and expenses of the project were inscribed in stone for the citizens of the city to monitor. Related Legends Athena Takes the City Legend has it that Athena and Poseidon, the god of the sea, fought over the city. Zeus decided that the city would go to whoever could give mankind one useful thing. Poseidon struck the rock of the city with his trident and a warhorse broke through, a symbol of war, while Athena struck the rock with her spear and an olive tree grew out of it, which was considered a symbol of peace. As a result, the city went to Athena, and she has been the patron saint of Athens ever since. Athens, the capital of Greece, was named after Athena. Panathenaic Festival The Panathenaic Festival is an important festival for Athenians, during which sports competitions, songs and dances, and a procession through the city to the temples are often held. The most characteristic feature of the procession was that a woolen robe, woven by the maidens of the city of Athens, was hung from the main mast of a boat, which was carried on an oxcart and moved slowly towards the temple, where it was dedicated to Athena. Then came the sacrifices, which were offered to the goddess in the form of oxen or sheep. The choice of the animal was an extremely important point; it had to be strong, healthy, and free from wounds much less defects. There are many scenes of sacrifices to the goddess on the many pottery vessels that have been excavated, but the only strange thing is that the slaughter of the animal is always omitted. The bones and fat from the sacrifices were piled up on an altar and burned, and it was important that the smoke rising from this area should rise above the idol so that the god could fully enjoy the sacrifice. This way of sacrificing to the gods was apparently very special, and according to legend was invented by Prometheus, who, after dividing the sacrifices, induced Zeus to choose the part of the bones and greasy flesh, reserving the fine meat for mankind.