I, the implementation of the significance of the western development, the guiding ideology and goals and tasks
Implementation of the western development strategy is the implementation of the "Three Represents" important thought of the great practice, is the comprehensive construction of a moderately prosperous society, to ensure that modernization of the third step of the strategic objectives of the major deployments, is to promote the development of all nationalities *** with the development of the surplus important initiatives to safeguard the consolidation of the frontier and national security measures necessary, the national economic and social relations, and to promote the development of the western region, to ensure that the development of the western region. It is a necessary measure to safeguard border consolidation and national security, and is related to the overall situation of economic and social development throughout the country. It is conducive to promoting the strategic adjustment of economic structure and the coordinated development of regional economy; it is conducive to improving the ecological situation of the whole country and creating a better environment for the survival and development of the Chinese nation; it is conducive to cultivating a unified market across the country and perfecting the socialist market economic system; it is conducive to further expanding opening up to the outside world and utilizing the two domestic and foreign markets and two kinds of resources, and it is of important practical significance and has far-reaching historical impacts.
Continuing to promote the development of the western part of the guiding ideology is to take Deng Xiaoping Theory and the "Three Represents" as the important thought as the guidance, the full implementation of the 16th National Congress of the CPC and the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee, according to the objectives, tasks and requirements of perfecting the socialist market economy, and conscientiously implement the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on the implementation of the western part of the development of the strategic plan, guidelines and policies, and the key tasks. It insists on emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, advancing with the times, and continuously exploring new ways of western development in accordance with the reform direction of socialist market economy. Adhere to the people-centered approach, establish a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable concept of development, and coordinate economic development with ecological environment and social progress in accordance with the requirements of the "five integrative approaches", so as to promote the comprehensive development of the economy, society and people. We will adhere to the principle of starting from the actual situation, making positive progress, living within our means, and solving major problems related to the overall situation in a focused and step-by-step manner. Adhere to the combination of self-reliance and hard work in the western region with national policy support, and give greater play to the fundamental role of the market in the allocation of resources, and constantly enhance the capacity for self-development in the western region.
The implementation of the western development is a long-term arduous historical task, but also a large-scale systematic project. There should be a sense of urgency, but also have a long-term struggle to prepare the mind. The overall strategic goal is: through the efforts of several generations, by the middle of the 21st century, when the country basically realized modernization, fundamentally change the face of the western region of relative backwardness, and strive to build a beautiful mountains and rivers, economic prosperity, social progress, national unity, the people's prosperity of the new west. 21st century in the first 10 years, and strive to make breakthroughs in the western region of the construction of infrastructure and the ecological environment, the characteristics of the economic and Advantageous industries have greater development, the pace of development of key zones significantly accelerated, science and technology, education and health, culture and other social undertakings have been significantly strengthened, the reform and opening up to a new situation, the people's lives further improved, and to lay a solid foundation for the implementation of the strategy of development of the western region.
The current and future period is an important strategic opportunity for the western region to deepen reform, expand opening up and accelerate development. We should focus on the construction of infrastructure and ecological environment; actively develop characteristic advantageous industries and promote the development of key zones; develop science and technology education, cultivate and make good use of all kinds of talents; the state should increase its support to the western region in terms of investment projects, tax policies and financial transfers, etc., and gradually set up long-term and stable channels of funding for the development of the western region; make efforts to improve the investment environment, and guide the participation of foreign and domestic capital in the development of the western region; the western region should further emancipate its mindset and open up, and accelerate development. The western region should further emancipate its mindset, enhance its self-development capability, and take a new path of accelerated development through reform and opening up.
Second, more than four years in the western development of the main progress
January 2000, the CPC Central Committee on the implementation of the western development strategy put forward clear requirements, the State Council set up a leading group for the development of the western region. The main leading comrades of the Party and the State Council have made many in-depth research visits to the western region and hosted symposiums, and have given important instructions on a series of major issues concerning the development of the western region. The State Council has promulgated a number of policies and measures on the implementation of western development, a number of opinions on further improving the pilot work of returning farmland to forests and grasslands, and a number of opinions on further improving the policies and measures on returning farmland to forests. The General Office of the Central Government and the General Office of the State Council issued the Ten-Year Plan for Talent Development in the Western Region. The General Office of the State Council forwarded the Opinions on the Implementation of Several Policies and Measures for the Development of the Western Region to the Western Development Office of the State Council. With the approval of the State Council, the State Planning Commission and the Western Development Office of the State Council issued the Tenth Five-Year Plan for Western Development. The state has increased financial transfers to the western region, accumulating more than 400 billion yuan in four years.
Over the past four years, under the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, and through the **** with the efforts of the vast number of cadres and masses in all regions and departments, especially in the western region, the development of the western region has made important progress in the western region, accelerating the growth of investment and economic growth in the western region, and the urban and rural areas have seen a new scene. 2000-2003, the GDP grew by 8.5%, 8.7%, 9.9% and 11.2%, compared with the 1999 level. 11.2%, significantly faster than the 7.2% in 1999; the growth rate of fixed-asset investment increased significantly, including a 30.7% increase in 2003.
(1) National policies and measures are tilted toward the western region, and substantial steps have been taken in infrastructure construction. Four years after the implementation of the strategy for the development of the western region, the State has increased its efforts to invest in construction funds in the western region, and the central financial construction funds have been used for the development of the western region to the tune of about 360 billion yuan, of which more than 220 billion yuan has been invested in long-term construction of State bonds. The balance of loans from financial institutions in the western region has increased by more than 950 billion yuan. The State has started 50 new key projects in the western region, with a total investment of more than 730 billion yuan. Among them, more than 200 billion yuan has been invested in key infrastructure construction projects. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway laid 317 kilometers of new lines; the eastern section of the West-East Natural Gas Pipeline Project was fully completed, and gas has been supplied commercially to four provinces and one city in East China; new projects of West-East Electricity Pipeline were started with a total installed capacity of more than 28 million kilowatts, and more than 9,800 kilometers of transmission lines were built; 43 new large-scale reservoirs were built and renovated, and the comprehensive treatment of the Tarim River and the Heihe River began to show results, and the poplar forests in the lower reaches of the two rivers began to be resurrected; the new mileage of highways opened for use was a cumulative total of 75,000 kilometers, of which 4,600 kilometers are expressways; more than 4,570 kilometers of new railroad lines, duplicate lines and electrified lines have been built; and 30 airports have been built and reconstructed, of which 15 have been completed and 15 are under construction.
(2) The project of returning farmland to forests has been launched comprehensively, and ecological environmental protection and construction have been significantly strengthened. After more than two years of pilot projects, since 2002, the project of returning farmland to forests has been launched in 25 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, focusing on the central and western regions. By the end of 2003, a total of 228 million mu of land had been reforested, of which 108 million mu had been reforested from fallow land, and 120 million mu had been afforested on barren land, with the survival rate of afforestation basically meeting the requirements. Over the past four years, the project of returning farmland to forests has directly increased the income of farmers in the central and western regions from food, seedlings and cash subsidies by 49.2 billion yuan, promoting ecological improvement and increasing farmers' incomes. A pilot project to return pasture to grassland has been launched, and arrangements have been made to treat 100 million mu of seriously degraded grassland. The natural forest resources protection project was in full swing, and the Beijing-Tianjin Sand Source Treatment Project entered the implementation phase. Efforts to control pollution in the upper reaches of rivers and western central cities have been stepped up.
(3) The construction of rural infrastructure has been significantly strengthened, and the production and living conditions of farmers have been gradually improved. The oil road to county project has basically completed the construction of a total mileage of 26,000 kilometers; the reconstruction and construction of 17,000 kilometers of new export roads in more than 300 impoverished counties; the total mileage of inter-county highway projects is 46,000 kilometers, with a cumulative total of 30,000 kilometers of construction work, and the completion of 4,400 kilometers of pavement work. The project of sending electricity to the townships has solved the problem of providing electricity to 969 townships without electricity. The implementation of the project of bringing radio and television broadcasting to villages has brought the proportion of western administrative villages connected to radio and television to more than 97 percent. Rural drinking water projects for people and livestock have basically solved the drinking water problems of 26 million people in the western region, and the ecological migration project, which was launched on a pilot basis in Yunnan, Guizhou, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia in 2001, has led to the resettlement of 700,000 people living in poor ecological environments in areas that do not have the basic conditions for human survival.
(4) Science and technology, education and social undertakings have accelerated, and the development of human resources has been intensified. In recent years, the State has cumulatively arranged more than 2,100 science and technology development projects in the western region, constructed 18 scientific research bases, and supported 230 demonstration projects for the industrialization of high technology. It has arranged for the reconstruction of more than 7,000 rural primary and secondary schools with dangerous buildings, supported the construction of more than 240 county-level vocational education centers, junior colleges and technical schools, and focused on the construction of the infrastructure of 25 colleges and universities and the computer campus networks of 152 universities, more than 500 county-level high-quality ordinary high schools, as well as demonstration and pilot projects of modern distance education for primary and secondary schools. Support has been provided for the construction in western regions of 260 hospitals in impoverished counties, more than 800 disease-control institutions, more than 290 blood stations and blood centers, and the equipping of more than 1,190 family-planning mobile service vans, more than 770 roving medical vans, more than 60,000 radio and television reception devices and a number of grass-roots cultural facilities. The central State organs have increased the training of cadres from the western regions, and the number of cadres exchanged with the western regions has increased; in 2003 alone, 17 provincial and ministerial-level cadres were exchanged, 220 bureau-level cadres were posted to the west, and 454 western and ethnic-minority nationalities cadres were posted to the central State organs and to the eastern regions for work and training. The Central Organization Department, the Youth League Central Committee and the Ministry of Education have organized and implemented activities such as doctoral service corps and university student volunteer service in the west.
(5) Economic restructuring has been continuously promoted, and opening up to the outside world has been further expanded. The western region's hydropower, natural gas, petroleum, non-ferrous metals, cotton, sugar, fruits, meat and other specialty products have initially formed an advantage. Tourism infrastructure construction has been significantly strengthened. The proportion of added value of the tertiary industry increased from 35.2% in 1999 to 38.7% in 2002. The reform, reorganization and transformation of state-owned enterprises have been intensified, and the individual and private economies have developed rapidly. Nearly 100 of the world's top 500 enterprises have invested or set up offices in the western region. The cumulative utilization of foreign direct investment over the past four years has amounted to US$7.5 billion. East-West economic cooperation and counterpart support have been strengthened. Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai and other provinces and cities alone have invested more than 100 billion yuan in the western region.
(6) The pace of economic construction in ethnic minority areas has accelerated. The state has increased its investment in construction funds and financial transfers to minority regions, and all five minority autonomous regions and 30 minority autonomous states have been included in the scope of western development. The State has made key arrangements for Tibet in its investment in the development of the western region; it has undertaken 117 construction projects in aid of Tibet for the fourth time, and has organized counterpart support from the relevant provinces and municipalities for 70 construction projects in Tibet, with a total investment of more than 40 billion yuan. In Xinjiang, the State has laid out a number of key projects in the areas of west-to-east gas transmission, water conservancy development, watershed management, return of farmland to forests, transportation construction, construction of a commercial cotton base, and exploration of advantageous resources. Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Guangxi Autonomous Region investment and rapid economic growth.
Further promotion of the western development also faces many difficulties and problems. Transportation, water conservancy, energy, communications and other backward infrastructure is still a weak link restricting the development of the western region, the ecological environment partially improved, the overall deterioration of the trend has not yet been effectively controlled, the contradiction of water scarcity is prominent, education, health and other social undertakings lagging behind, the lack of talent, talent drain is serious, there are large gaps in reform and opening up, there are a lot of problems with the investment environment, and the ability of self-development Insufficient. To solve these difficulties and problems, both a sense of urgency, but also to be prepared for a long hard struggle, sustained and unremitting efforts.
Three, actively promote the development of western tasks and measures
To implement the "Three Represents" important thought, the implementation of the 16th CPC National Congress, the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee and the central government on the development of western strategic planning, guidelines and policies, and key tasks, accelerate the reform and development as the center of the development of the western part of the work, and adhere to the people-oriented, the implementation of the "five coordinated", continue to strengthen the ecological environment and urban and rural infrastructure construction, full support for the development of the western part of the country, and the development of the western part of the world. Ecological environment and urban and rural infrastructure construction, to promote the western education "two bases" attack, strengthen the construction of rural health care system, and actively develop characteristic advantageous industries, accelerate the pace of reform and opening up, improve the investment environment, and strive to create a new situation in the development of western China.
(I) adhere to the "five combinations" to further strengthen ecological environmental protection and construction. Continue to grasp the return of farmland to forests, return pasture to grass, natural forest protection, Beijing-Tianjin wind and sand source management and other ecological construction projects. The focus of the work of returning farmland to forests is to consolidate the achievements and make efforts in the "five combinations"; in 2004, the task of returning farmland to forests was arranged for 10 million mu, and the task of afforestation of barren mountains and wastelands was for 50 million mu. The focus will be on the management of arable land on steep slopes of more than 25 degrees and seriously sandy arable land, especially on the banks of rivers and lakes and around reservoirs. It should be adapted to local conditions, respect the laws of nature, and emphasize practical effects. The project of returning pasture to grassland should summarize the pilot experience and improve the policy measures. 2004 arrangements for returning pasture to grassland task 90 million mu. To return farmland to forests, back to grass and basic farmland construction, rural energy construction, ecological migration, follow-up industrial development, mountain closed to forbidding animal husbandry and fodder, to solve the problem of long-term livelihood of farmers to eat, firewood, income and other livelihood issues.
To further strengthen environmental protection. Adhere to the prevention-oriented, protection priority, the implementation of important ecological functional areas of protection tasks. Strengthen the environmental impact assessment of major construction projects and ecological environment supervision, strengthen the upper reaches of rivers and water pollution control, industrial pollution prevention and control, mine environment restoration and treatment and other environmental protection projects. Strengthening the construction of environmental protection facilities in central cities in the western region.
(2) adhere to the "grasp both ends", continue to accelerate infrastructure construction. To continue to grasp the major projects related to the long-term development of the western region and small and medium-sized projects closely related to the current interests of the masses. Concentrate on the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the West-East Gas Pipeline, the West-East Electricity Pipeline, the Water Conservancy Hub, the main lines of transportation, and other major projects, and, at the same time, in the course of the renewal of projects, according to the planning requirements and the progress of the project's preliminary work, a number of new key projects will be started in 2004 in a timely manner. Strengthening the construction of rural infrastructure in the western region, and improving the production and living conditions of farmers; arranging for the construction of 16,000 kilometers of inter-county highways in 2004; continuing the implementation of drinking water projects for people and animals, and the renovation of county power grids; improving the renovation of agricultural grids in some areas; and supporting the construction of power facilities in counties of ethnic minority areas that lack electricity. Supporting the construction of radio and television broadcasting in natural villages (more than 20 households) in the western region that have been electrified. Strengthening the construction of the rural market system.
(3) Promoting the "two bases" and the construction of public **** health undertakings, and promoting coordinated economic and social development. Strengthen scientific and technological capacity building and the construction of key scientific research bases in the western region. Accelerate the development of rural basic education in the western region. It will take five years to realize the goal of basically universalizing nine-year compulsory education in the western region, and efforts will be concentrated on supporting the construction of primary and secondary school buildings and junior high school boarding schools in counties in the west that have not yet achieved the goal of universalizing nine-year compulsory education. Gradually exempting students from poor families from miscellaneous fees and book costs during the compulsory education stage, and subsidizing the living expenses of boarding students. The construction of hospitals and township health centers in impoverished counties is being strengthened, with a focus on supporting the construction of rural medical facilities, mainly township health centers, and strengthening the prevention and treatment of major infectious and endemic diseases. The construction of grassroots family planning service networks has been strengthened. It continues to support the construction of county-level cultural centers and libraries and township cultural stations in the west.
(4) Accelerating the development of industries with specialties and advantages, and strengthening the capacity for self-development in the western regions. The government has been urgently pushing forward the adjustment of industrial structure, accelerating the development of characteristic industries in the western region, and enhancing the self-development capacity of the western region. According to the resource advantages and industrial comparative advantages of the western region, efforts should be made to cultivate the advantageous industries such as energy, minerals, tourism and characteristic agriculture. It is necessary to take enterprises as the main body, take the market as the guidance, take advanced applicable technology as the support, and take the new way of market allocation of resources. Investment by the state or the need for national approval of key projects, as long as the western region basically have the conditions, market, competitive, should be prioritized in the layout of the western region.
(E) vigorously improve the development environment in the western region, expanding economic cooperation between the eastern and western regions. The western region should further emancipate the mind, update the concept of deepening reform and expanding opening up. Vigorously improve the investment environment, accelerate the transformation of government functions, strengthen the construction of the market system, the formation of social credit system. Actively promote multiple effective forms of realization of public ownership, and vigorously develop non-public economy such as individual and private ownership. Combine the capital, technology and talent advantages of the eastern and central regions with the resource, market and labor advantages of the western regions, implement complementary advantages, mutual benefits, **** the same development, and establish a market-oriented mechanism for collaboration among enterprises in the regions. We should rely on advantageous industries, key projects and key zones to attract foreign investment. Improve the level of opening up to the outside world, and encourage social capital and foreign capital to participate in infrastructure, ecological environment construction, advantageous industry development, and participate in the transformation and reorganization of state-owned enterprises.
(F) accelerate the pace of legal construction and strengthen the construction of human resources. It is necessary to seriously study and learn from successful international experience, and strengthen the investigation and research on major legal issues of a global and systemic nature in the light of the practice of developing the western part of the country. Under the overall national legal framework, focusing on the formulation of the Law on the Promotion of Western Development, the Regulations on the Supervision of the Ecological Environment in Western Development and other relevant laws and regulations, and centering on the promotion of the improvement of the legal environment in the western region, we will intensify our efforts in the construction of the legal system, so as to create a good legal environment for the development of the western region. Implement the spirit of the National Talent Work Conference and the Ten-Year Plan for Talent Development in the Western Region. Formulate flexible employment policies, create a favorable employment mechanism and environment, and reform the income distribution system. Increase the exchange of key Party and government leaders at the county level and above. Establish a system for professionals from large and medium-sized cities to serve at the grassroots level in western regions. Increase the cultivation and training of talents .
(7) Study and implement policies and measures to further promote the development of the western region, and carry out preliminary research for the 11th Five-Year Plan for the development of the western region. To urgently study and formulate further promote the development of the western part of the operability of the policy measures. In the work plans and annual programs of all regions and departments, the goals and key tasks of the current government with regard to the development of the west should be put into practice. Carrying out research on major issues in the early stages of the 11th Five-Year Plan for the development of the west. To start the preparation of key economic regional planning.
Silk Road
Ancient China through Central Asia to South Asia, West Asia, as well as Europe, North Africa, the land trade corridor. Because a large number of Chinese silk and silk fabrics are transported westward through this road, it is called the Silk Road, referred to as the Silk Road. The name Silk Road was first proposed by the German geographer F.P.W.von Richthofen in his book "China" published in 1877. It originally referred to the transportation route between China and the river regions of Central Asia as well as India during the Two Han Dynasty, which was dominated by the silk trade. Subsequently, the German historian A. Hermann extended the Silk Road to the west coast of the Mediterranean Sea and Asia Minor, defining the basic connotation of the Silk Road.
Colonial History The Silk Road existed at a very early stage. In the ancient world, only China was the country that planted mulberry, raised silkworms and produced silk fabrics . Archaeological data have fully proved that since the Shang, Zhou to the Warring States period, silk production technology has developed to a fairly high level. At that time, China's silk by the hands of the Northwest peoples of a small amount of transshipment to Central Asia, India. In 60 B.C. the Han set the Western Regions, Tuantian in Wubicheng (today's Xinjiang Luntai East), to protect the Western Passage. As early as since Zhang Qian west to the Wusun alliance, Han emissaries, merchants will be followed by westward. So far, the Silk Road is more open, a large number of silk and embroidery along this road constantly westward transportation, while the Western countries of the rare and exotic goods are also imported into China. In the Wei and Jin dynasties, the east and west commercial exchanges were continuous, located in the Silk Road throat Dunhuang, is one of the gathering place of Hu merchants. 5 ~ 6 century, the north and south dynasties were separated, but the east and west contacts along the Silk Road were further prosperous. Soon after the founding of the Northern Wei Dynasty, envoys were sent to the Western Regions, and later tribute envoys and merchants from Central Asian countries often gathered in Pingcheng (the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, northeast of Datong, Shanxi Province). After moving the capital to Luoyang, Luoyang has become a place where merchants from different countries gather, and the capital of Northern Qi also gathered a lot of businessmen. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Pei Lu, the minister of the Yellow Gate, to Zhangye to recruit merchants from the western regions, indicating the prosperity of the Silk Road at that time. The western part of the Tang Dynasty exceeded the Han Dynasty, and prefectures identical to those in the interior were established in Yizhou, Xizhou, and Tingzhou. The four towns of Anxi (later replaced by Yanqi) were set up in Guzi, ütian, Shule, and Shanye to be garrisoned and defended under the jurisdiction of the Anxi Prefecture. Later, the Beiting Prefecture was set up to govern the tie-up prefectures on the north road of Tianshan Mountain, which provided a more reliable guarantee for the smooth flow of the Silk Road. Therefore, Chang'an, Luoyang and other important cities in the Tang Dynasty had a large number of merchant hu, presenting the appearance of a cosmopolitan city. From the end of the 9th century to the 11th century, due to the transfer of China's political, economic and cultural centers to the southeast coast, and the rise of the Arab world, the east-west maritime exchanges gradually became more frequent; at the same time, the division and antagonism of the ethnic regimes in the northwest of China made it difficult to guarantee the security on the Silk Road, which reduced the importance of this land passage. In the Mongol Yuan period, due to Mongolia's western conquest and the direct rule of Central Asia, West Asia's vast areas, so that the east and west post road is smooth, many European emissaries, clergy and merchants, are along this road east to China, the silk road and prosperity for a while. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, to take the closed-door policy, although out of the Jiayuguan Pass through the Hami to Central Asia of the road is not broken, but the land Silk Road as the Western and Eastern transportation routes have been far less important than the sea.
The basic direction of the Silk Road was laid down during the Han Dynasty. It started roughly from Chang'an of Han Dynasty in the east, traveled westward up to Long Ban, passed through Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and Dunhuang counties in the Hexi Corridor, went out of the Yumen Pass or Yangguan Pass, crossed the Bailongdui, and arrived at Loulan first. Loulan in the ancient salt marsh (Puchanghai, now northwestern Lop Nur now Lop Nur has nearly dried up, the ancient Loulan ruins a few all for the deserted sand obliterated). Han Dynasty, there are two roads in the western region of the north and south, Loulan is the bifurcation point of the two roads. North Road from here to the west, along the Peacock River to the Drainage Plough (today's Xinjiang Korla, Wubi, Luntai, and then west through the Guzi (today's Xinjiang Kuqa), Gumo (today's Xinjiang Aksu) to Shule (today's Xinjiang Kashgar). The southern route started from Shanshan's Kaili City, southwest along the present-day Chelchen River, and traveled through Yemo, Yumi, ü-Tepan (present-day Hotan, Xinjiang), Pishan, and Shache to Shule. Due to more than a thousand years of the Gobi Desert to the south, resulting in the gradual desertification of the eastern section of the South Road, Izan, the mud of the ancient cities are obliterated by the desert, so today's eastern section of the South Road has been far south of the ancient South Road. Yongping sixteen years (A.D. 73) Han Mingdi northern attack on the Xiongnu to obtain Iwulu (now Xinjiang Hami) land, set Yiho lieutenant cantonment to intercept the northern Xiongnu's southern invasion of the Western Region. Since then, the "New North Road", changed from Dunhuang to the north to Iwu, and then west through the Liuzhong, Gaochang wall, the former part of the Cheshi Jiahe City (all in the modern Turpan basin), the Tianshan Mountains through Yanqi to the Guezhi, and then follow the Han North Road westward to Shule. North and South Dynasties period, the South and the western region, mainly from Yizhou (now Chengdu, Sichuan Province) north of Longdian (now Songpan, Sichuan Province), through the Qinghai Lake next to the Tugukhun capital, westward through the Qaidam Basin, north of Dunhuang, or more westward across the mouth of the Arjinshan Mountains into the Western Shanshan region. Sui and Tang dynasties, and opened up from Guazhou North Yumen Pass through Yizhou, Beiting, Luntai, over the Ili River to the Shiba road into Central Asia, that is, the North New Road. Outside the above Silk Road trunk line, there are many branch roads, and with the changing times, political and religious situation, the importance of each route in different periods of time is different, and there are constantly new roads opened up. Some scholars even expanded the concept of the Silk Road, that the above road is only through the desert oasis road, because it is called the oasis road. And the road through the nomadic areas of northern China known as the grassland road, the road westward through the sea in southern China known as the "Maritime Silk Road" or "South China Sea Road" and so on. Although these references to the study of east-west transportation is meaningful, but has not been the original sense of the Silk Road.
Ancient post sites on the Silk Road. Tang Dynasty? The ruins of Panto are a necessary part of the Silk Road. Historical significance The Silk Road is not only the road of commercial trade between the East and the West, but also a channel for political exchanges and cultural exchanges between China and the countries of Asia and Europe. Western music, dance, painting, sculpture, architecture and other arts, astronomy, calendars, medicine and other scientific and technological knowledge, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, Nestorianism, Islam and other religions, through this road has come to China, and has had a great impact in China. Chinese textile, paper making, printing, gunpowder, compass, porcelain and other crafts, painting and other artistic techniques, Confucianism, Taoism and other ideas were also transmitted to the West through this road and had an impact. Silk Road is a friendly symbol of East-West interaction. Dunhuang Mogao Caves murals in the merchant caravan map, depicting the Tang Dynasty Chinese and foreign merchants on the Silk Road