Jing Emperor Liu Qi 156 BC - 139 BC?
Jing Emperor Liu Qi was the eldest son of Emperor Wen, his mother Dou Ji, and was born in Zhongdu, Daiji (present-day Pingyao County, southwest of Shanxi) in the seventh year of Emperor Hui's reign (188 BC). Reign of 16 years, died in the second three years of Emperor Jingdi (before 141), posthumous long letter Palace lights number "filial piety King Emperor". According to the Zhou Dynasty's "Posthumous Law Explanation", "Jing" is a beautiful posthumous name: "by righteousness and Ji (to achieve success) is said to be Jing", "Jie (through the "hobby") means great consideration (like). thoughtful, good at full planning) said Jing", "Bu Yi line just (spread benevolence and righteousness, strong character) said Jing". Although there is flattering overflowing meaning, but still from several sides reflecting the Jingdi politics and its personality traits. Emperor Jingdi of the Han Dynasty occupies an important position in the history of the Western Han Dynasty, he inherited and developed the cause of his father, Emperor Wendi of the Han Dynasty, together with his father created the "rule of Wenjing"; and for his son, Liu Che's "Hanwu Shengshi" laid the foundation for the completion of the transition from the emperor of the Han Dynasty to the emperor of the Wu Dynasty, and the emperor of the Wu Dynasty, the emperor of the Han Dynasty. The transition from Emperor Wen to Emperor Wu was completed. How did Emperor Jing develop favorable situation and eliminate unfavorable factors to make the Han Dynasty prosperous and strong? The following four aspects, namely, to the kings, to the Huns, to politics, and to the throne, are explained and interpreted.?To the kings: Successful counter-insurgency, stabilization of imperial power?
In the first three years of Emperor Jing's reign (154 BC), a rebellion broke out among seven vassal kingdoms, led by King Liu of Wu, known as the Rebellion of Wu and Chu, or the "Rebellion of Seven Kingdoms. The rebellion of the seven states of Wu and Chu had both distant and proximate causes. In the twelfth year of Gaozu's reign (195 BC), Liu Bang appointed Liu Pi, the son of his brother Liu Zhong, as the king of Wu. Liu Pi, the king of Wu, opened up copper mines, cast "half-two" coins, boiled sea salt, set up official markets, and exempted taxes. As a result, the economy of Wu developed rapidly, and Liu Pi's political ambitions began to grow. During the reign of Emperor Wen, Prince Wu entered the court and played a game with Crown Prince Liu Qi (i.e. Emperor Jing), and because of the dispute over the chess road, the Crown Prince grabbed the chessboard and smashed Prince Wu to death. When Emperor Wen sent someone to transport the body back to Wu, King Liu Pi of Wu said angrily, "The world is one, if you die in Chang'an, you will be buried in Chang'an, why do you need to come to be buried?" The coffin was transported back to Chang'an for burial. From then on, Liu Pi claimed to be ill and did not go to court. Han Wendi simply gave him a few canes (coffee table, cane, a symbol of respect and preferential treatment for the elderly), allowing him not to ask for the court. However, Liu Pi, the king of Wu, not only did not repent, but also became more arrogant. After the reign of Emperor Jingdi of Han Dynasty, King Liu Pi of Wu became more and more arrogant, and his rebellion became more and more obvious. Chao Chou, the royal historian, suggested that the vassal king's fiefdom be taken away and returned to the direct rule of the Han court. He gave Emperor Jing the "Plan for Cutting the Fiefdoms", advocating "cutting the fiefdoms", pointing out that: "Cutting the fiefdoms nowadays is also rebellious, while not cutting the fiefdoms is also rebellious. If I cut it, the reaction will be urgent, and the trouble will be small. If you don't cut it, it will be delayed, and the trouble will be big." Emperor Jingdi adopted Chao's "cut the clan" proposal, in the first three years of Emperor Jingdi (154), with a variety of charges successively cut off the King of Chu E's East China Sea County, the King of Zhao Sui's Changshan County and the King of Jiao Xi's six counties. In the first month of the first three years of Emperor Jingdi's reign, the imperial edict of the Han court to cut off the land was sent to Wu. King Pi of Wu immediately killed the officials below 2,000 stone (county level) sent by the court. In the name of "clearing the ruler's side and executing Chao Qiu", he informed all the vassal states. When the news spread, King Liu Ang of Jiaoxi, King Liu Xiongqu of Jiaodong, King Liu Xian of Shizichuan, King Liu Peguang of Jinan, King Liu Wu of Chu, and King Liu Sui of Zhao all rose up to cooperate with the army. The Seven Kingdoms Rebellion, led by Wu and Chu, finally broke out. After Liu Pi's attack, he led an army of 200,000 men westward across the Huaihe River, and joined with the Chu army to form the Wu-Chu coalition. Then waved his sword westward, killing tens of thousands of Han troops, quite a military might. Liu Wu, the king of Liang, sent troops to meet the attack, resulting in a great defeat of the Liang army. After the news of the rebellion reached Chang'an, Emperor Jing immediately sent Lieutenant Zhou Yafu (the second son of Zhou Bo, the Marquis of Jiangjiang) as a lieutenant, led 36 generals to meet the rebels of Wu and Chu, sent Li Fu, the Marquis of Quzhou, to attack Zhao, General Luan Bu led the troops to relieve the siege of Qi, and appointed Dou Ying (the son of the Dowager Empress Dowager's cousin) as a great general to supervise the war in Xingyang. Emperor Jing sent Zhou Yafu and others to meet the rebels, but at the same time, he was wavering in his heart, which gave Yuan Ang the opportunity to take advantage of. Yuan Yuan was the prime minister of Wu, and had a close relationship with Liu Pi. Yuan said to Emperor Jing, "The only way out is to cut off the mistakes, and send an envoy to pardon the seven states of Wu and Chu, and restore their former territories, so that the soldiers can be stopped without any bloodshed." In order to get the seven countries to stop fighting, Emperor Jing really believed Yuan Ang's words and said, "I do not love a man to thank the world", so he beheaded Chao Qiu in the East City and cruelly executed him. It's a pity that Chao was so loyal, and was thus victimized by the slanderous words of the villain. The Emperor of Jing Dynasty killed Chao, removing the excuse for the seven kingdoms to rise up, but the seven kingdoms still did not stop fighting, which further exposed their rebellious face. Emperor Jing regretted it and decided to quell the rebellion by force. Zhou Yafu, like the Han army, quickly quelled the rebellion of the seven kingdoms, and King Pi of Wu fled to East Vietnam and was killed. The Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms was a pivotal war between the central government of the Western Han Dynasty and the vassal kingdoms, won or lost in just three months. Why did the Han court win so quickly? Why did the rebels lose so quickly? The answer can be summarized in at least the following three points:? The heart of the minister, the heart of the army, the heart of the people to the back. Since the establishment of the Han Dynasty, lay down the military repair, rest with the people, so that the socio-economic recovery and development, the people's lives are getting better, so the subjects embraced the Han Dynasty. For example, Zhao Shu, a commoner, suggested to Zhou Yafu that the Han army should leave Wuguan via Lantian, so that it could quickly control the armory in Luoyang and avoid the ambush troops of Wu and Chu, thus achieving the effect of a surprise victory. On the contrary, Wu Chu and other seven countries for their own self-interest, driving the people, provoking war, committing crimes, destabilizing, plus collusion with Xiong Nu, more disgusted by the general people, so by the domestic opposition from top to bottom. Tactics, strategy is appropriate. Seven rebels, the lieutenant Zhou Yafu to Emperor Jing said: "Chu soldiers brave, head-on battle is difficult to win, I hope to abandon the land of Liang, and then cut off the Wu and Chu grain road, you can calm them." This plan is to temporarily give up certain space in exchange for time, to achieve the purpose of holding the rebels and thwarting their vigor. The subsequent development of the war completely confirmed Zhou Yafu's judgment. The talents were properly utilized. Emperor Jingdi knows how to use people, such as the lieutenant Zhou Yafu as the commander of the Han army, can be said to choose the commander of the people. The King of Wu, Pi, was able to recruit a wide range of outlaws from all over the world, but he was unable to truly employ them. After the failure of the seven countries of the Han "Guangling King Seal", the situation has changed a lot. Jingdi seized this favorable opportunity to solve the problem of kingdoms to strengthen the centralization of power. Adjust the setup of the vassal kingdoms. Except for the preservation of Chu and the establishment of a new king of Chu, the other six kingdoms were abolished.? The reduction of feudalism continued. After that, most of the vassal kingdoms had only one county, and their actual status had been reduced to that of a county, and the state and the county basically converged. The counties of the vassal kingdoms were reduced from the 42 counties of Gaozu to 26 counties, while the counties under the central jurisdiction were increased from the 15 counties of Gaozu to 44 counties, so that the total number of Han counties greatly exceeded the number of counties of the vassal kingdoms. This change was of great significance for the unification of the country and the strengthening of centralized power. The status of the vassal kings was suppressed. The "make the vassal king shall not return to rule the country", deprive and weaken the power of the vassal state, recover the right to appoint and dismiss officials of the kingdom, cancel the "all the vassals", only to retain the right to "eat the rent and tax" and The power of "all the vassals" was abolished, and only the power of "eating rent and tax" was retained. After that, the vassal kings no longer had the material conditions to fight against the central government.After the reform of Emperor Jingdi, the system of vassal kingdoms implemented in the early Han Dynasty had changed significantly, and the vassal kings were nominally the feudal lords, but in reality, they were "only entitled to food, clothing, and taxes"; however, the power of the vassal kings had not been completely resolved, so that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was forced to continue to take the corresponding measures.
To the Xiong Nu: and more war less, ready to go?
Jingdi period is the Xiongnu "most powerful" period, the powerful Xiongnu cavalry south into the Han, burning and looting, a serious threat to the rule of the Western Han Dynasty. At this time, the Han Dynasty had recovered and developed socially and economically, but the conditions were still not ripe to defeat the Xiong Nu. Under such circumstances, how did Emperor Jingdi deal with the relationship between Han and Xiongnu? In general, there was war and peace, but there was more peace and less war, with peace as the main focus.?
Emperor Jing insisted on peace, which eased the military conflict to a certain extent, gained time for economic development, and prepared for Han Wu Di's counterattack against Xiong Nu later. Of course, Emperor Jing did not just compromise, but also made the necessary resistance.? Li Guang's riding figure in the not so many counterattacks against the Xiongnu battle, emerged Li Guang, Cheng Tizhi and Yingdu and a number of outstanding generals, in particular, the "flying general" Li Guang is the most prominent. Li Guang, Longxi Chengji (now Gansu Zhuanglang West) people. His ancestor, Li Xin, was a famous general of Qin. So Li Guang can be called the descendant of generals. Li Guang had a set of unorthodox methods of governing the army, which was very suitable for the geographic conditions and enemy conditions outside the Seychelles, and his troops were simple, maneuverable, and long on adaptability. That is why Sima Qian praised him, saying, "He is brave in facing the enemy and kind to his soldiers. The orders were not annoying, and the teachers and disciples were oriented to him." The Xiong Nu people were so afraid of Li Guang's name that they called him "Flying General". In addition to supporting Li Guang, Cheng Tizhi and other border generals to resist the Xiongnu, and maintain peace and war, Emperor Jingdi also took some measures to do a lot of preparatory work for the complete resolution of the Xiongnu problem in the later period of Emperor Wu, of which there are two main. Horse policy: "create the Court horse to be widely used". The Central Plains interior since ancient times, there is a lack of horses, which is not conducive to the growth of the cavalry, but also unable to adapt to the needs of the development of production, but also limit the development of traffic, transportation and other undertakings. After Emperor Jingdi took the throne, he continued to build up the horse administration. He ordered the expansion of the horse parks in the west (such as Beiji County) and the north (such as Shang County), and also encouraged the counties and private citizens to raise horses. As a result of the great development of horse breeding during the reign of Emperor Jingdi, the production of military horses became quite large, and the number of horses belonging to the government grew to 400,000, while those belonging to the private sector were not yet counted. The "Selling of Titles" and the "Militarization of Crime" were introduced. Both of these measures were proposed by Chao Qiu, the prince's family, and approved by Emperor Wen. When Emperor Jing came to the throne, he continued to implement these measures, which proved to be effective, and made them even better. A large number of migrants filled the border areas and became a mixed military and agricultural garrison, which not only relieved the people in the interior of their labor, but also secured a stable social environment.To politics: quiet, respectful and thrifty?
The traditional evaluation of Emperor Jingdi's politics in the Western Han cotton robe is "quiet, respectful and frugal": "quiet", for the politics of less; "quiet", to stabilize the people; The traditional evaluation of Emperor Jing's behavior was "Qing, Jing, and Jing": "Qing" means doing little work in government; "Jing" means stabilizing the people; "Jing" means treating the people well; and "Jing" means being frugal and frugal. Emperor Jingdi continued to implement the politics of Huanglao's inaction and adopted a series of effective measures.
The Emperor continued to implement the established state policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce after his accession to the throne. Emperor Jing said: "Agriculture, the world's foundation. Gold, jade and pearls, hungry not eat, cold not clothed, for coins, do not know its always." Therefore, he repeatedly ordered county officials to encourage farming and mulberrying as the primary political affairs.
Emperor Jing allowed farmers living in places with poor soil to migrate to places with fertile land and abundant water to engage in cultivation, and "rented Changling field" to farmers with little land. At the same time, he also issued several edicts to combat those officials who used the people's power without authorization by legal means, thus ensuring the normal agricultural production. Emperor Jingdi twice banned the use of grain to make wine, and also banned the use of corn to feed horses in the inner counties.The social stability of the Wenjing period was gradually increasing, and prices were getting cheaper and cheaper. According to scholars, throughout the Western Han period, the price of rice, which is directly related to the livelihood of the country, dropped the most in the past 40 years of the reign of the Emperor Wenjing, which laid a good foundation for the development of various other social causes.
Light corvée, about the law and provincial prohibition of the Jingdi period, the exploitation of peasants (corvée), oppression (law), less than before. The so-called about the law to save the ban, that is, the decree to Western Han Palmistry simple and simple, the criminal network to be wide and sparse. In the first year of the Qianyuan era (156 BC), Emperor Jing issued an imperial decree at the beginning of his reign: "Make the fields half-rent", i.e., to collect half of the fifteen taxes and one tax of the Wendi era, i.e., thirty taxes and one tax. From then on, this new tax rate became the custom of the Western Han Dynasty. In the second year (155 BC) after the reduction of field rent, Emperor Jing also ordered to postpone the age of men to start corvée service for three years and to shorten the service period. This rule remained in force until the reign of Emperor Zhao of the Western Han Dynasty. Emperor Jingdi practiced a policy of lighter penalties and more prudent punishments: first, he continued to reduce the penalties, and, as mentioned earlier, amended some of the inappropriate aspects of the reforms of Emperor Wendi's abolition of the meat penalty. Secondly, he emphasized the prudence of the law to enhance the fairness of the judicial process. Thirdly, certain care was given to special criminals. The development of education and the fight against the strong and powerful During the reign of Emperor Jingdi, since the recovery and development of the social economy had reached a considerable degree, the ruling class, from Emperor Jingdi down to the county officials, gradually emphasized the development of culture and education. At that time in the field of education, the most prominent is Wen Weng school. Wen Weng, Lujiang County, Shu (now southwest of Lujiang County, Anhui Province) people, young and learned, know the "Spring and Autumn Annals", to the county officials were Chaju (i.e., the county and state ministers recommended to the court after inspection), the end of the King Emperor appointed him as the governor of Shu County. Wen Weng pioneered the county official school, played an important role in the dissemination of culture, his achievements have been recognized by later generations, Emperor Wu appreciated Wen Weng's school model, to be promoted in the country. Emperor Jingdi promoted culture and etiquette on the one hand, and cracked down on the powerful on the other. In order to ensure that the order is issued, Emperor Jing decisively took a number of measures, the important two: First, in the construction of the Yangling mausoleum, following the example of the Gaoxi-Han silk painting? The first is that when he built the Yangling, he followed the example of Gao Xihan's painting, and moved the powerful to Guanzhong, moving some of them to Yangling, separating their clans and relatives, and weakening their power, so as to achieve the goal of strengthening the trunk and weakening the branches. Secondly, the appointment of cool officials, such as Zidu, Ning Cheng, Zhou Yang, etc., to severely suppress those who roamed the counties and committed crimes, and received the effect of killing one to warn a hundred, so that the lawless magnates, bureaucrats, and foreign relatives were all afraid, and their unlawful behaviors were greatly restrained, which partially restructured the class relations and favored the development of the society. As a result of the above measures, the social and economic stability and development were further promoted. The population doubled, the country became rich, and the government coffers were enriched. It is said that in the late reign of Emperor Jingdi, the money in the treasury was piled up like a mountain, and the rope stringing the money was rotten and broken; the granary was full, and the grain was piled up in the open air, and some of it was moldy and rotten. However, the socio-economic development during the reign of Emperor Wen and Jing brought about the polarization of the rich and the poor. This state of affairs provided a strong material foundation for the later implementation of Emperor Wu's "brilliant strategy"; it also brought new social problems to the middle of the Western Han Dynasty.The Crown Prince's abolition of the Crown Prince was the result of a struggle between the two.
The abolition of the crown prince would lead to the redistribution of power in the ruling group, and all kinds of contradictions might suddenly break out at this time, so it was the weakest and most dangerous part of the monarchy. Emperor Jingdi from the day he ascended the throne from all the time to consider the problem of the throne behind him, he a **** gave birth to 16 sons, but none of the first-born. It turned out that Emperor Jing's wife, Queen Bo, is the granddaughter of his grandmother, Empress Dowager Bo's mother's family, when he was the crown prince by his grandmother designated by the package. The fact that Empress Bo never gave birth to a son or daughter led to a fierce battle for the throne. Empress Bo's childlessness, coupled with Liu Wu's reputation as a wise king, his vast fiefdom, and his great achievements in the pacification of the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion. Empress Dowager Dou intended that King Liang should succeed Emperor Jingdi after his death. Emperor Jingdi himself was at fault. The first three years (154), that is, on the eve of the outbreak of the rebellion of the seven kingdoms, the king of Liang into the dynasty, when Emperor Jingdi has not yet established the crown prince. One day, Emperor Jingdi feasted on the king of Liang, drunkenly said: "I will be passed on to the king of Liang after a thousand years." The king of Liang was pleased with himself. Counselor Dou Ying said, "According to the Han law, a son should be passed on to his first grandson. Why did the emperor get to pass on to his younger brother, thus violating Gaozu's covenant?" Emperor Jingdi sobered up and realized that he had made a slip of the tongue, and the proposal was shelved.After the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion was settled, the conflict over the succession became more prominent. The Empress Dowager Dou once again hinted that Emperor Jingdi should pass on the throne to the King of Liang. Emperor Jingdi ordered Yuan Ang to admonish the Empress Dowager, and Yuan Ang said to the Empress Dowager Dou, "In the past, Duke Xuan of Song set up a younger brother instead of a son, which triggered the chaos of the Five Dynasties. A small intolerance will jeopardize a great righteousness, and will surely lead to trouble. That is why the Spring and Autumn Annals consider it right to pass on a son." Empress Dowager Dou knew that she was in the wrong, and from then on she did not mention this matter any more, and sent King Liang back to China.
The main protagonist of the secret struggle for the throne was Han Wu Di's mother, Mrs. Wang (later named Empress). Mrs. Wang's name is Yoo, locusts (now Shaanxi Xingping County territory) people, father Wang Zhong, birth mother for Zang Er. Brothers Wang vulgar, Tian mole, Tian Sheng, sister Wang 姰, had married a human daughter Jin vulgar. By her mother to send her and her sister Wang 姰 into Liu Qi's Prince Palace. Mrs. Wang into the palace to Liu Qi gave birth to four children, a dragon and three phoenix, the first three are girls, were named Princess Pingyang, Princess Nangong and Princess Longxu, and the dragon child, is later the mighty Emperor Liu Che, born in the first year of the first yuan of the reign of Emperor Jingdi shortly before the first year of the first month of the seventh (before the first 156).? Liu Che, whose first name was Swine, was born with great intelligence, wisdom and insight, and was able to enter and exit freely. According to the "Han Xiaowu story": "to three years old, King Emperor held in his lap, caressing the idea of ...... trying to ask the child: 'Le for the son of heaven?' Said: 'by the sky not by the child. I wish to live in the palace wall every day, playing in front of His Majesty.'" Little Liu swine's letter of mouth and answer, so that Liu Qi had to look at the son of a different eye. Liu swine have amazing memory, desire for knowledge is particularly strong, especially love to read in the ancient sages and emperors great deeds, never forget. Emperor Jing was y surprised. Liu swine "litigation Fuxi since the group of saints, recorded yin and yang diagnosis of the Dragon Tou Turtle book tens of thousands of words, not a word left behind. At the age of seven, Liu swine had become an outstanding scholar", so Emperor Jing changed Liu swine's name to "Che" (彻). The Chinese character "彻" means full of wisdom, which is a requirement for attaining saintly virtue. So Liu Qi had the idea of changing the crown prince. In the fourth year of Emperor Jing's reign (153 BC), Liu Rong, the son of his favorite concubine Li Ji, was appointed as the crown prince, known as "Prince Li", and Liu swine was appointed as the king of Jiaodong. Soon Liu swine to take the chestnut prince instead of the opportunity arose, the reason is that the Tantao Princess Liu john intervened. Liu Whong is the sister of Emperor Jingdi of Han Dynasty, Empress Dowager Dou's beloved daughter, Princess Chang wanted to marry her daughter Ajiao to Prince Liu Rong, I did not expect to meet the Li Fei's mouth refused, Liu Whong therefore and her grudge, the heart of the idea of retaliation.? Unlike Li Ji, Mrs. Wang is sensitive and smooth, when the Princess of Pavilion, Liu Whong wants to betroth her daughter, who is four years older than Liu swine, to him, Mrs. Wang saw the Princess of the high status, in front of Empress Dowager Dou to say nothing, and immediately agreed with full joy. So six-year-old Liu swine was engaged to 10-year-old Chen Ajiao, in the first six years of Emperor Jing's reign (151 BC). In September of the same year, Empress Bo was abolished for not having an heir. From then on, Eldest Princess Tantao repeatedly praised Liu Che to Emperor Jing for how smart and sensible he was, which made Emperor Jing even more fond of this child. At the same time, the Princess often slandered Emperor Jing and falsely accused Li Ji. In November of the first seven years (150 years ago), Emperor Jing then executed Daxing and abolished Crown Prince Liu Rong as the King of Linjiang. Half a year later, Mrs. Wang was made Empress, and 7-year-old Liu Che was made Crown Prince. Later, in the second year of the Middle Ages (148 years ago), Liu Rong, King of Linjiang, accidentally violated the law, and was drafted from Jiangling (now belongs to Hubei) to the capital. Liu Rong was sent to the capital from Jiangling (now in Hubei). The lieutenant, Zhandu, had him strictly guarded and interrogated. Liu Rong was extremely indignant and sad, and committed suicide after writing a speech of thanks to his father. Liu Che was made crown prince, and Liu Wu, the king of Liang Xiaowang, refused to stop there. He widely extended the four sides of the great and powerful people, more weapons and crossbows, etc., storage of gold and silver "and a hundred million", and sent people to assassinate more than ten ministers, such as Yuan Ang. After the plot was exposed, the king of Liang was greatly panic, buy Han Anguo to go through the back door of the Princess, channeled the Empress Dowager Dou, slightly released, but Emperor Jing has been more distant from him. Liu Wu, the king of Liang, was so frustrated and frightened that he soon contracted a bad disease and died. The Emperor divided the land of Liang into five, unknowingly weakening the power of Liu Wu's sons. After Emperor Jing created another prince, he was most uneasy with Zhou Yafu, who was the most powerful man in the empire, and took the opportunity to dispose of him. After the first year of Emperor Jingdi (143 years ago), even on trumped-up charges, Zhou Yafu was cut off from his post and imprisoned. A generation of famous general, 5 days do not eat, and finally vomited blood unjust death. Zhou Yafu was forced to die with the wrongful death of Chao Qiu, said Emperor Ming Jingdi, "widowed to kill", accustomed to cross the river to tear down the bridge. The mausoleum of Emperor Jingdi of Han Jingdi after three years (before 141) in the first month, Emperor Jingdi Liu Qi is sick, the disease is getting worse and worse, he knew that he could not, before his death, said to the crown prince Liu Che, "people do not suffer from its not know, suffering from its fraud; not suffering from its not brave, suffering from its violent." Not only do we need to know people and know ourselves, but we also need to know opportunities and stops. Emperor Jing seemed to have sensed that his son had many qualities that were different from his own, and he was relieved to leave the world in his hands; it was better to let him walk on his own, and it was useless to give him more instructions. Soon after, Emperor Jing died in Weiyang Palace in Chang'an and was buried in Yangling (north of Zhangjiawan Village, Zhengyang Township, Weicheng District, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province). Prince Liu Che assumed the throne, and this was Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.Liu Qi's personal mini-file?
Name: Liu Qi? Birth: Emperor Huidi's seventh year (188 BC)? Born: Emperor Huidi's seventh year (188 BC). Date of death: 3 years after Emperor Jingdi (141 BC)? Posthumous title: Filial piety. Posthumous title: Emperor Xiaojing? Temple: no? Mausoleum: Yangling? Father: Liu Heng? Mother: Dou? First marriage: when he was crown prince, age unknown? Spouse: 7, Empress Bo, Wang Yoo? Children: 14 sons, 3 daughters? Successor: Liu Che? Most successful: the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion? Most disappointing: Liu Wu, the king of Liang, who fought for the throne? Most unfortunate: the suicide of his eldest son Liu Rong? Most painful: the wrongful death of Chao Kao? The best thing about it is that it's not a good idea to kill people. Emperor Wu of Han, Liu Che (156 BC - 87 BC), was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of Han was the tenth son of Emperor Liu Qi of Han Jingdi, grandson of Emperor Liu Heng of Han Wendi, and great-grandson of Liu Bang, whose mother was Wang Yoo, who was made prince at the age of seven and ascended the throne at the age of 16. 54 years of rule. A great feat that no man has ever accomplished before. His great talent, civil and military achievements made the Han Dynasty the most powerful country in the world at that time, and the Western Han Empire under his rule was even stronger than the Roman Empire. It became the undisputed center of world civilization, and the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty became one of the greatest eras in the history of the Chinese nation that is most worthy of pride and display.?Biography?
Han Wu Di was the first of all Chinese emperors to use a year code. Upon ascending the throne, he continued his father's policy of weakening the power of the vassals by enacting the Pui En Decree proposed by his minister Lord Father Yan, which allowed the vassals to divide their fiefdoms by making their sons vassals. At the same time he introduced the official rank of assassin, which he used to strengthen his control over the localities. He also strengthened the centralization of the army and the economy, codifying iron smelting, salt boiling and wine making under the central management, while he forbade the vassal states from minting money, thus centralizing the finances in his hands. He adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to "depose all schools of thought and revere only Confucianism", paving the way for Confucianism's special status in ancient China. However, it is generally believed that he utilized Confucianism to unify the mindset, and at the same time, he adopted the legal and penal system to strengthen his rule, which is known as the "table Confucianism and the law". The use of the Chinese language in the Han Dynasty is a famous example, as is the active use of Ji An and the use of palace punishment on Sima Qian.
When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty first came to the throne, on the one hand, the political situation was relatively stable and the country's economic situation was relatively good, but on the other hand, the separatist factors of the vassal kingdoms still existed. Therefore, while continuing to implement the policies of Emperor Jingdi, he took a series of measures to strengthen authoritarian centralization. In the political aspect, firstly, he issued the "Pui En Decree", which made the vassal kings divide their sons and daughters into vassals, thus dividing the fiefdoms of the kingdoms and further weakening the power of the vassal kingdoms; secondly, he set up a centralized dynasty to weaken the power of the ministers and consolidate the sacred status of the imperial power; and then, he set up thirteen ministries of assassins, which strengthened the control over the localities. In the military aspect, the main thing is to centralize the military power, enriching the central military force; in the economic aspect, rectify the finance, promulgate "counting coins", "sue for coins" order, levy businessmen's assets tax, crack down on the rich merchants; and also take Sang Hongyang's suggestion, the iron smelting, boiling salt into the official camp, prohibit the county casting money, the government, the county and the state. Sang Hongyang's proposal, iron smelting, salt cooking to the government, prohibit the county casting money; set the leveling officer, the uniform loss officer, the government management of transportation and trade, greatly enhanced the national economic strength. At the same time, the construction of water conservancy, immigration to the northwestern part of the country, and the implementation of the "generation of field law" were conducive to the development of agricultural production. In terms of ideology, the adoption of Dong Zhongshu's proposal. The Confucianism became the dominant ideology of Chinese society and had a profound impact on Chinese politics, society and culture in the later generations.
Externally he adopted both soft and hard tactics, against the Xiongnu he sent Wei Qing and Huo Zaodi to conquer on the one hand, lifting the threat of the Xiongnu, and safeguarding the economic and cultural development of the north. He eliminated the Yelang and South Vietnamese regimes, established seven counties in the southwest, and brought today's Liangguang region back to China since the Qin Dynasty. At the same time, he sent Zhang Qian on a mission to the Western Regions, opening up the Silk Road, strengthening his rule over the Western Regions, and developing economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West. In the east, he sent his troops to destroy Wei's Joseon (the northern part of Korea) and set up four counties, namely Lelang, Xuantu, Lintun and Zhenpan.?
Han Wu Di paid great attention to the development of talents, and he established the Chaju system, which was the origin of China's systematic talent selection system and had a great influence on later generations.
In the late Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu used military force against the Xiong Nu and the Western Regions for many years, and spent a lot of money by holding Zen ceremonies, worshipping the gods and seeking immortality, as well as increasing the corvée service and taxes, which led to a large number of bankruptcy and exile of the peasants. In the second year of Tianhan (99 years ago), peasant revolts broke out in Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Nanyang. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty had issued the "Runtai Guilty Edict" in Runtai "Since my accession to the throne, I have been wildly perverse, so that the world's sorrows, not to be regretted. Since then, I have harmed the people and wasted the world, so I will stop all of them!" to show that recognize their own mistakes.?
In 88 B.C., Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked the Duke of Painting to draw a picture of "Zhou Gong's back to the lords of the dynasty" and gave it to Huo Guang, which meant that Huo Guang would assist his youngest son, Liu Fuling, to become the emperor. In order to prevent the young mother of the crown prince, Mrs. Hook Yee, from repeating the situation of Empress Lu's claim to the throne, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty executed her under the pretext of a cruel heart. In 87 BC,? Emperor Wu of Han died and was buried in the Maoling Mausoleum, with the temple name of Shizong.?
Family?
*? Empress Chen abolished the throne?
*? Empress Wei?
o?Hostile Prince Liu Zhi?
o?Princess Dangli?
o?Princess Yangshi?
o?Princess Zhuyi?
*? Mrs. Wang?
o?Liu Ma, King of Qi Huai?
*? Li Ji?
o?Princess Gai Chang (Princess Eyi)?
o?Liu Dan, King of Yan?
o?Liu Xu, King of Guangling Li?
*? Mrs. Li?
o?Liu Shell Sheet Metal, King of Changyi?
*? Mrs. Yin (尹婕妤)?
*? Mrs. Xing (邢娙娥)?
*? Zhao Jieyu (Mrs. Hooky)?
o?Liu Fuling, Emperor Zhao of Han?
On the other hand, Liu Fu Ling, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, was an ambitious and brilliant monarch who was good at employing people.?
At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Liu Fuling was the first emperor of the Han Dynasty.
In the beginning of the Han Dynasty, China was depopulated and underproductive due to years of war, but after a period of rest and recuperation during the reign of Emperor Wenjing, China's national strength was at its peak. Upon his accession to the throne, Emperor Wu of Han began to address the threat of the Xiongnu in the north. The use of famous generals, such as Huo Daizi, Wei Qing and Li Guang, along with Zhang Qian's diplomacy, made China a major player in the world. s diplomacy, China's rise to international prominence was immediate. After 30 years of operation. The threat of the Xiongnu was largely resolved. And it has become the dominant power in East Asia.
At that time, the Chinese empire was in the ascendant. In 28 BC, the Northern Huns killed the Chinese envoys. Eight years later, Chen Tang, the vice-colonel of China's Western Region Viceroy Office, utilized the armies of the Western Region countries and the Han troops hoarded in the Western Region to launch an attack on the Northern Huns, and finally wiped out the Northern Huns in one fell swoop. Chen Tang stated the reason for the attack to the central government: "Anyone who invades China, even if he flees far away, he will be killed." Such a spirit, now the children of China should also be ashamed.