In the Qin and Han Dynasties, the game of "Sai" was quite popular, and it was also called "Ge Wu" at that time. From Hubei Yunmeng Western Han Tomb unearthed the plug play chess board and Gansu Wuwei Mazizi Han Tomb unearthed painted wooden figurines plug play, can reflect the Han Dynasty Bian Shao "plug the fugue" in the plug play form of the depiction. During the Three Kingdoms period, the form of chess continued to change and had already had a spreading relationship with India. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wu (reigned from 561 to 578 A.D.) made the Elephant Scripture, Wang Bao wrote the Elephant Play? Preface", Wang Berg wrote "Elephant Play? Preface", and Geng Xin wrote "Elephant Play Scripture Fugue", marking the completion of the second major reform of the Xiangqi system. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Xiangqi activities were steadily carried out and recorded in historical books, the most important of which were the account of Wu Zetian's dream of playing Xiangqi in Liang Gong Jiu Jian (梁公九谏), which was contained in the Shiliju Congshu (士禮居丛书), and the account of Niu Shengru (牛僧孺)'''xuanqi Records (玄怪录)' about Cen Shun's dream of Xiangqi in the first year of the Baoing period (762 AD). Combined with the now visible Suzhou brocade of the early Northern Song Dynasty decorated with the four patterns of "zither, chess, calligraphy and painting" and represented by a board of eight squares by eight squares of light and dark to represent chess, and the copper chess pieces unearthed in Kaifeng, Henan Province, with graphics on their backs, it can be concluded that the form of Xiangqi in the Tang Dynasty was similar to that of the early Chess. The popularity of Xiangqi at that time can be seen from many records in poems and sagas. The three volumes of the chess book Simaroubouba Xiangqi Xuange (Simaroubouba Xiangqi Playing Grid) were probably written in the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was a time of widespread popularity and great changes in chess forms. During the Northern Song Dynasty, there were successively Sima Guang's "Seven States of Elephant Play", Yin Su's "Elephant Play Grid" and "Chess Potential", and Chao Jianzhi's "Wide Elephant Play Chart", etc. The "Elephant Play" was also popular among the people.
After nearly a hundred years of practice, Xiangqi was finalized at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty into a modern model: 32 pieces, a board with river boundaries, a general in a nine-gallon palace, and so on. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Xiangqi became a popular chess activity. Li Qingzhao, Liu Kezhuang and other literary figures, Hong Zun, Wen Tianxiang and other politicians, are addicted to playing chess. The court set up the "chess to be edict", chess players accounted for more than half. Folk have called "chess master" professional and specializing in the production of chess pieces and chess board craftsmen. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there also appeared various writings on Xiangqi such as Hong Mai's Theory of Chess Scriptures, Ye Maoqing's The Collection of Xiangqi Shenji, and Chen Yuanliang's The Story of the Forest. During the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties, Xiangqi continued to be popular among the people, and the technical level was constantly improved. A number of summarized theoretical monographs appeared, the most important of which were Dreaming into the Divine Opportunity, Eighteen Changes of the Golden Roc, The Secret of the Tangerine, Aptitude and Elegant Interests, The Plum Blossom Spectrum, and Bamboo Fragrance Zhai Chess Spectrum, and so on. Yang Shen, Tang Yin, Lang Ying, Luo Chip, Yuan Mei and other literati and scholars love to play chess, and the emergence of a large number of famous chess players shows that chess is loved by people of all social classes. After the establishment of new China, Xiangqi entered into a brand-new stage of development; in 1956, Xiangqi became a national sport. Afterwards, national competitions were held almost every year, and in 1962, the China Chess Association, a subordinate organization of the All-China Sports Federation, was established, and subordinate associations were set up in various places accordingly. over the past 40 years, due to the promotion of mass chess activities and competitions, the level of Xiangqi chess has improved rapidly, and excellent players continue to emerge, among which Yang Guanlin, Hu Ronghua and Hu Ronghua are among the most popular. Yang Guanlin, Hu Ronghua, Liu Dahua, Zhao Guorong, Li Laiqun, Lv Qin, Xu Yinchuan and others are the most famous.
Playing and eating
1. In a game, the player who holds the red disc goes first, and both players take turns to play one move each, until the winner, the loser, and the draw are decided, and the game is over. If it is the turn of the player to move a piece from one intersection to another, or to capture a piece of the opponent and occupy its intersection, it is considered a move. One move by each side is called a turn.
2. Movements of various pieces
Shuai (general): Shuai and general are the heads of the game, and are the targets for which both sides are fighting hard. It can only move within the "Nine Palaces", either up or down, left or right, and each move can only be made on a vertical or horizontal line for one square. The commander and the general can not be in the same straight line directly opposite, or go side judgment negative. Shi (Shi): Shi (Shi) is the bodyguard of Shuai (General), and it can only move within the Nine Palaces. Its path can only be diagonal lines within the nine squares. Xiang (bishop): The main role of the Xiang (bishop) is to defend, to protect its marshal (general). It moves diagonally two squares at a time, commonly known as a "bishop in the field". The scope of activity of the bishop is limited to its own position within the "river boundary", it cannot cross the river, and if there is a piece in the center of the "field" where it moves, it cannot move, commonly known as "stuffing the bishop's eyes". The rook: The rook has the greatest power in chess, and can move on both horizontal and vertical lines, as long as there are no stones in the way, and the number of moves is not limited. Therefore, a rook can control seventeen points, so it is called "a rook with ten pieces". Cannon: When the cannon does not eat the son, the movement is exactly the same as the car. Horse: The way the horse moves is always diagonal, that is, first horizontally or straight to go a grid, and then diagonally to go a diagonal, commonly known as "horse walking day". The horse can walk once the choice of points can reach eight points around, so there are "eight sides of the wind" said. If there are other pieces in the way, the knight can not go through, commonly known as "lame horse legs". Pawns: Before crossing the river, pawns can only move forward one step at a time, and after crossing the river, they are allowed to move left and right, but only one step at a time, in addition to not being able to move backward.3. Taking discs: When any piece moves, if there is an opponent's disc in the target position, you can take the opponent's disc out of the board and replace it with your own (i.e., "taking discs"). Only the cannon eats discs differently from the other discs: a disc must be placed between the cannon and the ejected disc to make a jump, commonly known as the "cannon attack" or "cannon attacking a disc".
The Board and the Pieces
Chess is a competitive game in which two sides play against each other. There are thirty-two pieces***, divided into two groups, red and black, each with sixteen pieces, and held by each of the two sides playing against each other. The pawns are the same, divided into seven types:
Red: Red has a marshal, two each of Shi, Xiang, Rook, Knight and Cannon, and five pawns.
Black: Black has a general, two each of sergeants, bishops, rooks, knights and cannons, and five pawns.
The rooks and generals, the squares and bishops, the phases and bishops, and the pawns and pawns all play exactly the same roles, and are there only to differentiate between the red pieces and the black pieces.
The place where the pieces move is called the "chessboard". On a rectangular plane, there are nine parallel vertical lines and ten parallel horizontal lines intersecting each other, and there are ninety intersections on which the pieces are placed. The middle part of the board, that is, the blank area between the fifth and sixth horizontal lines, where the vertical lines are drawn at the end, is called the "river border". The middle of the two ends, that is, the square between the fourth and sixth vertical lines at each end, where the diagonal crossings form a "meter" square, is called the "nine palace" (it has exactly nine crossings).
The whole board is divided into two equal parts by the "river boundary". For the sake of game records and the convenience of learning the game, the current rules state that the nine vertical lines are represented from right to left by the Chinese numerals one to nine for each vertical line of the red side, and the Arabic numerals '1' to '9' for each vertical line of the black side. Before the game begins, both Red and Black should place their pieces in the required positions. For each move of any piece, it is written "in" for advance, "back" for retreat, or "flat" if it is moved horizontally like a rook.
When any piece is in motion, if there is an opponent's piece in a position accessible to a player's piece, the player can take the opponent's piece out of the board (called a capture) and replace it with his own piece. Only the cannon has a different way of "taking" discs: it must be separated from the opponent's discs by a disc (either its own or the opponent's), and it can only "take" someone else's discs if it has this condition. It is important to note that the center piece is the one commonly known as the "gun rack". If the marshal and general are captured or cannot move, the game is lost. Game commentaries are the best, other books are also useful, but you have to buy a lot of them, and games are included. And it's fun to read, not boring. Interest is the most important thing, books are useless if you don't get into them.
Additionally, beginners should not play with chess software, which is a challenge and entertainment. If you want to play in a real game, it's best to play with someone who is at a higher level than you are, and not too high.
The initial position of the board and pieces:
Checkers, horses, bishops, generals, bishops, wagons
├￥┼┼┼┼┼┼┼┤
├￥Cannon ┼┼┼┼┼ cannons┤
Pawns, ┼?pawns, ┼?pawns, ┼?pawns,┼?pawns,┬￥
├￥┴┴┴┴┴┴┴┤
├￥┬┬┬┬┬┬┬┤
Pawns, ┼?Pawns,┬￥
Pawns,┬￥
├óΓé?┼?Cannon├óΓé?┬￥┼┼┼┼┼Cannon├óΓé?┬￥
├óΓé?┼?Checkers and Horses Xiangshi Xiangshi Xiangshi Xiangshi Xiangshi Xiangshi
Checkers is a traditional culture of the Chinese nation, which is not only well-liked by the general public at home, but also widely circulated in foreign countries, especially among expatriates and expatriate Chinese in Southeast Asia. Many overseas Chinese, Chinese, Hong Kong and Macao compatriots regard Xiangqi as a bridge and link between overseas Chinese and their motherland, and regard the development of Xiangqi activities as the inheritance and development of their own national culture by the descendants of the Yellow Emperor. In recent decades, with the continuous development of trade and cultural exchanges, Xiangqi has also developed a lot of enthusiasts in Britain, the United States, France, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany and other countries. Xiangqi is spreading from its birthplace, through Asia, to all corners of the world.
Now from Asia, not only the chess style is very popular in Hong Kong and Macao, but also in Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan and other countries of overseas Chinese and foreign Chinese, chess is also very common. Those regions and countries hold chess tournaments every year, and have set up Xiangqi General Association or Xiangqi Association.
In November 1978, the Asian Chess Federation came into being with the initiation and cooperation of overseas Chinese celebrities and chess players from some regions and countries in Southeast Asia. Now, the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, China, Brunei, West Malaysia, Hong Kong and Macau are members of the Asian Chess Federation. Hong Kong celebrity Mr. Henry Fok is the current President.
Since the establishment of the "Asian Chess Federation", chess activities in Asia have become more active, and chess exchanges and tournaments between Asian countries and regions have increased year by year, with the level of players generally improving, and a number of promising young chess players emerging. Singapore, the Philippines and Thailand have also specialized in training some female chess players, and the number of women playing chess has gradually increased. The Asian Cup Chess Championship, which reflects the friendship and level of Asian chess players, has been held for five times. The Asian City Masters Invitational Tournament was founded in 1981 and has been held three times. The 4th Asian Cities Masters Tournament is expected to be held in Macau. The Federation has also organized many friendly matches and visits between member countries and regions.
In recent years, Xiangqi has seen a promising development among Europeans and Americans. The United States, France, Germany, Canada and other countries have set up chess associations or chess clubs. It is worth noting that the chess masters of some countries also play Chinese chess, like some Chinese chess players in our country, have become two chess are good at "double gun will". In order to further promote the internationalization of Xiangqi, to attract more Europeans and Americans to play Xiangqi, and to promote the oriental chess to the whole world, so that people all over the world can share the traditional culture of the Chinese nation, and get infinite fun from it, the "Asian Chess Federation" entrusted the Chinese Chess Association to hold the "Seven Stars Cup" international invitational tournament, which is held once every two years, and has now been held for two times. The 2nd "Seven Stars Cup" International Invitational Tournament has 20 players from 10 countries and regions, including the Philippines, Thailand, the United States, Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, West Berlin, France, China, Hong Kong and Macao, etc., taking part in the tournament. It is reported that the Xiangqi organizations of the countries and regions participating in the "Seven Stars Cup" tournament will be brewing and organizing the International Federation of Xiangqi through the next few tournaments in order to further promote the internationalization of Xiangqi.
In order to encourage and attract foreigners of non-Chinese origin to participate actively in chess activities and improve their chess skills, Mr. Henry Fok of Hong Kong has offered a huge prize money of 500,000 US dollars to the foreigners of non-Chinese origin who have won the championships of international Chinese chess tournaments with the participation of the "10th consecutive champion" Hu Ronghua. In addition, the "Asian Xiangqi Federation" has raised three million Hong Kong dollars to promote Xiangqi fund, ready to use the annual interest in the translation of chess books, coaches and referees training courses, in order to facilitate the development of Xiangqi enthusiasts among pure foreigners, Xiangqi to the world.
The Chinese Xiangqi Tournament of the 6th National Games in 1987, according to the regulations of the competition, will be divided into two groups of men and women for team competition. Due to the large number of teams participating in the tournament, it was divided into two stages, the preliminary round and the final round. The preliminary round was held in April in Fuzhou, Fujian Province, and the final round will be held in Panyu, Guangdong Province, in the second half of November. The competition will be held in a fixed number of teams, with four people per team in the men's division and three people per team in the women's division.
The men and women participating in the tournament will be more than 180 each, which will be the largest chess tournament in the history of China's National Games. In the past, although the 1st and 3rd National Games also had Chinese chess tournaments, they were held as individual tournaments. There were very few units and players participating in the tournament. In the Chinese chess tournament of the 4th National Games, the men's tournament was held as a team, and the women's program was only held as an individual tournament because it had not been carried out for a long time at that time, so the scale of the tournament and the number of participants were not as large as that of this tournament.
Who will be the leader of the men's team? The author believes that this will be determined by the average strength and level of play of each team. According to the analysis of each team's performance in the recent national tournaments, Shanghai, Hebei and Guangdong have the greatest hope. The Shanghai team has the "contemporary chess king" and "ten consecutive champions" Hu Ronghua, as well as Lin Hongmin, Yu Hongmu and Wu Zhengwei. Among them, only Wu Zhengwei is considered a novice, in fact, he has been in the top of the Shanghai Municipal Tournament for many times, but Shanghai is full of talent, the past did not have the opportunity to play. In the 1986 National Chinese Chess Team Championship held in Handan, the Shanghai team held an absolute advantage and won the championship before the last round of the tournament was over. The Shanghai team is naturally the most promising in this National Games.
The Hebei team, with special master Li Laiqun and master Liu Dianzhong, won two national team titles in 1983 and 1985. In the 1986 National Team Championships, there was the highest call for the title at the beginning, but due to the ideological pressure of holding the tournament on the hometown of Ben, the players on the 3rd and 4th tables, especially the 4th table, did not play well on the field. The result was not able to defend the title. But after more than a year of pre-tournament training before this National Games, especially psychological training, this weakness of the Hebei team will certainly be overcome. If the level of the players in the last two tables can be played normally, the Hebei team will still be a strong contender for the gold medal.
The Guangdong team, which boasts newly minted grandmaster Lv Qin and old grandmaster Cai Fu Ru, failed to make the top three in the 1986 National Team Championships because of the strength of old champion Yang Guan Phuong, who hung up his sword and retired. But the 6th National Games by their host, the Guangdong team must pay extra attention to this, if you can adjust the lineup, will be able to reorganize, become Shanghai, Hebei to compete for the title of the powerful opponent.
As for the strength of the two northern armies Heilongjiang and Liaoning can not be ignored, in the history of the Liaoning team has twice won the title, Bu Fengbo, Zhao Qingge two masters and 3, Congtai player strength average, but because of the psychological control ability of a little worse, the last eight years of the record is not good. Heilongjiang team has special master Wang Jialiang, master Zhao Guorong, Sun Zhiwei and other famous players, won the 2nd place in the national team in 1985, and retreated to the 6th place in 1986, but the strength is not weak. It is said that this National Games, Wang Jialiang may be retired, acting as chief of staff, strategizing, and several young players to pick the burden, so that the adjustment may be more vital than Wang Jialiang personally draped in the battlefield. Hubei team has a special master Liu Dahua, 1986 national team tournament, although the division is not good, frustrated by the second team of Hebei, but then the courage to kill, in the critical moment to beat Guangdong, Hebei team, and finally into the top three. Zhejiang team has "desperate" YuYuHua and "flying dagger" ChenXiaoKun, because of 3, 4 two Taiwan strength is a little weak, not very big hope to win the championship, but will be the teams to win the champion of the roadblock. The above four teams into the top six hopes. In addition, Jiangsu, Anhui, Sichuan, locomotive and other teams also have a fight for the possibility of the top six.
The situation in the women's team competition is different from that of the men. Because each team consists of three players, one more per team than in previous editions of the team competition, this new rule will bring new changes to the overall results of the tournament.
In recent years, the strength of women's Chinese chess teams has been very different from that of men's. Originally Guangdong, Beijing and Shanghai were the three dominant teams, but now Shanghai, Guangdong and Anhui are the three dominant teams. Guangdong team from 1982, won three championships, the first and second Taiwan Huang Zijun, Huang Yuying two women masters of chess is in its golden age, the 1985 national tournament with an undefeated record to win the title. 1986 national tournament, despite the beginning of the loss of the Shanghai team, but undaunted, the latter rounds of consecutive victories, and finally defended the title successfully. The women's team for this National Games was increased to three, with Guangdong also having a candidate. The Shanghai team has a special master Shan Xiaoli, master Huang Yaoyu and rookie Chang Hong, with the strength to win the championship. Anhui team is in the rising period, the 1st table Gao Hua dominated the national individual tournament in 1985, and then cooperated with the 2nd table Wu Shuying in the national team tournament in 1986 to win the national championship. The women's Chinese chess team champion of this year's National Games may be among the three teams of Guangdong, Shanghai and Anhui, or it is possible that the three of them will take the top three places.
As for the Beijing women's team, because of the grandmaster Xie Siming into the university for further study, training seems to have an impact, 2 Zhu Jianxin strength inferior to Xie Siming, 3 practice experience is not enough to compete for the top three of the difficulties, but the Beijing women's team has to strengthen the training measures, after more than a year of pre-tournament training, may be restored to the previous best state, then will try to fight for the National Games to break out! Good results. They and the Sichuan team with national champion Lin Ye, Hebei team with rookie Hu Ming, as well as Shaanxi team with rookie Ma Lin, etc., is expected to enter the top six hopes, as to whether they can enter the top three, it depends on their clinical play.