The national singing method includes China traditional opera singing method, rap singing method, folk song singing method and national new singing method. Because the national singing method originated from the people and inherited the excellent tradition of national vocal music, it has diverse singing forms, distinctive national characteristics, vivid language and simple feelings. Therefore, it has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the masses and has become an indispensable spiritual food for people.
The main characteristics of national singing are that the focus of oropharyngeal cavity is relatively front, and the elasticity of oral spray is relatively large; Mainly oral * * * sounds, but also mixed with head cavity * * * sounds; Articulation factors change slowly, the edges and corners are large, the sounds move in the same direction, the sound points are appropriate and the sounds are harmonious; The voice has bright timbre, strong personality, flavor-oriented, and diverse techniques; The timbre is sweet, crisp, straight, moist and watery; Flexible use of breath; Give priority to with true voice.
There is no textual research on the initial age of China traditional opera aria, which has a history of at least 1000 years. It can be said that it is the traditional vocal music art of our people. Opera singing is mainly represented by Beijing Opera. Modern Beijing opera not only retains the original tradition in singing, but also adds forms such as chorus, duet and accompaniment. The band organization has also changed a lot, and Chinese and western music has been introduced into the accompaniment.
As the name implies, rap refers to a folk singing method which is mainly based on rap. The music genre is mainly narrative. In the Ming Dynasty, the rap art in China developed rapidly, with more than 300 kinds of songs. There are tanci in the south and drums, cross talk and allegro in Tianjin in the north, all of which are very popular. The rapper mastered the basic skills of enunciation and breathing very skillfully. Rap freely and charm.
Folk songs are characterized by sweet voice, clear pronunciation and mellow voice, delicate breath and high tone. Folk songs originated from the people and are valuable cultural wealth of our nation. There are 56 nationalities, different national customs and different national languages in China, forming colorful folk songs. It can be said that at present, some have formed a series of songs, such as: jasmine series songs, lullaby series songs, lovers series songs, folk songs, songs and so on. There are many admirable musicians who have gone through hardships to collect all kinds of folk songs all over the country. But so far, no one can say that it has been collected completely.
The new national singing method is a perfect singing method on the basis of inheriting the traditional singing method in China and drawing lessons from the characteristics of Bel Canto. This kind of singing has the advantages of national singing, such as clear articulation, sweet voice and flexible breath; It also has the characteristics of unified range, wide range and combination of true and false sounds. This kind of singing prolongs the singing age of folk singers. At the same time, this singing method can freely sing a long aria of a national opera, which is a gratifying achievement of many years of research efforts by outstanding vocal music educators in China. The concept of national singing introduced at the beginning of this section refers to this new national singing.
The difference between national singing and popular singing
(a) * * * sound mode
In order to make the voice bright, full and beautiful, the national singing method adopts mixed voice singing, which effectively plays the role of singing. The commonly used methods of * * * sound include the sound of the back of the head (head cavity sound) and the sound of the chest cavity (chest cavity sound), which forms a unique sound style. For example, the true voice is mostly used in the middle and low-pitched areas, and the mixed falsetto is mainly used in the variable voice area and the high-pitched part, resulting in the unified, free, expressive and infectious effect of the national singing voice. The use of * * * in popular singing is different. Pop singing can achieve the effect of amplification with the help of microphone, and it does not need powerful singing function in singing performance. Moreover, in order to keep the natural state of singing and achieve the effect of combining speaking with reading, most of the popular singing methods now adopt the way of real voice singing, and the way of singing with * * * is also singing with * * *.
(2) the way of throat opening
The vocal organs of singing are composed of throat and vocal cords. Opening the throat is an important part of vocal music learning, which is directly related to whether the voice is beautiful, colorful and infectious. There is a great difference between popular singing and national singing in the way of opening the voice. For example, national singing requires a smooth voice and a natural connection from top to bottom. The way and position of throat opening should be adjusted according to the style of the work. It is neither uniform nor arbitrary to open as much as you want, or to allow you to move up and down. Now the popular singing method is based on the real voice singing method, which requires that the throat position is generally high, the throat mouth should not be too big, and it is best to form a tube. To sum up, the throat opening style should be determined according to the demand of singing style, and should obey the requirements of singing works.
(3) Articulation and articulation
There are also great differences between folk singing and popular singing in pronunciation and so on. Mainly because the national singing method is based on the national language, and expresses the thoughts and feelings of the works with sound words and feelings. However, the scope of popular singing is generally not wide, the language of lyrics is close to life and colloquial, the lyrics are easy to understand, and the articulation should not be too detailed. This requires that the articulation in national singing should be accurate and clear in order to achieve the effect of articulation. For example, when singing and pronouncing words, we should emphasize the emotional expression of initials and increase the intensity of initials. The specific quantization intensity is more concentrated and exaggerated than the phonetic intensity, thus making the resistance of initials more weighty. The pronunciation and articulation of popular singing should conform to the style of the work, be cordial and natural, give full play to the appeal of the language, and convey the poetry and meaning of the song work through the language and life of the lyrics.
What is National Singing Method Part II: National Singing Method (Italian: Nazionale cantanti) is a kind of singing method created and developed by people of all ethnic groups in China according to their own habits and hobbies. National singing methods include China traditional opera singing, rap singing, folk singing and national new singing.
Folk songs and songs with folk style have strong local color. Dialect can better express the content and color when singing, but the general rules of Chinese dialect and Putonghua are the same, so it is feasible to sing in Putonghua. In style, the northern Han folk songs should be bold and unconstrained, the southern Han folk songs should be euphemistic and dexterous, the plateau mountain folk songs should be loud and clear, and the plain folk songs should be stretched freely.
Because the national singing method was born in the folk and inherited the excellent tradition of national vocal music, it has diverse singing forms, distinctive national characteristics, vivid language and simple feelings. Therefore, it has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the masses and has become an indispensable spiritual food for people.
Historical origin
origin
The origin of China national vocal music can be traced back to the matriarchal clan society more than 6000 years before BC. It comes from the production, labor and life practice of working people. The "Playing Songs" recorded in Wu Yue Chun Qiu and the "Working Song" recorded in Huai Nan Zi are the basic embryonic forms of China national vocal music. Their singing forms are mainly shouting and shouting. Strictly speaking, the evolution of China's ancient national vocal music art is a development process from the "chant" produced by primitive labor to the original music form combining song, dance and music, to song and dance, various operas, zaju, Quyi and folk songs, and finally to singing activities as an independent art form.
Vocal music art can't be separated from Hou people's songs, Tang poetry, Song ci, Yuanqu, Ming and Qing folk songs, China opera and rap art. Therefore, the ancient national vocal music art in China should include its origin and germination, and various vocal music arts such as operas, zaju, poems, ditties and rap should be included in the research category of ancient national vocal music art. The evolution of China ancient national vocal music art is actually the process of the origin, germination, evolution and development of China ancient vocal music art. In ancient times, the most primitive music was vocal music, which was the result of the struggle between human labor and nature. As Engels said, "labor creates man himself." Because labor produces language, the development of human brain prepares the conditions for the production of music. Primitive music is a trinity of song, dance and music, among which singing plays the most important role and the rhythm factor is more prominent. According to legend, "Playing Songs" written by the Yellow Emperor reflects the primitive hunting life: "Lu Chunqiu Ancient Music" records "Eight Ques", which is a group song with eight tunes, and performers dance and sing while holding oxtails. Although this period did not form a complete vocal art form, the performance was simple and primitive, but there were fixed pitches and simple scales, and the rhythm was obviously prominent. This marks the beginning of the germination of ancient vocal music art.
After 2 1 century BC, China entered the slave society, that is, the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. During this period, singing became more popular as an important musical form in ancient times. It is a common hobby of almost all social classes. But rulers and ordinary people sing different songs. According to the Book of Songs, there were 305 songs at that time, which were divided into three categories: wind, elegance and ode. The Wind has 15 folk songs, which are basically northern folk songs. The epidemic range is probably in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong, northern Hubei and eastern Sichuan. This is a work of nearly 500 years from the early years of the Zhou Dynasty (BC 1066) to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (570 BC). "Elegance" can be divided into elegance and vulgarity, and it is generally written by nobles and literati, which reflects social reality, sympathizes with working people and exposes contradictions within the ruling class. "Fu" is mostly an ancient "sacrificial song". "Wind" is the essence of The Book of Songs, which covers extremely rich contents and spreads in various ways: love, labor, living customs, satire, fairy tales and so on. Singing forms are also rich and varied: solo, duet, chorus and so on.
develop
The first stage can be traced back to China in the forties and fifties of last century, mainly represented by singers of the older generation, such as Guo, Guo and Wang. Due to the historical background and other objective factors at that time, the national singing method in this period should pay more attention to the musical sense of language, and its singing method combines the elements, singing methods and characteristics of many Chinese operas. It is mainly true sound, with natural and delicate sound and obvious characteristics of traditional folk songs. At that time, many excellent vocal works, such as My Motherland, are still widely sung.
The second stage is the 1960s and 1970s, mainly represented by Ma Yutao, Zhu Fengbo, Li Shuangjiang and other singers of the older generation. In this period, the national singing method has made a great leap in both the ability to control songs and the emotional interpretation of song works. They broke the traditional singing method with traditional opera as the element, and mixed falsetto in their voices to make their voices smooth and smooth, and changed the vocal skills that used to focus on real voices. For example, Horse, Go Slow is still popular today.
Since 1980s, many vocal music lovers in China began to study and study western singing systematically. Especially, with Zhu Fengbo as the representative, on the basis of the characteristics of China national vocal music, combined with the scientific vocal method of Bel Canto, he made a qualitative leap in vocal skills and created a new national vocal method. Later, represented by Song Zu Ying, Zhang Ye, Wu Bixia and other new generation singers, the third stage of the development of China national vocal music art was formed.
basic feature
Folk songs are characterized by sweet voice, clear pronunciation and mellow voice, delicate breath and high tone. Folk songs originated from the people and are valuable cultural wealth of our nation. There are 56 ethnic groups in China, each with different national customs and languages, forming colorful folk songs. It can be said that at present, some have formed a series of songs, such as: jasmine series songs, lullaby series songs, lovers series songs, folk songs, songs and so on. There are many admirable musicians who have gone through hardships to collect all kinds of folk songs all over the country. But so far, no one can say that it has been collected completely.
The new national singing method is a perfect singing method, which mainly inherits the traditional singing method of China and draws lessons from the characteristics of Bel Canto. This kind of singing has the advantages of national singing, such as clear articulation, sweet voice and flexible breath; It also has the characteristics of unified range, wide range and combination of true and false sounds. This kind of singing prolongs the singing age of folk singers. At the same time, this singing method can freely sing long aria of national opera, which is a gratifying achievement of many years of research efforts by outstanding vocal music educators in China.
The main feature of the first stage of national singing is that it uses more real voices, and the voice position is relatively high, mainly in the mouth and head cavity. When you pronounce, your mouth is stronger, your pronunciation and pronunciation are more obvious, and your pronunciation is clearer. At that time, singing with words and sounds was advocated, with bright timbre and thin voice. In the second stage, its main feature is that while inheriting China's early traditional folk singing method, it changed the vocal skills of giving priority to real voice and mixing falsetto, making the timbre not only bright, but also penetrating, making the voice more round and smooth; The main feature of the third stage is that on the basis of traditional folk singing in China, combined with the use of bel canto, the range and volume are enlarged, the pronunciation is relaxed and natural, the breathing is smooth, the voice is bright and concentrated, and the expressive force is extremely high. At the same time, the songs that can be performed are more difficult in skills and diverse in styles, which is a new chapter in the development of national singing and a new direction for the development of national vocal music.
The manifestations of national singing mainly include traditional Chinese opera, folk songs, folk art and traditional Chinese opera. There are hundreds of kinds of dramas in China, which is a complex drama system integrating drama, song, dance and art. The main manifestation of traditional Chinese opera is to mold the characters in the play with the artistic means of "four skills", that is, singing, doing, reading and playing, and "five skills", that is, hand, eye, body, step and method. Folk songs come from the people and can be divided into folk songs, minor songs, labor songs and folk songs. China is a multi-ethnic country, and each ethnic group and region has its own unique folk songs. Quyi is a unique artistic expression in national vocal music art, which is mainly manifested in the comprehensive form of speaking, singing, playing and acting. Opera and drama are basically the same, except for the element of "beating", and the national aria in opera can best reflect the singer's skills and level.
Singing form
The singing style of national singing is varied, which is determined by its own regional environment, history and culture, humanistic customs, national language, aesthetic concepts and many other factors. "Because of its vast territory and numerous nationalities, China has formed a personalized feature of singing national songs. Generally speaking, the south has a mild climate, beautiful scenery, beautiful singing, brisk, crisp and sweet; The four seasons in the north are distinct, and the singing is high, bright and passionate. " In the development of modern national singing, influenced by Bel Canto, its singing style not only retains the unique traditional essence of national vocal music art, but also gradually meets the aesthetic requirements of the public in terms of vocal methods and song works. It can be seen that the singing method of national singing is constantly improving, and it will become more and more individual and mature.
Traditional type
Traditional folk singing is mainly based on real voice, and mostly adopts abdominal inhalation method, which is characterized by deep inhalation, but the amount is small, and the formed inhalation pipeline is relatively long, which is not conducive to the unification of high, medium and low voices. * * * The sound mainly comes from the head and nasal cavity, supplemented by the throat, pharynx, mouth and a small amount of chest. Form a vertical columnar singing channel from the top to the head cavity, down to the throat cavity and chest cavity to achieve the best singing effect similar to the highlights of Chinese opera, which is different from the mixed singing of Bel Canto. Relatively speaking, the national singing method is thinner and shorter than Bel Canto in the use of * * * singing tube because of the use of articulation and polishing techniques, so as to highlight the nationality. The throat opening is moderate, the throat cavity is not required to be too wide, and the Adam's apple is relatively stable. Relax the lower jaw and lift the upper jaw. The * * * sound thus obtained is concentrated on the head and nose.
New singing method
The new national singing method, represented by Zhu Fengbo, borrows Bel Canto's method of combining chest and abdomen with breathing, which is full of inspiration and easy to control. In the high-pitched area, the head-controlled singing method is the main method, which increases the mixing of true and false voices, and the voice is bright, concentrated and penetrating. In order to properly use the oral cavity and chest cavity, increase the volume and increase the shock and artistic expression of national vocal music. Make the high-pitched area bright and have the metallic sound of Bel Canto school. In singing, three * * * vocals are often used together, rather than the mixed * * * singing method of Bel Canto school, in order to highlight the nationality. In beautifying language, although the role of chest cavity and oropharyngeal cavity is not as direct and obvious as that of nasal cavity, it can not be ignored in the whole singing performance. Their heads and noses hum alternately and closely, which makes it easy to pronounce words and make their voices smooth and sweet. Singing performance is more vivid and flexible, and the style, color and style are more distinct.
This new national singing method has created a new generation of singers, such as Song Zu Ying, Wu Bixia (a beauty and a person), Yan Weiwen, Liu Bin, Wang Hongwei and so on. , not only in the scientific, artistic, contemporary and national singing methods, but also in the color, luster, elasticity, tension, skill and beauty of the voice, as well as the ability, expressiveness, articulation and charm of controlling music works of different times, regions and styles. Under the influence of this new style, some new features have appeared in the singing of China traditional operas, and a few figures, such as Li Weikang and Liu Changyu, have emerged who can "do something unconventional" on the basis of tradition. Their singing is both traditional and modern, which is more suitable for the aesthetic requirements of modern people. Vocal music art and soundtrack are more integrated with the music world. Yu Kuizhi's performance in the 2004 New Year Concert is a highlight in the development of traditional operas in China.