Lijiang has a long history, very early in the footprints of human activity, is one of the ancient human activities in China.
Lijiang since ancient times is China's southwestern transportation and trade artery of the southern "Silk Road" and from Tibet into the "Tea and Horse Road" transfer station. The two ancient routes are both the Central Plains to Southeast Asia's north-south trade routes, but also to communicate with the Central Plains culture and foreign cultural influences on the transmission channel.
Lijiang is the home of the Naxi people, is China's only one Naxi autonomous county, but also inhabited by white, Yi, Lisu, Pumi and other ethnic minorities.
Lijiang's culture is characterized by openness, generosity and eclecticism. Naxi people for a long time to create and continue to maintain down the Dongba culture, is the world's national culture of a brilliant sorbet, is the cultural heritage of mankind **** with! Naxi Dongba culture's main record symbol "Dongba Wen", *** more than 1400 single words, known as the world's only complete preservation of the "living hieroglyphics", voluminous, rich in content of the Dongba scriptures, dances, paintings, rituals are fully demonstrate the Naxi Dongba culture. Fully demonstrates the Naxi Dongba culture magical color.
Lijiang ancient city has a long history, simple and simple as a picture, both the water township of the face, the appearance of the mountain city, the city of water, the mountains in the city, the city and the mountains are integrated, the landscape as one, the road is free, the streets and alleys are deep, the road side of the riverside, the willows brush the water .......
Lijiang, numerous historical and cultural relics. The more famous are the Lijiang seven temples namely Wenfeng Temple, Fuguo Temple, Puji Temple, Yufeng Temple, finger cloud temple, Xinghua Temple, Lingzhao Temple and Beiyue Temple, Baisha Ancient Architectural Complex, Three Sacred Palace, Longquan Temple ....... The combination of central and local ethnic cultures and the characteristic influence of Tibetan culture can be seen.
Lijiang at the same time honored to wear the national Lijiang Jade Dragon Snow Mountain Scenic Spot laurels. The scenic area contains the Lijiang ancient city built in the Southern Song Dynasty and many ancient temples and monasteries; Jade Dragon Snow Mountain with an altitude of 5,596 meters; the world-famous deepest and most dangerous Tiger Leaping Gorge; the stone drums known as "the first bay of the Yangtze River"; alpine vegetation, Danxia landforms and wonders of the main Laogun Mountain, Leming and other large areas of the geological landscape. .......
In addition, Lijiang also has the Naxi as the main body, white, Lisu and other more than ten kinds of ethnic minorities, strange and colorful ethnic customs and culture.
Lijiang is also one of the best areas for ecological protection in China, and is known as the "Switzerland of the East".
All in all, the ancient city in the vivid operation, distinctive Naxi Dongba culture, numerous historical relics, snowy mountains, canals, meadows and other beautiful natural landscapes ...... intertwined with this side of the hot land, will be doubly cared for by mankind and eternal concern... ....
Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County is located in the northwestern part of China's Yunnan Province, with its geographic coordinates between latitude 26°34' and 27°26' north and longitude 99° 23' and 100° 32' east, covering an area of 7,648 square kilometers and a population of It has an area of 7,648 square kilometers and a population of 3.29 million. There are more than ten ethnic groups living here, including Naxi, Liuli, Pumi, Han, Bai, Yi and Tibetan. Among them, the Naxi 1.84 million people, accounting for 57% of the total population.
Because it is located in the southern end of the Tibetan Plateau, the Hengduan Mountain Range to the northern part of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau transition zone, Lijiang's climate is affected by the winds of the plateau of South Asia, dry and wet seasons are distinct, the temperature does not change much, and the surrounding scenery is beautiful, the natural environment is beautiful.
Lijiang's terrain slopes from northwest to southeast, in a step-like decline. The highest point of elevation is 3396 meters at Fanziphe, the main peak of Yulong Mountain, and the lowest elevation is 1219 meters at Jinshajiang River Valley, with a height difference of 4337 meters.
As early as 100,000 years ago, there have been late Paleolithic Homo sapiens "Lijiang people" in the activities here. The discovery of cave petroglyphs in the Jinsha River Valley and the numerous neolithic, bronze and iron weaponry prove that Lijiang is one of the most important areas of ancient human activities in southwest China. According to historical records, during the Warring States period (475-221 years ago), Lijiang belonged to Shu County of Qin, Suijiu County was set up in Yuhan, and it belonged to Tubo and Nannan in the Tang Dynasty, and submitted to Dali State in the Song Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty (1271 A.D.), Lijiang Xuanwu Si was set up and was first called Lijiang. Ming Dynasty (AD 1368"-16644), set up Lijiang military and civilian government; Qing Yongzheng first year (AD 1723) set up Lijiang Province; Republic of China (AD 1911-1949) set up Lijiang County; July 1949 the establishment of the Lijiang County People's Government, in April 1961 was reset to Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County.
Lijiang Ancient City is located in the Jade Dragon Mountain, a plateau at an altitude of 2,400 meters on the plateau, was built in the late Song and early Yuan (the end of the twelfth century to the 13th century in the middle), with a total area of 38 square kilometers. The old Tushi Yamen in the south of the city, around the building of the Palace Court. On the main east-west axis, there are stone pagodas, danchi, halls, supporting halls, guangbilou, yuyinlou and other buildings. Xu Xiake, a great traveler in the Ming Dynasty, once marveled at the day: "the beauty of the palace, compared to the king". City
North for the commercial area, to the Sifang Street as the center, four trunk roads were meridian-shaped extension to the surrounding area, the street are set up commercial stores.
The east side of the city is the old time for the location of the government offices, the existing civilization Square, Temple of Literature, Temple of Martial Arts.
"City by water, water with the city in" is a major feature of Lijiang Dayan Ancient City. Located in the north of the city's Black Dragon Pool for the ancient city's main water source. Pool water from north to south and meandering down to the double stone bridge is divided into bundles, in the west of the three provisions of the stream, the tributaries and then divided into countless streams, into the wall tickle households, through the field to walk the court, forming the main street along the river, alleys in front of the water, across the water to build the building of the scene. Above the water network, different shapes of stone bridges, wooden bridges as many as 354, so that the bridge density of the ancient city of Danyan in China's top.
Lijiang houses are very rich in national characteristics, the layout of the plan has three workshops and a wall, four and five patios, the front and back of the courtyard, a multi-courtyard and other forms. The houses are built on the height of the terrain, mostly two-story, but also three-story, suitable and beautiful.
The Naxi people, who are the main residents of the ancient city, have a long and rich traditional culture, which is characterized by the famous Dongba culture, Naxi ancient music and Baisha murals.
As a famous historical and cultural city in China, Lijiang Dayan Ancient City has centrally embodied the unique living environment, local history and culture, and ethnic folk customs of the Naxi people. Its FuDaJinXing cultural connotation, for the study of the history of urban architecture, the history of national development, etc. provides valuable information. It is a precious cultural heritage not only for China but also for all mankind.
Features
(1)Lijiang Dayan Ancient City
1.History
(1)Development of the Ancient City
The last year of the Southern Song Dynasty, Lijiang Mu's ancestors moved their ruling center from Baisha to the foot of the Lion Mountain, and began to build a housing city, called "Dayefa";
South of the South China Morning Post, Lijiang Mu's ancestors moved their ruling center from Baisha to the foot of the Lion Mountain, and started to build a housing city, called "Dayefa. /p>
Nan Wei Zhi You first year (1253 AD), the wood first side of the A Zong A Liang attached to the Yuan Shiwei Kublai. Shiyou two years (AD 1254), in the "big leaf field" set up three talk tube people official, its establishment under the tea Han chapter tube people official;
Yuan Zhiyuan thirteen years (AD 1276), the tea Han chapter tube people official changed to Lijiang road military and civilian governor;
Yuan Zhiyuan fourteen years (AD 1277), three trekking The government was changed to Tong'an Prefecture, the state rule in today's ancient city of Dayan;
Ming Hongwu fifteen years (AD 1382), Tong'an Prefecture governor Ajia Ader returned to the Ming Dynasty, set up Lijiang military and civilian government, Ajia Ader was Zhu Yuanzhang Emperor gave the surname Mujing sealed hereditary governor;
Ming Hongwu sixteen years (AD 1383), Mulder in the foot of the Lion Mountain, the construction of "Lijiang military and civilian government office";
Ming Hongwu 16 years (AD 1383), Mulder in the foot of the Lion Mountain, "Lijiang military and civilian government office. Military and civilian government Yamen";
Qing Shunzhi seventeen years (AD 1660), set up the Lijiang military and civilian government, still by the Wood's hereditary governors; the first year of the Qing Yongzheng (AD 1723), the court in Lijiang, the implementation of the "change of the Shi return to the stream", to be appointed by the court of the stream of the government as governors, the descent of the Wood's for the earth!
Yongzheng two years (A.D. 1724), the first Lijiang LiuJiang governor YangBismuth arrived, in the northeastern side of the ancient city of jinhong mountain under the new LiuJiang governor's office, military barracks, professors, training department, and so on, and around these official building complexes to repair the wall;
Qianlong thirty-five years (A.D. 1770), lijiang military and civilian government of lijiang under the addition of lijiang county, the county government office was built in the ancient city of the south gate bridge; the second year of the Republic of China The second year of the Republic of China (AD 1912), Lijiang abolished the government to stay in the county, the county Yamen moved into the original Lijiang government office Yamen;
Thirty years of the Republic of China (AD 1941), set up in Lijiang, Yunnan Province, the seventh Administrative Office and the Lijiang County Government;
1949, set up in Lijiang Commissioners Office and Lijiang County People's Government,
1961, set up in Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County. in 1961, and set up Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County.
( 2)City Builders
Late Song and early Yuan, by the Wood's first favoritism A Zong Aliang construction of "big leaf field";
Ming Dynasty, the construction of Lijiang ancient city is mainly by successive generations of the Wood's governors to preside over the construction of the city. Ming Wanli years (A.D. 1672), the governor Mu Zeng construction of the emperor's permission to build the "Zhongyi Square";
Qing Dynasty, the first governor Yang Bismuth in accordance with the court system to build the government office and the government city. The Naxi people live by the residents according to the needs of family production and life, economic conditions and land conditions, free and flexible arrangements for the construction.
( 3) urban functions and residents
Lijiang Ancient City is the settlement of the Naxi people, is the preservation of the traditional culture of the Naxi people carrier. Since it was built, it has been playing the role of regional political and ethnic culture and education center, the hub of Yunnan-Tibet trade and China-India trade.
At present, Lijiang Old Town still lives in 6,269 households, ****25,279 people. Among them, the Naxi 16,999 people, accounting for the total population of 667?There are 30?residents are still engaged in the ancient city in the production of copper and silver, fur and leather, textile, brewing industry, mainly in the national traditional handicrafts and commercial activities.
2, features
( 1) site
Lijiang Ancient City to the large river tan gorge, high mountains and dangerous passes as a basis, in the city around the pass defense, northwest of the Tower City Pass, west of the Shimenkai, southwest of the Nine Rivers Pass, northeast of the Prince's Pass, south of the city QiuTangkai.
Lijiang Dayan ancient city site, make full use of the geographic environment and the Black Dragon Lake water, north of Jinhong Mountain, west pillow Lion Mountain, overall seat northwest and towards the bundle of the south, the use of the Lion Mountain blocked the cold winds from the northwest in winter. The south of the bundle is connected to the vast flat river, spring to welcome the sunrise, summer to drive the heat, the building is based on the mountain, cascading and undulating.
( 2)Street Square
Lijiang Dayan Ancient City of the streets to the four sides of the diffraction as the center, take Xinhua Street, Wuyi Street, seven one Wei, Xinyi Street, Guangyi Street, the five main streets for the pattern of the meridian. Streets by the mountains and the water, the space is sometimes closed, sometimes open, composed of a network of roads leading to the city.
The center part of the main streets are left with a square, which is the largest in Sifang Street. Sifang Street is not only the center of Dayan Ancient City, but also the center of trade and commerce in northwestern Yunnan. Its west side of the high point is the Kegon Square, a unique style of three-story gatehouse. On the west side is the West River, and on the east side is the Middle River. The West River is equipped with movable gates, utilizing the height difference between the West River and the Middle River to wash the street surface. This unique sanitation facility is rare at home and abroad.
The streets and alleys of the ancient city are all paved with red conglomerate (known as wuhua stone in folklore), which has the characteristics of not being muddy in the rainy season and not being dusty in the dry season, with natural and elegant patterns on the stone and delicate texture, which is very harmonious with the whole urban environment.
( 3)Water system
Heilongtan is the main water source of Lijiang Dayan Old Town, as a starting point, the clear water through the line network of river ditches flowing through the dry households, and scattered wells and springs constitute a rigorous water system to meet the needs of the whole city firefighting, water for residential use.
a River:
Located at the foot of Xiangshan Mountain, the Black Dragon Pool has dozens of outflow points, with water output ranging from 1,918 to 4,430 cubic meters per second, converging to form a pool surface of nearly 40,000 square meters. Pool water from north to south to the double stone bridge under the split into Shuhe, in the river, the West River. Three tributaries wells and then divided into countless thin streams, through the alleys and households, into the wall over the house, flowing throughout the city. The streets of the ancient city and the river are closely integrated, and the streetscape and water features complement each other. The widest part of the river is 3 to 6 meters, and the narrowest part is less than 1 meter.
b Springs and Pools:
The springs and pools of Dayan Ancient City include the Black Dragon Pool, the Baimalong Pool, and the Yishang Ganze Spring, etc. The Baimalong Pool is located on the south side of Lion Mountain. White Horse Dragon Pool is located in the southern foot of the Lion Mountain, west of the ancient city, also known as the Lion Milk Springs, the water surface area of nearly one hundred square meters, the water output O023 cubic meters / second. The spring water is sweet and pure, and has never dried up. Ganze Spring is located in the ancient city of Cambodia at the foot of the Jinhong Mountain, the water surface area of dozens of square meters, the water output OO1 cubic meters / second, the water quality is very pure.
c Wells:
Dayan ancient city scattered in many wells, wells mostly take the form of "three-eyed well". The "three-eyed well" is a well divided into three eyes, three eyes are connected, in order: drinking water eye, washing vegetables and washing water eye.
( 4)Bridges
In the Lijiang Ancient City area of the Yuhua River water system, there are 354 bridges, the density of an average of 93 bridges per square kilometer. The form of corridor bridge (wind and rain bridge), stone arch bridge, stone bridge, plank bridge, etc.. The more famous ones are Lock Cui Bridge, Dashi Bridge, Wanqian Bridge, Nanmen Bridge, Ma'an Bridge and Renshou Bridge. They were built in the Ming and Qing dynasties, with a unique architectural style, so that the ancient city of Lijiang has become a bridge city.
( 5)Residence
Lijiang Ancient City's residential architecture is a concentrated manifestation of Naxi architectural art and architectural style. It is formed on the basis of the original Naxi well-dried Benleng room form, absorbing and integrating some of the advantages of Han, Bai, Tibetan and other nationalities' architecture, and has distinctive local characteristics and national styles in the layout form and architectural art.
a layout and architectural features;
The residential buildings are generally about 75 meters high, two-story wooden buildings, there are also a few three-story buildings, for through the bucket frame, base Shi bad wall, tile roof, with an outside corridor (i.e., Du Zi). According to the different forms of frame and corridor, it can be divided into seven categories such as bungalow, bright building, rain step building, riding degree building, barbaric building, stuffy building, rain surface building and so on. Layout forms include three houses and one wall, four and five patios, front and back yards, one house and two yards, two houses and two corners, quadrangle, multiple houses, and multiple yard combinations, etc., of which three houses and one wall and four and five patios are the typical ones. Three houses and a wall, that is, the main house of a house, the left and right side of the room two houses, plus the main house opposite the wall, surrounded by a triple courtyard. Four five patio refers to the main house, the lower room, the left and right side rooms of the four square houses composed of closed courtyard house. In addition to a large patio in the center, there are four small patios or leakage rooms in the corners. The three houses and five patios are the most basic and common forms of Lijiang houses, and the other layout forms are their variations, evolutions, developments and combinations. Lijiang residential frame processing is very flexible, there are overhanging mountains and in the wooden frame of the main stress parts, with "Le Ma hanging", "foot", "through the square", "jack" and other components with the role of tie, the entire frame according to the slope of one percent so that the column head tilted inward, the root of the column to the outward expansion, enhancing the stability of the frame. In the joint node part of the frame, according to the force, respectively use "two-ledge tenon", "big head tenon", "flat insertion tenon", well set up the dark tip and other flexible nodes, in order to facilitate earthquake resistance. The heavy (shila) and light (plank) retaining walls are sturdy and practical. Lijiang houses in the body combination and corridor modeling on the vertical and horizontal. Wheel corridor beautiful; appearance of the facade is mostly stone masonry foot, wall plaster, corner brick, green tile roof, color harmony, simple appearance.
b Local characteristics of the residential courtyard:
The Lijiang residence pays great attention to the decoration of the house, which focuses on the doorway, the wall, the porch, the door and window partitions, the patio, the beams, etc. The form of the doorway has a brick arch. The form of the gateway has a brick arch, wood over the beam flat arch type and wood frame type three, brick arch type gateway for the middle of the high, two sides of the low three drops of water cards around the neck style. Wood over the beam flat arch type gatehouse is to wood over the beam support, outside the book of brick three drops of water pagoda. Wooden frame doorway is mostly double-slope roof, and the eaves are decorated with multi-layer flower boards and flower covers. Residential walls generally have three drops of water, a word flat two kinds of internal small porch wall decorated with marble. The doors and windows of the houses are decorated with wood carvings, such as birds, flowers, qin, chess, calligraphy and paintings, bo stone utensils, etc., which are the products of combining function and art. In addition, the beam square, to the head, railings, column base, foot, eaves, roof ridge and other wood, stone, tile parts are also decorated. Such as the beam of the beam carved into the head of the beast, commonly known as "lion head", to the base also carved into a drum, bottle, etc..
c Residential courtyard design:
The courtyard of the ancient city residences are paved with pebbles and stones as raw materials, and the pattern is determined according to the size of the courtyard or the owner's preference, and the content involves the flowers, fish and insects, the eight yin and yang, folklore and myths, etc., which is simple and simple and the layout is rigorous. Occupying a large area, more courtyards of the mansion, generally consists of two square a wall, flower beds, pools and so on.
(2) Danyan ancient city around the residential complex
1, Baisha residential complex
Baisha residential complex is located in 8 km north of the old city of Danyan, was the center of the Song and Yuan dynasties Lijiang political, economic and cultural. Baisha residential complex is distributed in a north-south axis, the center of a trapezoidal square, four lanes from the square to the four sides. Residential stores are set up along the street, a spring is introduced into the square from the north, and then integrated into the residential community, very distinctive. The famous Lijiang Naxi Stick Festival also originated here. According to traditional custom, on the twentieth day of the first month to open the hall (Baisha Wei east side, there is the protection of the law hall and other ancient building complexes) sacrifices to the gods. Lijiang on the day of all nationalities have come to worship, market trade to wood products, bamboo utensils, mainly, everything. Bisha residential complex formation and development for the later Lijiang Dayan ancient city layout Mo fixed the foundation.
2, Shuhe residential complex
Shuhe residential complex 4 kilometers northwest of Lijiang Old Town, Lijiang Old Town is a small market around. Shuhe by the mountains and the water, residential houses are scattered. There is a pool of spring water in the street, called "Jiuding Longtan", also known as "Dragon Spring". The water in the spring is clear, and the fish can be counted, and the water overflowing from the spring is winding along the street. In addition, the Qinglong River passes through the center of the village, and the Qinglong Bridge, built in the Ming Dynasty, crosses over it. With a height of 4 meters, a width of 45 meters and a length of 23 meters, Qinglong Bridge is the largest stone arch bridge in Lijiang. On the side of the bridge beam, there is a small quadrangle of 32 meters long and 27 meters wide. Surrounded by stores, according to the water to set up guards, the shape of the ancient city of Lijiang and the four sides of the street is similar, the same can lead to water to wash the street. 束何以发达的文化教育和手工业而著名。 The village has a large-scale Shuhe secondary school, many people engaged in leather processing and other handicrafts for a living, is the famous tanner's village, "Shuhe tanner, an awl walk the world," said.
(C) rich ethnic culture
1, important cultural relics and monuments:
(1) the Ming Dynasty Lijiang military and civilian government and wood home: Ming Dynasty Lijiang military and civilian government government offices and wood home is located in the southwest of the Lijiang Danyan Ancient City, built in the Ming Dynasty, Hongwu fifteen years (A.D. 13 years), the government offices are distributed in a 286-meter-long east-west axis, in order of arrangement, there is the Jinshui Bridge, the Zhongyi Square, Round pool, the main hall, light than the building, Shouxing building, Edward, a text Pavilion, Yuyin building, three Qing Hall (Yuquan between), until the Lion Rock Royal Park, a into several houses, majestic. The north side of the government office is built into a three-yard residence, commonly known as wood home. Lijiang military and civilian government offices in the Qing Xianfeng, Tongzhi years by the military chaos and looting, existing a text pavilion, light than the building, stone lions and so on.
( 2) Yuquan Ming and Qing architectural complex
Yuquan Ming and Qing architectural complex is located in the Black Dragon Lake Park, including Yunnan Province, the key cultural relics protection units of the Ming Dynasty building Fuguo Temple five wind building: Lijiang County, the key cultural relics protection units of the Civilization Square, stone lions, a Wen Pavilion, the relief of the forest gate building, light than the building, the moon floor, the Dragon Shrine, etc., to the five phoenix building the most distinctive
Fuguo Temple five phoenix building
Five Phoenix Tower (formerly known as the Law Cloud Room), located in the northern end of the Black Dragon Shan Park, was built in the twenty-ninth year of the Ming Wanli (1601 AD), in 1974 by the Zhishan Fuguo Temple moved back to the Black Dragon Lake, was announced in 1983 as a key cultural relics protection units in Yunnan Province. The building is twenty meters high, for the layer of roof ridge three heavy stretches of structure, the base is subzigzag, platform three stacks, the house stretches octagonal, three layers *** Man into twenty-four flying eaves, from any angle, see the wings of Ran Feiqiao, like five colorful phoenix spreading its wings to Yi, so it is called the five phoenixes building. The whole building *** there are thirty-two columns on the ground, four of them in the columns are twelve meters high, the columns on the part of the frame with a bucket approach to build, the tip of the building with a gold solid top. Ceiling painted with Taiji, flying god king, dragon wind is auspicious and other patterns, smooth lines, colorful, with Han, Tibet, Naxi and other national architectural art style, is a rare treasure of ancient Chinese architecture and typical examples.
( 3)Baisha Religious Complex
Including the Liuli Hall, the Great Solid Debt Palace, Dading Room, King Kong Hall, Wenchang Palace. Among them, the Liuli Hall and the Great Solid Debt Palace were announced as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in Yunnan Province in 1965, and now they have been recommended as the key cultural relics protection units in China.
( 4) Baisha murals
Baisha murals were distributed in the Liulidian, Dabaojigong, Dading room and other religious complexes in Baisha, painted in the early Ming Dynasty (early 13th century), there are 44.
The content of the murals to preach religious doctrines, both the Ming Dynasty Naxi social life content, a blend of Buddhism, Buddhism, Tantric and Taoist themes, in the artistic style of the integration of traditional techniques of Chinese culture and Tibet, Naxi and other ethnic minorities in painting styles, with fine and smooth coloring, colorful and colorful, the use of gold, gold, and other techniques, more seemingly brilliant wall; characters are realistic, different physique, outstanding personality, lifelike. Outstanding personality, lifelike, call to mind. Among them to the large responsible for the mural in the Palace for the largest scale, the most complete preservation. The largest one "such as to come to the scripture" 367 meters high, 498 meters wide, an area of 1,829 square meters.
2 mysterious Naxi Dongba culture
Naxi people since ancient times has created a unique national culture, because of its main preservation of dry Naxi religion Dongba religion and named.
Dongba culture mainly includes Dongba writing, Dongba scriptures, Dongba paintings, Dongba music, Dongba dances, Dongba magic weapons and various rituals.
( 1) The only living hieroglyphic script in the world:
Dongba Wanyu, the original hieroglyphic script, *** has 1400 single words, and is still in use today, so it is regarded as the only living hieroglyphic script in the world, and is regarded as the precious cultural heritage of all mankind. It has attracted the attention of the international academic community since the 1870s. The French scholar Barker first introduced 370 Dongba scripts in his book, "The Study of the Mamas", which was published in 1913. The American scholar Rock made an important contribution to the collection and study of Dongba scripts. Chinese scholars compiled "Naxi hieroglyphic spectrum", "Mamma hieroglyphic dictionary", etc., also represent the high level of research in the field of Dongba script.
( 2) The Encyclopedia of the Naxi Ancient Society and Dongba Scriptures
Dongba Scriptures are scriptures written in Dongba characters. There are about 40,000 books in existence. Which is not the same bibliography of about one thousand kinds of books, in addition to China, the United States, Britain, France, Japan, Germany, Canada, Austria and other countries have Dongba scriptures collection, only hidden in the United States Library of Congress and Harvard University book skeleton up to more than 4,000 books.
"Dongba" scripture is rich in connotation, is the study of ancient Naxi philosophical thought, religion and folklore, social history, ethics, ethnic relations, literature and art, voice and text of the precious information. Such as the Dongba scripture in the "Jumping God Dance Regulations", "sacrifices Shiluo law Yi jumping regulations", "dance origin", "dance origin and origin" and so on is the world's only hieroglyphics written in the dance spectrum, and now also according to the spectrum of the dance.
( 2)Dongba Painting:
Dongba painting, roughly divided into wood painting, cardboard painting, scroll painting three kinds, which is the most famous scroll book. "God Road Map" is a representative of the Dongba painting, about 14 meters long, about 30 meters wide, the whole painting is divided into three sections: the performance of heaven, earth, hell, written *** book has more than three hundred and seventy people, God, Fries, ghosts and more than seventy images of strange birds and beasts, line rental rough, simple and vivid shape pleasing.
( 4) a wide variety of Dongba rituals:
Dongba religious rituals*** there are more than fifty kinds. Among them, the larger ones include offering to the sky, offering to the eye, offering to the wind, and seeking longevity.
( 5) many Dongba magic weapon:
Dongba magic weapon counts about thirty kinds, the most important of which are: five Buddha's crown, the hat, the staff, Zhanlang (copper plate bell), Dagu (leather tambourine), the knife. Dongba chanting as an accompaniment to the musical instruments are : "negative negative plate Ko" (white conch, blowing device), "plate Ko (plow horn)," ear Shao "(gong) and so on.
3, Lijiang ancient city week also religious buildings
Lijiang ancient city around the distribution of many other characteristic religious buildings, these religious buildings contain Chinese, Tibetan Buddhism, Taoism and other religions, which are the five temples and Beiyue Temple for the most famous.
Reasons for applying for inclusion in the world list
Lijiang Ancient City is a historical and cultural city of high comprehensive value and overall value, which centrally embodies the local history and culture and national customs, and embodies the essential characteristics of social progress at that time. The flowing urban space, full of vitality of the water system, unified style of building groups, appropriate scale of residential buildings, friendly and pleasant spatial environment, as well as unique style of ethnic art content, etc., make it different from other historical and cultural cities in China. The construction of the ancient city is more reflective of the spirit of human creativity and the significance of progress that is unique to the architecture of towns and cities under specific historical conditions, as well as the valuable qualities of naturalism, pragmatism, straightforwardness, and compatibility. Lijiang ancient city is of great significance to the traditional settlement of ethnic minorities, its existence for the study of the history of human urban construction, the study of the history of human development of nationalities provides valuable information, is a precious cultural heritage, is China's and even the world's treasure, in line with the reasons for joining the "World Heritage List" a (V).
(A) Lijiang ancient city in China in the status of the city
Lijiang ancient city has a long history, simple and natural, both the water township of the face, the appearance of the mountain city, which as a long history of ethnic minority cities, from the city's overall layout to the engineering, architectural integration of the Han, Bai, Yi, Tibetan essence of the various ethnic groups, well since the Naxi unique style. In 1986, the Chinese government will be listed as a national historical and cultural city, determined the status of the ancient city of Lijiang in the Chinese city.
(2) Lijiang ancient city fully embodies the achievements of ancient Chinese city construction
Different from any one of China's royal city, Lijiang ancient city is not affected by the "square nine miles, next to the three gates, the country of the nine by nine latitude and longitude, by the way of the nine tracks," the copy of the original city of the Middle Kingdom. The city has no rules of the road network, no strict walls, the layout of the ancient city of the three mountains for the screen, a river connected; water use in the three rivers through the city, home water; street layout "meridian" settings and "curved, quiet, narrow, up to" style; buildings on the water on the mountain The staggered design art in China's existing ancient cities is extremely rare, is the Naxi ancestors according to the national tradition and the environment and the results of re-creation.
(3) Lijiang ancient city dwellings is one of the types of Chinese dwellings with distinctive features and styles
Towns, buildings themselves are the physical form of social life, residential buildings more than the government offices, temples and halls of buildings better reflect the economic and cultural, customs and religious beliefs of an ethnic group and a region. Lijiang ancient city dwellings in the layout, structure and modeling according to their own specific conditions and traditional living habits, organic combination of the ancient architecture of the Central Plains, as well as the Bai and Tibetan dwellings of the best traditions, well in the housing seismic, sunshade, rain, ventilation, decoration and other aspects of the bold innovation and development of a unique style, the distinctive feature lies in the composition of the body of the non-uniform, clearly showing the mountains and water, poor in the wisdom, Its distinctive feature is that it has no uniform compositional body, which obviously shows the creativity of relying on mountains and water, wisdom in poverty, skill and natural simplicity, and it also has great influence on the development of the Naxi nation in a long time and in a specific region. Lijiang houses are a rare and important heritage for the study of Chinese architectural and cultural history.
(D) Lijiang ancient city is the natural beauty and artificial beauty, art and applicable economic organic unity
Lijiang ancient city is the overall preservation of the old city style model. Relying on the three mountains and built the old city, and nature has produced an organic and complete unity, the ancient city of tile houses, lined up, surrounded by verdant mountains, the tightly linked pieces of the old city tightly embraced. The simple and vivid modeling of the city dwellings, exquisite and elegant decoration is the crystallization of Naxi culture and technology. The art of the ancient city comes from the Naxi people's deep understanding of life, reflecting the wisdom of the people, is the product of the local cultural and technical exchanges and integration of ethnic groups, is an important part of the valuable architectural heritage of the Chinese nation.
(E) Lijiang Old Town embraces the rich traditional culture of the ethnic groups, concentrating on the prosperity and development of the Naxi people, and is an important historical material for the study of the development of human culture
The prosperity of the Lijiang Old Town has a history of more than 800 years, and has gradually become the center of economy and culture of northwestern Yunnan Province, which has provided a good environment for the development of the ethnic cultures, and the Naxi who live here have created a brilliant and glorious history together with other ethnic minorities. The Naxi people living here together with other ethnic minorities have created a glorious national culture. Whether it is the streets of the ancient city, plazas, water systems, bridges or residential decorations, courtyard vignettes, threshold plaques, inscriptions and stones, all permeated with Naxi people's cultural cultivation and aesthetic taste, and fully embodies the local ethnic religion, aesthetics, literature and other aspects of the cultural connotations, moods and charm, to show that the history and culture of the depth and richness of the content. Especially with the rich connotation of the Dongba culture, Baisha murals and other traditional culture and art is the history of human civilization has left a brilliant chapter.
(F) about the authenticity of the old city of Lijiang
Lijiang ancient city from the overall layout of the town to the form of residential, as well as building materials, crafts and decorations, construction techniques, the environment, etc., are well preserved in ancient times, first of all, the road and the water system to maintain the original state, the five-stone pavement, stone arch bridges, plank bridges, the four sides of the street business square has been preserved. Residences are still being restored and constructed with traditional crafts and materials, and the style of the ancient city has been protected to the maximum extent by the local government, and all the construction activities are controlled and guided by Yange. Lijiang Old Town has always been created by the people, and well continue to be created. As a settlement, additions or "new buildings" that depart from the original form and structure of the Old Town are gradually being removed or refurbished to ensure that the artistic or historical value of the Old Town itself can be fully developed.
The Lijiang Ancient City is a historical and cultural city of comprehensive value and overall value, which can only be protected by its inclusion in the World Heritage List, so that it can be handed down for a long time, and the well can better fulfill its world significance.