Hunan flower-drum opera due to the popularity of different areas and there are Changsha flower-drum opera, Yueyang flower-drum opera, Changde flower-drum opera, Hengyang flower-drum opera, Shaoyang flower-drum opera, Liling flower-drum opera and other six schools of thought. Each of the flower-drum operas has a different artistic style.
Changsha Flower Drum Opera is popular in Changsha, Xiangtan, Zhuzhou, Ningxiang, Liuyang, Pingjiang and other places, and it is one of the most popular and influential flower drum opera genres in Hunan. As early as in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, it became popular in these places and has been performed continuously.
The main voice of Changsha Flower Drum Opera is "Chuan tune", which is used in most of the plays. Because of the use of silk and bamboo instruments for accompaniment, the folk called it "string accent". The "string accent" is also influenced by the Han tune Pihuang, gradually close to the music of the plate, there are also "first class", "second class", "third class There are also "First Class", "Second Class", "Third Class", "Guiding Plate", "Mourning Son", "Four Chambers of Mourning Son", "Ging Cavity "
The main repertoire of the opera includes Panfu, Sacrifice to the Pagoda, Catching Butterflies, Flying Kites, Liang Zhu Mourning History, The Legend of the White Snake, The Vegetable Garden Club, The School Money Hunt, and The Lulin Club.
Changsha Flower Drum Opera, with Changsha official language as its stage language, is one of the more influential flower drum operas in Hunan. It was developed from rural labor songs, folk ditties and local flower-drums, including the beating flower-drums, ground flower-drums and flower-drum lanterns, and has been around for more than a hundred and sixty years.
Changsha Flower Drum Opera, in the stage of ground flower drum, is from "two small" clowns and small dancers to "three small" clowns, small dancers and small shengs, and then from "three small" to a variety of roles. The "three little" has evolved to a variety of roles. However, the "three little ones" are still an important feature of Changsha Flower Drum Opera.
In the traditional repertoire of Changsha Flower Drum Opera, there are a large number of small plays and folded plays, which are the most characteristic and representative plays. The small plays include the "pair play" and the "three small plays". Most of them are developed on the basis of mountain songs, fishing songs, ditties, ground flower drums and bamboo lanterns.
Changsha Flower Drum Opera's folding plays are often performed as separate parts of the main plays, and they are the most popular plays in Changsha Flower Drum Opera. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the traditional repertoire of Changsha Flower Drum Opera was excavated and adapted, relying on the cooperation of veteran artists and literary workers. The focus of processing and organizing include fifty plays such as Liu Hai Chopping Woodcutter, Lulin Meeting, Yin Yang Fan, Nan Zhuang Collecting Rent, Liu Hai Playing Golden Toad, and so on.
In the music, it belongs to the "tune plate linking body", and the method of linking is according to the need of shaping the image and the requirement of maintaining the unity and coordination of the layout of the singing voice, linking the multiple tunes in the same tone, so as to achieve the purpose of portraying the characters and displaying the plot. However, in terms of expression, it is supplemented by plate changes to make up for the shortcomings of the tunes.
The sound of Changsha Flower Drum Opera is divided into three major categories: "Chuan tune", "gong tune" and "minor tune".
The first two categories are called the "main tunes", which have a fixed vocal format and melodic characteristics; the latter category of tunes has a large variation of melodies, rhythms, and modes, and basically each of them maintains its original folk song structure. The music of the Changsha Flower Drum Opera is derived from folk songs and classical tunes.
Changsha Flower Drum Opera has developed the roles of Sheng, Dan, Jing, and Chou on the basis of the "Three Little" operas. However, the clowns, small dans and small shengs still represent the unique artistic style of this opera. The clowns are divided into the clowns, short-bodied clowns, clowns in official clothes, clowns in rotten cloth, and clowns in milk.
The accompaniment band of Changsha Flower Drum Opera is divided into civil and military scenes. In the cultural scene, there are big tubes and suona. The big tube is the main instrument, shaped like an erhu, made of bamboo tube and snake skin, with a bright and thick tone, used to support the cavity and keep the tone when accompanying; the suona is divided into a big suona and a small suona, mainly used to play over the door. There are drums, gongs, bills, small bills and small gongs in the martial arts field. The beat is "kozi".
In the former Changsha prefecture, Changsha Flower Drum Opera is divided into five artistic schools: Yiyang, Xihu, Ningxiang, Liling and Changsha.
The Ningxiang Road, represented by "Learning Money Tune", mostly performed "Study Room Tune Uncle" and other small plays; the Yiyang and Xihu Roads, represented by "Batong Plaque" and "Xihu Tune", mostly performed "Xuemei Teaching" and "Xuemei Teaching". On behalf of Yiyang and Xihu Roads, they mostly performed "Xuemei teaches her son", "Meng Jiangnu" and other positive dramas; Changsha Roads, because of their access to urban and rural areas, had to devote themselves to the innovation of vocal music, and they were famous for their minor tunes, which were handled in a delicate manner, and the words were in perfect pitch, and were euphemistic and fresh and sincere, and they had developed the stringed music accompaniment.
After nearly a hundred years of artistic exchanges, the various flower-drum operas have merged with each other, forming the more complete Changsha flower-drum opera system today.
Yueyang Flower Drum Opera originated from Linxiang Flower Drum Opera, which is popular in Yueyang, Miluo, Linxiang and Hubei Tongcheng and Chongyang. During the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, there is a record in the Baling County Records of the flourishing flower-drum opera performed in the rural areas around Baling.
From the music, Yueyang Flower Drum Opera's main voice is called "qin cavity". "Qin cavity" tunes have "single sentence", "clip sentence", "dream tune", "Yin tone", "mournful tone", "a word tone" and so on.
Other folk songs of Yueyang Flower Drum Opera such as "Thinking of My Husband", "Thinking of Each Other", "Waking Up", "Ten Embroidery", "Returning to the House" and "The Returning to the House" are also popular.
The opera's other folk songs, such as "Sifu", "Lovesickness", "Went on Five Nights", "Ten Embroideries", "Returning to the Door", "Ten Cups of Wine", and "Plum Blossom Leader", are often interspersed with them.
The influence of the "qin cavity" by the Han tune is very obvious. Yueyang Flower Drum Opera has many repertoire is based on the "qin cavity", so it spread to E'nan Tongcheng, Chongyang performances, due to the music of the same origin, similar language, loved by the local people, and gradually formed a new local theater, called "fiddle play".
The main repertoire of Yueyang Flower Drum Opera includes "Thinking of My Husband", "Mending the Back Corset", "The Record of Lulin", "Double Stealing of Flowers", "Double Selling of Wine", and "Cowherd and Weaving Maiden", etc. The opera is also popular among the local people.
Whether it's "Qinqiang" or "Chuanxiao" strings, they are accompanied by strings, such as big tubes, and their pronunciation is rich and simple.
The second type of voice in both Yueyang Flower Drum Opera and Changsha Flower Drum Opera is called "gong cavity". The "gong cavity" is also called the "gong cavity", which means that the singing is accompanied by gongs and drums, and there are no strings or vocals to help the singing.
Yueyang Flower Drum Opera in the local gong music, such as "wooden skin tone", "Trojan horse tone", "resignation store tone", "four six tone On the basis of local gongs and drums music such as "Wooden Tune", "Wooden Horse Tune", "Resignation Shop Tune", "Four Six Tune", "Eight Together Plaque", certain plate music of Han Tune Pihuang was absorbed to form the "Guiding Plate", "Three Streams", "Rapid Board", "Scattered Board" and other board combination structure.
The third voice of Yueyang Flower Drum Opera is called "ditty", which is local folk music with strong local vernacular color. For example, the folk songs "picking tea tune", "looking at the mother tune", "inverted plate tune", "four seasons of green", "Picking Lotus Boat", "Washing Vegetable Heart" and so on.
Yueyang Flower Drum Opera also uses some of the gongs and drums of the Han tune, such as "Ten Thousand Years of Happiness", "One Flower", "Puffing Lamp Moths", "Winning Order", "Winning Order", "Winning Order", "Winning Order", "Winning Order", "Winning Order", "Winning Order", and so on. The music of some gongs and drums, such as "Wannian Huan", "Yi Zhi Hua", "Puffing the Lamp Moth", "Sheng Sheng", "Willow Shaking the Gold", "Pong Zhuang Tai", and so on, are used as music for the door and the stage.
Yueyang Flower Drum Opera, as an independent opera, the earliest performances were the less melodramatic "two small" plays, i.e., once in a lifetime, and "three small" plays, i.e., once in a lifetime, a clown, mostly in local ditties.
Later, Yueyang Flower Drum Opera was influenced by Hubei Han Opera and other types of theater to play plays with strong plots and more characters.
The Changde Flower Drum Opera is mainly popular in Changde, Taoyuan, Hanshou, Linli, Dayong and Cili.
The Changde Flower Drum Opera originated from the folkloric "Cai Cha Lantern" and "Che Er Lantern", and flowed into the city at the end of the Qing Dynasty. During the Xuantong period, Changsha Daily recorded that Changde banned "lanterns and obscene plays", which forced the later flower-drum opera classes to perform together with Hanban, in which they were directly influenced by Changde's Han opera.
Previously, there were many flower-drum opera artists who studied Han opera and joined the Han class, and their performances were often flower-drum and Han tune "two pots", which was locally known as "two whirling classes". This situation has continued until after the founding of New China.
The music of Changde is also "Chuan tune", "gong accent" and "small tune". The main repertoire includes "Lin Ying's Flower Viewing", "Jumping over the Powder Wall", "Picking Mushrooms", "Double Descending from the Mountain", and "The Death of Sister You", which was adapted after the founding of New China.
Hengyang Flower Drum Opera is a kind of small folk drama popular in the southern Hunan region of Hunan Province. The name of the opera varies from place to place, and it is called "Horse Lantern" in the area of Hengyang, Hennan, Leiyang and Changning, "Ground Flower Drum" in the area of Youxian and Chaling, "Flower Lantern" in the area of Anren, and "Flower Lantern" in the area of Yongxing and Jiangzuo. Jiangzuo area is also called "lanterns", Jiangyue is called "singing".
Shaoyang Flower Drum Opera, formerly known as Flower Drum and Flower Drum Opera, originated in Shaoyang County in the olden days and became known as Shaoyang Flower Drum Opera in the 1950s. Mainly popular in the present Shaoyang City and Shaodong, Xinshao, Shaoyang, Longhui, Dongkou, Xinhua County and other counties and cities, to the Qi Opera Baohe Pai play white combined with the local language of Shaoyang as the language of the stage, is one of the most local characteristics of Hunan flower-drum opera.
Shaoyang Flower Drum Opera absorbed the essence of Shidao Opera, Sai Shenzha story and local traditional songs and dances based on the lantern play, and later absorbed some stage art forms of Qi Opera, which made the performance art rich and wonderful, especially the performance art of Xiaodan, Xiaojun and Xiaosheng is more characteristic.
Shaoyang, formerly known as Baoqing, is a place of deep cultural roots, with a developed folk culture and flourishing songs and dances. The Shaoyang Flower Drum Opera was developed on the basis of local folk songs and dances, such as "Playing Pairs" and "Carriage Lights".
"Playing Pairs", or "Pairs of Flower Drums", is performed by clowns and small dancers. The clowns walk in short steps, singing and dancing. "Car and Horse Lantern", i.e., once in a car, a clown pushes a car, a clown rides a horse, singing and dancing on the same stage. Its "car" and "horse" are made of bamboo and silk, tied to the actors. The "playing pair" and "car and horse lamp" are accompanied by gongs and drums playing rhythm, huqin and suona.
From a stylistic point of view, the Shaoyang Flower Drum Opera can be divided into three styles: Eastern, Southern and Western.
The East Road originated from the "Carriage Lantern", with Sichuan tunes and gongs and drums as the main musical materials, and the artists are all male, mostly sorcerers, practicing sorcery while singing opera.
South Road originated from the "pairs of flower drums", music to walk on the field of cards, ditties, artists are more women, often with the pedal soft rope acrobatic artists to perform in a joint class, or both skills, pedal soft rope during the day, singing flower drums at night.
West Road and South Road with the same origin, music is mainly ditties, artists are also mostly sorcerers from the side of the witch, while singing opera, the male role is dominated by the intermittent female Dan. The West Road and the South Road merged earlier, so there is a big difference in style between the East Road and the South Road.
Early Shaoyang flower-drum opera, mostly for the "social fire" performances, festivals and tour Nuo, celebrating Niangniang and other religious activities in the countryside event, that is, temporary invitations to gather in the field, lawn performances, are some of the amateur class society.
Qing Xianfeng years, the emergence of semi-professional and professional class, members of craftsmen, farmers, sorcerers and so on. They were busy farming, farming in their spare time from the arts, some of them were singing opera while traveling witch, performances are also mostly in the county suburbs and townships. Some professional classes, year-round travel, traveled as far as Gui, Qian, Gan, E, Yunnan, Shu territory part of the city and countryside, known as "Jianghu class".
The Liling Flower Drum Opera is a popular flower drum opera in Liling, Hunan Province, loved by people in Liling and influenced by neighboring operas, and has become a flower drum opera with unique charm.
The flower-drum opera of the above mentioned places is the wondrous flower in the hundred gardens of literature and art in China. In particular, the famous Hunan flower-drum opera "Liu Hai Chopping Woodcutter", which has been sung all over the country and is popular at home and abroad, and its popular "Bigu tone" singing, is loved by the people all over the country.