The sun and the moon are divided into two shoulders, the stars are listed in the back, from the "shoulders of the sun and the moon, the back of the stars" has become the emperors coronet of the established style. Coronet, is the ancient imperial courtiers to participate in ritual ceremonies worn by the crown. Used as the emperor, the public official, etc. worn by the sacrificial clothing. The top of the crown, there is a rounded rectangular coronet plate, the coronet plate before and after the hanging "tassels". The tassels, depending on the number and quality of different materials, are an important symbol of the distinction between the high and the low. Anyone who wears a crown must wear a coronet. Coronet to Xuan upper garment, vermilion lower garment, the upper and lower painted with chapter pattern. In addition, there are also cover the knees, wear a ribbon, red slippers and so on. Composition of a complete set of clothing. This service system began in the Zhou Dynasty, through the Han, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, has continued to the Qing Dynasty, extending more than two thousand years. This picture shows the emperor wearing a crown and coronet in the Tang Dynasty (mural painting of Cave 220 in Mogao Caves, Dunhuang).
Sui-Tang Five Dynasties dress - the early Tang armor and military uniforms basically maintained since the North and South Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty style and form. After the Zhenguan, a series of dress system reforms, gradually formed a Tang Dynasty style military dress. Gaozong, Zetian two dynasties, the country's power is flourishing, the world peace, the upper group of luxury is becoming increasingly serious, most of the military uniforms and armor from the use of the function, evolved into a beautiful and luxurious, decorative ceremonial dress. After the "Anshi Rebellion", heavy with the restoration of the kind of jinjiaotiema era is conducive to the practical state of combat, especially armor, the late Tang Dynasty has formed a basic fixed form, the armor of the Tang Dynasty, according to the "Tang six canonical" records, there are bright light, light to be, fine scales, mountain text, bird hammer, white cloth, soap Juan, cloth back, infantry, leather armor, wood armor, locks, horse armor Thirteen kinds of armor. One of the bright light, light to be, lock son, mountain text, bird hammer, fine scale armor is iron armor, the latter three are named after the style of armor pieces. Leather armor, wooden armor, white cloth, soap juan, cloth back, on the other hand, is named after the manufacturing material. In the armor, still the most common use of Mingguang armor. The picture shows the restoration of warriors wearing Mingguang armor and military uniforms in the Tang Dynasty.
Chinese folk songs and dances
Chinese folk songs and dances are rich and colorful with a long history. In China's historical relics and ancient stone murals, a large number of images of songs and dances from thousands of years ago are vividly depicted. In China's first poetry collection, the Book of Songs, recorded the Central Plains region of young men and women, "no winter, no summer, value of its heron feathers," singing and dancing in full bloom. Throughout the ages, court bands have performed the songs and dances of various ethnic groups, and many outstanding singers and dancers have appeared in succession.
Dance drama, as a combination of dance, theater, music performance form, in China's history has a long history. There are many dance drama repertoires in China's classical opera art and folk dance. The contents of Chinese folk dance dramas are wide-ranging, some of which are taken from historical themes and myths and legends, while others reflect real life. The dance vocabulary mainly comes from classical dances in Chinese opera, ancient dance images on historical relics, folk dances of various ethnic groups and real life, forming a scene of a hundred flowers competing, which is loved by Chinese and foreign audiences. The more famous dance dramas are "Silk Road Flowers and Rain", "Po Lin Lantern", "Dagger Club", "Zhuo Wa Sangm", "Run to the Moon", "Liang Zhu", "Pearl Lake" in recent years, the outstanding plays are staged in "Cang Yuan", "Snowflake. Snowflake", "long Min water love", "Princess Yilan", "Peacock Dance" and so on.
The fifties ballet and modern dance came to China, ballet "blessing", "home", "thunderstorm", "peacock gall" and modern ballet "white hair girl", "red mother", "the little girl who sells matches" and so on, has won many awards in the international ballet competition.
China's vast territory, a large number of ethnic groups, each ethnic group can sing and dance. In the folk, it is widely spread the content of a wide range of different forms, lively, colorful song and dance art. There are reflections of labor production, love life, customs, martial arts fighting, but also reflect the natural scenery, flowers, birds, fish and insects. In the form of song and dance, song and dance, a combination of strong infectious, to achieve the "song to chant, dance to the full meaning of" the artistic effect. According to statistics, the country has nearly a thousand kinds of folk dance, such as the Han's "Dragon Dance", "Lion Dance", "Red Silk Dance", "Flower Encouragement", Mongolia's "Andai Dance", the Tibetan "String Dance", Uygur's "Sai Naim Dance", the Yi's "Jumping Moon", the Dai's "Peacock Dance", the Korean's "Fan Dance", the Miao's "Lusheng Dance", the Zhuang's "Bianluan Dance" and so on.
History evolved into the Sui (581--618) Tang Dynasty, the Chinese land experienced many wars and social upheavals. The strong political conflicts between the various ethnic groups advanced the integration of each other's cultures. In the Sui Dynasty, there were nine sections of music and dance, which were centralized, and in the Tang Dynasty, the number of sections was increased to ten, which is a clear indication of the abundance of songs and dances. In the folk art of song and dance to
Theater is another step closer. At this time there is the so-called big face, also known as generation face, that is, wearing a mask performance of the play. The famous play is "King Lanling's Entry Song". It is said that Gao Changgong, the king of Lanling in Northern Qi (550--577), was brave but handsome. He felt that at this time there was the so-called Da Mian, also known as Dai Mian, i.e., a play performed with a mask. The famous play is "King Lanling's Entry Song". It is said that Gao Changgong, the King of Lanling in Northern Qi (550--577), was brave but handsome. He felt that he was not enough to intimidate his enemies, so he wore a woodcut mask to the battlefield. This play was transmitted to Japan.
The three famous Tang dynasty song-and-dance operas, "The King of Lanling," "The Dialing of Heads," and "The Treading of the Lady," each have a short but complete story, with characters and conflicts. The plots develop toward prescribed endings.
Tibetan Nanping Dance
The Nanping folk dance around Jiuzhaigou is mainly represented by the dance of the Baima Tibetans. The Baima Tibetans can sing and dance well, and their dances are divided into two categories: ritual and self-indulgence. The ritual dance is represented by the "Rang" dance, the content of which is to offer sacrifices to the gods, pray for blessings and drive away ghosts and evil spirits. When jumping, several people wear various animal masks on their heads, and the dance simulates the dynamics of beasts and fowls, which is rough, athletic, dexterous and lively. Self-indulgent dance to celebrate and praise for the main content, jumping men, women and children around the fire even arm treading song, circle and dance.
Huaping Dai Peacock Dance
The Peacock Dance of the Dai people in Huaping has a distinctive national style and local characteristics. In the Water Splashing Festival and other grand national festivals of the Dai people, you can see the local Dai people dancing the peacock dance, whether it is a group dance, a double dance and a single dance, all the peacocks are simulated in various postures and artistic exaggeration, which gives a person a kind of soft and beautiful enjoyment.
The Lisu Song and Dance
The Song and Dance is a kind of national song and dance of the Lisu people, and the dancers gather around the bonfire, singing and dancing with the gourd sheng. The song and dance is based on jumping, and the rhythm of the dance is constantly changing. There is a beautiful legend of the origin of the song and dance, there is an old man raised five swarthy son, they protect the cottage, fending off invaders, and then the five heroes were poisoned by the enemy, the villagers to commemorate the five heroes, surrounded by the campfire. To song mourning, the foreign enemy was also scared to enter the cottage, since the Lisu people live in peace.
Mosuo people a rub dance
Mosuo people's "beat jump" or "pot pile dance". The origin of the dance is said to be the ancient Mosuo people in the foreign invasion, the tribal leaders mobilized the people in the village on a pile of burning fires, and around the fire shouting and stomping, creating momentum, and help grow the wind. After repelling the enemy, and singing and dancing around the fire to celebrate the victory. A rubbing dance evolved into a mass entertainment dance. Today, people in order to celebrate the harvest, festivals, praying to the gods, etc., are to jump up the cheerful A rub dance, young men and women also take the opportunity to talk about love, make friends with Axia. A rub dance dance rough, the rhythm is robust and fast, jumping not yet people enjoy the most.
Naxi A Li Li
A Li Li is a traditional Naxi song and dance, the tone of its cheerful and relaxed, at festivals and happy events, you can see the Naxi people in a circle, jumping this traditional folk song and dance. A Li Li dancing method is simple, the dancers hold hands, a lead singer, and the crowd and, while dancing and singing. "A Li Li" tune is fixed, the content of the lyrics are improvised, more than the expression of people's happy mood, five words in a sentence, after the first three words, then from the first word sung, the general Naxi village square and the ancient city of Sifangjie and the new city of Hongtaiyang Square can often see Naxi around a circle, improvised jumping A Li Li, you can feel free to join in and experience it for yourself! This ancient national song and dance.
Naxi Oh Hot Hot
It is a traditional song and dance passed down in the Naxi folklore, with distinctive rhythms, loud and clear, and majestic. It is accompanied by simple and rough dance steps that make people feel as if they have returned to the distant nomadic life, reflecting the hardships and joys of the ancient nomadic life of the Naxi people. Now it has become a mass entertainment song and dance singing happiness and yearning for beauty.
Naxi Reba Dance
The Reba Dance is a form of Naxi song and dance influenced by the Tibetan people, a collective dance, performed by men holding brass bells, women holding crank drums, men and women mixed performances. Reba Dance is a square performance form, singing and drumming with the rhythm of the song and dance and change, sometimes high and fluttering, bells and drums ringing, sometimes soothing and deep feelings, bells and drums ringing low. Reba dance atmosphere warm, and mixed with miscellaneous songs and folk songs and dances, is loved by the Naxi people a kind of national songs and dances. The Jeba Dance is usually performed on the occasion of celebrations or grand festivals, and is usually held in village squares or towns with wide open spaces.
Sui-Tang Dynasty, the use of more advanced "irrigation steel method" instead of the hundred refining method, the refining of the knife is more tough and sharp. The Tang dynasty knife has a knife, place knife, horizontal knife three. The ceremonial knife was the weapon used by the imperial guards; the placebo knife was the knife used by general officials; the horizontal knife was the battle knife specially equipped for the army. The Tang Dynasty not only paid attention to maintaining the traditional production techniques of the Han nationality, but also absorbed a lot of foreign knife-making techniques along with the extensive economic and cultural exchanges between countries and nationalities, which made the production of swords more practical. Ming Dynasty army used the most is "waist knife". The body of the waist sword was long and narrow, with a curved body and an extended blade, which absorbed the strengths of the Japanese sword and increased the power of chopping and killing. Qi Jiguang, a famous general and anti-Japanese hero of the Ming Dynasty, attached great importance to the production of the waist knife, and in his military work "Practicing Soldier's Records", there is a detailed study and record of the production method of the waist knife. During the Qing Dynasty, the types of knives were even more complicated, including waist knives, double knives with rolled backs, spleen knives, double-handed belt knives, back knives, nest knives, mandarin duck knives, stern knives, cutter knives, wind-drenched knives, etc. Among them, the most widely used knives were the waist knives, which were widely used in combat. Among them, the waist knife and the two-handed belt knife are widely used in combat. The upper part of the belt knife is straight, the lower part is slightly curved, and the blade is slightly narrow. Knife body length of three feet two inches, handle length of three inches, weighing one catty ten two (1 catty = 16 two in ancient times), generally used in cavalry combat. Two-handed knife, handle length of one foot five inches, can be grasped by both hands, the blade is long and especially wide and heavy, the upper part of the flat line. Infantry in close combat, a knife to cut, can break the enemy head or limbs. Short sword in the Ming and Qing dynasties is still one of the army's main weapons. According to the "qing history" on the record, the qing dynasty huang taiji ascension to the throne, the first out of the lineup is, by the man, mongolian, han composed of six army: the horse team infantry, lance team, short sword team, crossbow team, rattan team ...... then the short sword team used the sword is close to the "saber" that we have seen since then! This kind of sword also has the kind of sword called "saber". This kind of knife and the kind of military knife called "big blade", has been extended to the anti-Japanese war
Tang Dynasty bow is divided into four kinds of long bow, angle bow, slightly bow and frame bow. The long bow was used for infantry combat, the angular bow was used for cavalry combat, and the slight bow and the check bow were used for hunting and by the imperial guards. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the shape of the bow became more and more homogenized, and could be roughly divided into the common bow and the practice bow. The former focuses on the accuracy of shooting, and the latter practices the arm strength of bow opening, so the practice bows are "big bow" and "long bow". The Ming Dynasty paid special attention to the selection and production of bows, and the materials used for a bow often came from many places.
In ancient Chinese history, all generations of courtiers attached great importance to the production and use of the bow. Because in ancient warfare, "two armies meet, the bow in the first". Whether it is attacking or defending the town, or ambush warfare, positional warfare can be bow and arrow as a sharp weapon, "the first to strike for strength". Since the introduction of firearms, the bow and arrow is still lightweight and handy, high hit rate of the long and continue to serve in the military, has been extended to the end of the Qing Dynasty. To this day, we can still witness the martial arts style of archery in the sports arena.
The Tang Dynasty, a military book, "the divine mechanism of the enemy Taibai Yin Jing" records, stone-throwing machine made of wood throughout the body, the gun mounted above the horizontal can be rotated on a shaft, fixed on the shaft of the long pole called "tip", play a lever. Only a wooden pole is called "single tip", set up more than one wooden pole is called "multi-tip", the more the tip, you can throw the stone bomb the heavier, the farther. Ancient cannon tip up to 13 tips. The tip of the selected wood needs to be specially processed, so that it is both strong and flexible. In addition, because the stone-throwing machine is the use of the principle of leverage manufacturing, so the length of the tip of the gun and the force arm and the proportion of the resistance arm should be carefully calculated, the general gun tip length of about 2.5 ~ 2.8 zhang. The tip of one end of the system has a "skin nest", loaded with stone bombs, the other end of the system gun cable, about several feet long, small guns in 1 to 10 gun cable ranging from large guns up to a hundred or more, each gun by 1 to 2 people pulling and dragging. Throwing stone bombs, first by a person aiming to set off, pulling the rope at the same time, yanking the gun rope, when the gun tip tie rope at one end of the fierce fall at the same time, the other end of the skin nest quickly thrown up. Stone bombs were thrown violently by inertia, and the range could reach several hundred paces." In 757, when Shi Siming besieged Taiyuan, Li Guangbi repelled Shi's army with a throwing car. At that time, the throwing car can be divided into light, medium, heavy three kinds: light throwing car, cast by two people, stone bullet weight half a catty, used to meet the enemy combat; medium-sized throwing car in a single tip, double tip, whirlwind, tiger squatting, etc., with 40 to 100 people to pull the gun rope, can fire 25 pounds of stone bombs, range up to 80 paces; heavy throwing car with five tails, seven tails of the gun, to 150 to 250 people to pull the gun rope, send 70 to 100 pounds of stone bombs, and the range can be up to 50 paces. The range can be up to 50 paces. This heavy artillery is very heavy, the use of fixed gun racks, mostly used for attacking and defending the city.
Shield according to the production of different materials can be divided into wood, bamboo, rattan, leather, copper, iron and so on. Among them, wood and leather shield production history is the longest, the application is also the most common. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, shields were mostly used in vehicle and infantry battles, and shields made of wood and leather or compiled with rattan were important defense weapons in the army. At this time the shield, the shape is similar to a rectangle, the front inlaid with bronze shield decorations, a tiger head, lion face, etc., each with a fierce face, daunting, in order to intimidate the enemy, enhance the shield's protective effect. There is a kind of wooden shield is particularly popular, the top of the double arc pattern, rectangular, the surface of the lacquer, and painted with exquisite patterns. The rattan shield is also a commonly used shield in the army. It was first produced in Fujian and spread to the mainland in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. Rattan plate is collected on the mountain old rattan production, generally compiled into a disc-shaped, the center protrudes, the circumference of the eaves of the high, round diameter of about three feet, weighing no more than nine pounds, the card with the rattan woven into the upper and lower rings to allow the arm to hold. This rattan card, the preparation of simple, lightweight, coupled with the quality of the rattan itself is strong and flexible, smooth and tough, not easy to cut and shoot broken into the weapon, so the rattan card into the mainland, soon became one of the main equipment of infantry.
Tang Dynasty armor system **** there are 13 kinds of, which Ming Guang armor, light to armor, fine Lin armor, Shan Wen armor, Wu hammer armor and lock armor are iron. The chest and back of the "bright light armor" each has a mirror-like metal round heart, the sun shines when irradiated, hence the name. Lock armor is a kind of chain articulation, each other close buckle, and embellished into the shape of the armor. This kind of armor wear up soft and convenient, easier than large firm armor. In order to adapt to the needs of infantry field combat, in the Tang Dynasty for infantry use of infantry armor has developed greatly. According to the "canon" records, at that time, 60% of each team of warriors equipped with armor, while the Han Dynasty army armor soldiers only 40% of the total number of soldiers. The basic form of this infantry armor is: the body armor before and after the piece in the shoulders with a joint buckle, shoulders covered by the shoulders for animal skin pattern, the waistband under the pendant has two very large knee skirt, above the stacked with several rows of square pieces of armor. Song dynasty "footman armor" is evolved from this armor. Although the armor of the Tang Dynasty, a variety of different styles, but mainly for cavalry wear, horses generally do not wear armor, so that the cavalry mobility in combat, to light and fast and win. In addition, the Tang Dynasty armor, but also pay attention to the appearance of beautiful, often coated with gold lacquer or painted with a variety of patterns. Tang Taizong Li Shimin or young generals, once clad in gold armor, Chen iron horsemen 10,000 people, 30,000 soldiers, in front of the Imperial Temple to hold a triumphal ceremony. At that time, ceremonies and other grand occasions have a golden helmet and silver armor in the spectacular scene. Du Fu, a great poet of Tang Dynasty, wrote the poem of "Golden Armor, Green Sunken Gun". Song dynasty poet Lu You's "out of the plug song" also has "three armored horses do not know the number, but see the silver mountain to move the ground," the famous line, a graphic depiction of the many soldiers wearing armor, in the sunshine, like the silver mountain like the flickering glitter of the spectacular scene.